Incidence Of Various Forms Research Articles

‘Fake news’, real impact: Changing practices among public broadcasting organizations in the Asia-Pacific region

This study is an attempt to understand ‘fake news’ from the unique perspective of public broadcasting organizations in the Asia-Pacific region; the focus is on how – and how well – they have adapted to the growing incidence of various forms of disinformation, and how they see their role in educating diverse audiences about the phenomenon. This research provides public broadcasting organizations and (news) media practitioners with up-to-date, evidence-based insights on how to combat ‘fake news’ and disinformation effectively. In collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development, a census survey was conducted among their members, resulting in 57 completed questionnaires, representing 24 public broadcasting organizations in eighteen countries. A major finding is that public broadcasting organizations have to get used to revisiting, revising and refining what it is they do (practices), how it is being done (systems, operating procedures, technologies, financial resources) and by whom (human but also IT resources). The analysis also points up the need for collaboration so that scarce resources can be utilized more efficiently.

Cynaroside improved depressive-like behavior in CUMS mice by suppressing microglial inflammation and ferroptosis

Depression is a common mental health disorder, and in recent years, the incidence of various forms of depression has been on the rise. Most medications for depression are highly dependency-inducing and can lead to relapse upon discontinuation. Therefore, novel treatment modalities and therapeutic targets are urgently required. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers advantages in the treatment of depression owing to its multi-target, multi-dimensional approach that addresses the root cause of depression by regulating organ functions and balancing Yin and Yang, with minimal side effects. Cynaroside (CNS), an extract from the traditional Chinese herb honeysuckle, is a flavonoid compound with antioxidant properties. In this study, network pharmacology identified 44 potential targets of CNS associated with depression and several highly correlated inflammatory signaling pathways. CNS alleviated LPS-induced M1 polarization and the release of inflammatory factors in BV-2 cells. Transcriptomic analysis and validation revealed that CNS reduced inflammatory polarization, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis via the IRF1/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed that CNS treatment had effects similar to those of fluoxetine (FLX). It effectively ameliorated anxiety-, despair-, and anhedonia-like states in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mice and reduced microglial activation in the hippocampus. Thus, we conclude that CNS exerts its therapeutic effect on depression by inhibiting microglial cells from polarizing into the M1 phenotype and reducing inflammation and ferroptosis levels. This study provides further evidence that CNS is a potential antidepressant, offering new avenues for the treatment of depression.

Preliminary results of studying the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the adequacy of prevention of thromboembolic complications

Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia that complicates the course of various cardiovascular diseases, and is also accompanied by the frequent development of thromboembolic complications (TEC), primarily ischemic stroke. In this regard, AF represents a huge socio-economic problem for the health system and society as a whole. Purpose study the real situation in terms of the incidence of various forms of AF and the adequacy of the prevention of TEC among the population of family clinic (FC) №5 in Tashkent. Materials and methods To achieve this goal, out of 12 districts of Tashkent, a (FP) №5 of M. Ulugbek district of Tashkent was selected with a total population of 21,606 people. After exclusion from the study of persons under 18 years of age (n=3546), the total number of adults was 18060 people. Random selection (n=1407) was performed using computer programs with the function of a random number generator in Microsoft Excel. The risk of TEC and bleeding in patients with various forms of AF was assessed using the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED score. The study of the situation regarding the compliance of the use of anticoagulants with the current recommendations of the ESC (2020) was carried out by analyzing the structure of the pharmacological prevention of feasibility studies at the time of the survey. Research results: A total of 1407 (725 (51.53%) men) of the population were examined, registered with FC№5 in the M. Ulugbek district of Tashkent. It was found that 406 (28.86%) of the examined patients were diagnosed with coronary heart disease and/or hypertension, 5 (0.36%) of the population were diagnosed with chronic rheumatic heart disease and 369 (26.23%) people with a disease of other organs and systems. In 627 (44.56%) examined patients, non-organic pathologies were found. In general, it was found that 16 (1.13%) out of the total number of examined patients had various clinical forms of AF of both valvular (18.75%) and non-valvular etiology (81.25%). In general, among the identified clinical forms of AF, the permanent form of AF prevailed, amounting to 56.25%, and persistent ones, including long-term persistent and paroxysmal AF were detected in 4 (25%) and 2 (18.75%) patients, respectively. An analysis of the characteristics of the pharmacological prevention of thromboembolic complications showed that at the time of the survey, only 50% of patients were taking the oral anticoagulant therapy recommended in the standards (12.5% warfarin, without proper control of INR and 37.5% of novel oral anticoagulants). Conclusions 1) It was found that the prevalence of various forms of AF was 16 (1.13%) of the total number of patients examined: of these, 56.25% had a permanent form, 25% had a persistent form, and 18.75% had a paroxysmal form. 2) According to the ESC 2020 recommendations, the prevention thromboembolic complications in patients with AF is assessed as unsatisfactory.

Prevalence of Various Forms of Active Tuberculosis in Patients with Diabetes

A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a persistent complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is linked to a two to four-fold higher likelihood of developing peripheral arterial disease (PAD) when compared to individuals without diabetes. Objective: To determine the incidence of various forms of active tuberculosis in patients with diabetes. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of General Medicine from August 2022 to February 2023. 175 patients, including both males and females, participated in this study. Comprehensive demographic information was meticulously documented for each patient following the appropriate consent procedures. These patients had symptoms such as cough with or without phlegm, hemoptysis, persistent fever, and unexplained weight loss, and their ages ranged from 10 to 85 years. Comprehensive medical history, clinical examination, and TB screening tests were conducted and data analysis were done by SPSS version-24 for further analysis. Results: The mean age was 51.34 years with a standard deviation of 3.61. Among the patients, 107 (61.14%) were male, and 68 (38.85%) were female. The overall prevalence of active TB was 38 cases, accounting for 21.71% of the total. Among these cases, 18 were pulmonary TB, making up 47.36% of the active TB cases, while 13 were extra-pulmonary TB, constituting 34.21% of the total. Additionally, 5 cases were identified as multidrug-resistant TB, representing 13.15% of the active TB cases. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study reveals a higher prevalence of various forms of active tuberculosis in patients with diabetes with pulmonary tuberculosis accounting for 47.35% and extra pulmonary tuberculosis for 34.21% of cases.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ДИСПАНСЕРИЗАЦИИ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ГЕПАТИТА С

Background. The emergence of new antiviral drugs has made it possible to eliminate the virus in more than 95% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Improving diagnostics in primary health care aimed at the earliest possible detection of the disease is of primary importance in such a situation. Objective. To analyze the effectiveness of diagnostics and routine follow-up monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis C in the Vitebsk region. Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the incidence of HCV infection in the Vitebsk region during 2009-2020. We performed a comparative evaluation of ELISA and ICA/ICT techniques for the detection of HCV antibody. Results. It was found out that during the analyzed period there was a significant decrease in the incidence of various forms of HCV infection, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of chronic hepatitis C and a sharp decrease in the proportion of anti-HCV carriers, that can be regarded as a direct result of information campaigns designed for primary care providers. There were differences in the structure of HCV infection in various parts of the Vitebsk region. Rapid anti-HCV immunochromatography test showed equal effectiveness with a diagnostic sensitivity of 93.75% (CI = 69.9-99.8) and a specificity of 100% (CI = 82.4-100%) (AUC=0.969, p<0.0001) compared with ELISA. Conclusions. The nosological structure of HCV infection has significant differences in various parts of the Vitebsk region that can be related to diagnostics availability and quality. The use of ICA/ICT for anti-HCV detection during screening is regarded to be more commercially available and economically feasible.

Understanding the Geography of Victimization: A Spatial Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence in India.

Most studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) and its drivers have focused on individual-and household-level characteristics of the victim. Recent studies have acknowledged that it is a community-level phenomenon, using spatial analytical methods to analyze community-level determinants of IPV and its geographic dimensions. Such studies provide mixed evidence on the impact of different factors and need to be supplemented by similar studies-particularly in South Asian countries where IPV is common. The present study examines district-level variations in the incidence of various forms of IPV and identifies its determinants in India, a fast-growing South Asian country with poor gender indicators. The study combines data from the National Family Health Survey, District Level Household Survey, and the decadal Census. It applies spatial analytical methods such as the Global Moran's I, Getis-ord statistic, and Multivariate Local Geary to determine the nature of the spatial distribution of different categories of IPV. Spatial regression models are used to identify the community-level predictors of each category of IPV. The study finds non-random overlapping spatial clusters in the eastern part of India. The study also finds that neighborhoods characterized by low empowerment levels, and with a high child sex ratio, road connectivity, and proportion of socially marginalized groups are more likely to exhibit high levels of all types of IPV-although the impact of these determinants varies across districts. Furthermore, spill-overs in the incidence of IPV between neighboring districts are also observed. The study concludes by recommending the use of localized policies, rather than broad national or state policies, in reducing IPV.

The prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in obstetrics in Ukraine

In Ukraine, there is a steady trend towards an increase in the incidence of various forms of hypertensive disorders, both mild and severe, among pregnant women. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are severe forms of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, the rates of which tend to increase, and lead to severe morbidity, disability and mortality in both women and newborns.The article reveals the question of the artificial intelligence (AI) use in modern midwifery in the national health care system of Ukraine in order to prevent pregnancy complications, in particular eclampsia. Implementation of AI systems in medicine is one of the most important modern trends in global healthcare. AI technologies are fundamentally changing the world health care system, allowing to radically rework the system of medical diagnostics, the development of new medicines, and also to generally improve the quality of health care services while simultaneously reducing costs for medical clinics. AI allows analyzing placenta samples and calculating the risk for a woman’s health in future pregnancies. The system is designed to help obstetrician-gynecologists, who will find it useful to forecast possible complications of future births. The use of AI in clinical practice makes it possible to identify the most serious prognostic signs of damage to blood vessels of the placenta, which is called decidual vasculopathy in preeclampsia and eclampsia. If preeclampsia is detected at an early stage, the patient can be treated before symptoms appear.AI use must be in compliance with six principles of the WHO in order to limit risks and increase the possibilities of using AI technologies: protection of human autonomy; promotion of human well-being and safety and public interests; ensuring transparency and comprehensibility; promoting responsibility and accountability; ensuring inclusiveness and fairness; promotion of AI in accordance with the principles of adaptability and sustainable development. Adherence to the ethical principles of AI gives the green light for the development of modern health care systems. It can become an effective method of preventing eclampsia in pregnant women, women in labor, and newborns and preserving their health and life.

Incidence of Several Forms of Tuberculosis (TB) and Their Bacillus Calamette Guerin (BCG) Vaccination Status among Children

Aim: The purpose of the study was to govern the incidence of various forms of tuberculosis and the status of BCG vaccination in children. Study design: A Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: In the Pediatrics department of Jinnah hospital, Lahore for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. Methods: A total of 200 patients with various forms of tuberculosis were recruited who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A demographic profile including age, gender and hospital registration numbers is recorded. Informed oral consent was obtained from the parents of each child. BCG scar present or absent. Form of tuberculosis, pulmonary tuberculosis (fever> 14 days, ESR> 50, sputum positive for AFB, x-ray results), tuberculous meningitis (fever with focal neurological symptoms lasting longer than 14 days, CT results according to inclusion criteria, CSF pleocytosis), tuberculous lymphadenitis (detection of tuberculosis by histopathology on excisional lymph node biopsy), abdominal tuberculosis (fever longer than 14 days, previous weight loss and anorexia, mesenteric lymphadenitis, biopsy of the lesion suggestive of tuberculosis), description and labelling of the vaccinated and unvaccinated patient with the presence or absence of BCG scar. Results: During this period, 200 patients who met the exclusion and inclusion criteria were selected in the study. Of the 200 patients included, 110 (55%) were males and 90 (45%) were females (Table 1), their age varies from 1 to 14 years, with 7.22 ± 3.78 years of an average age. Out of 200 enrolled patients, the four most common types of tuberculosis were examined. Out of 200 cases, 95 (47.5%) were pulmonary tuberculosis, 50 (25%) tuberculous meningitis, 35 (17.5%) tuberculous lymphadenitis, and 25 (12.5%) abdominal tuberculosis. Of the 200 patients enrolled, 85 (42.5%) were vaccinated (with BCG scarring) and 115 (57.5%) were unvaccinated. Keywords: Tuberculosis, BCG, Pulmonary tuberculosis

The Prevalence and Structure of ENT Diseases in Children

The purpose of the study was to analyze information on the structure and prevalence of ENT diseases in children. Materials and methods. For the analysis of morbidity, the structure of diseases, long-term morbidity, its trends and periodicity were assessed. The intensity and dynamics of the epidemic process of diseases of the upper respiratory tract were studied. According to the developed questionnaire, an anamnesis was collected, the conditions and place of residence, the frequency of visits to medical institutions, the level of medical care provided, the presence of diseases of the ENT organs and other organs and systems of the body were clarified. A detailed statistical analysis of the structure and prevalence of diseases of the ENT organs was carried out according to the extract from the case histories of patients in the ENT departments of the clinical hospital during 2015-2019. The bulk of the examined children were aged 4-7 years (40.0%) and 8-14 years (60.0%). Results and discussion. Angina and chronic tonsillitis can be a common reason for the high incidence of various forms of infectious heart disease and cardiomyopathies. The transnasal route of penetration provides the damaging effect of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) on the ENT organs. In the study of the structure of the incidence of ENT organs for the period from 2015 to 2019 on the basis of specialized medical institutions and ENT departments, we found that the largest nosological group is diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, an average of 55.7%, which corresponds to the data of international literary sources. In second place in terms of frequency of occurrence is ear pathology – an average of 37.5%. Diseases of the pharynx and larynx are in third place in terms of general ENT morbidity, on average 6.9%. In the structure of diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, on average for 5 years, purulent diseases of the paranasal sinuses prevail: acute sinusitis 20.7% and chronic sinusitis 7.8%. Conclusion. When studying the incidence of the upper respiratory tract and ear according to statistical data, reflecting the main indicators of the health of the child population of the country aged 4 to 14 years, it was found that diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses have the largest share in the structure of the incidence of children. The share of chronic ear diseases in the structure of the total morbidity is 37.5±1.2%, while there is a tendency to increase in prevalence in the first four years

Antiviral activity of the organic germanium complex with aciclovir against herpes simplex virus (Herpesviridae: Alphaherpesvirinae: Simplexvirus: Human alphaherpesvirus 1/2) in the in vitro and in vivo systems

A significant increase in the incidence of various forms of herpesvirus infection (HVI) determines the need to search for new approaches to the modification of one of the basic antiviral drugs aciclovir (ACV) and its dosage forms to improve their biopharmaceutical characteristics and increase the effectiveness of therapy. In this aspect, an innovative organic germanium complex with aciclovir (OGCA) is promising.The aim of the study was to assess the antiviral activity of OGCA against the herpes simplex virus (HSV) (human herpes virus, HHV) on the HVI models both in vitro and in vivo. We studied the activity of OGCA in a therapeutic regimen against HSV-1 (HHV-1) (Kl strain), HSV-2 (HHV-2) (VN strain) using virological and statistical research methods in the in vitro model of HVI on Vero cell culture and the model of genital herpes (GH) caused by HHV-2 (VN strain) in male guinea pigs (Canis porcellus). It was found OGCA inhibits the replication of HHV-1 and HHV-2 in Vero cells, and has anti-HHV activity in the GH model in male guinea pigs, leading to a decrease in the severity and duration of the disease, the intensity and duration of viral shedding. The most pronounced activity was detected when preparation was applied topically 5 times a day for 5 days at the early stages of infection (3% gel). The delayed use of OGCA (48 hours after infection) also had statistically significant efficacy compared to commercial reference drugs containing aciclovir or its pro-drugs: aciclovir (5% cream), AIL (acyclovir+interferon alfa-2b+lidocaine, 3% ointment), penciclovir (1% cream). OGCA significantly reduced the number of days of the pathogen shedding, as well as its infectivity, compared to animals in the control group and ones receiving placebo. The activity of OGCA, apparently, is due to its improved biopharmaceutical characteristics compared to aciclovir, as well as the presence of a number of biological activities of its constituent components. The results of the study allow us to consider OGCA as the basis for the development of antiviral agents for the treatment of HVI.

Feasibility and efficiency of probiotics, antibiotics and vaccines in associated bacterial infectious diseases in cattle

The article presents the results of determining the feasibility and efficiency of the vaccine for the prevention of associated diseases in a farm with a high level of animal morbidity and the circulation of multidrug-resistant pathogens. The incidence of pneumoenteritis in calves was 38.0%, the incidence of various forms of mastitis and endometritis in cows was 48.2% and 76.2%, respectively. The causative agents of escherichiosis (Escherichia coli), staphylococcosis (Staphylococcus aureus), anaerobic enterotoxemia (Clostridium perfringens), and a number of opportunistic pathogens that were involved in complicating the associated course of the disease, were isolated from sick animals. The isolated microflora was resistant to penicillin drugs, aminoglycosides, macrolides, amphenicols, lincosamides, cephalosporins and even to some fluoroquinolones. In addition, it was found that probiotic cultures of the genus Bacillus had more pronounced antagonistic activity against isolated pathogens, so it is advisable to use them in disease outbreaks to displace pathogenic microflora from the source of infection. In the prevention of the disease and for normalization of the microflora after the use of antibacterial drugs, it is advisable to use probiotics based on lactobacilli, as they have the highest adhesion (from 6.4 ± 0.6 to 8.9 ± 0.4). Vaccination has contributed to a decrease in animal morbidity. The incidence in vaccinated cows was lower than in the control group, in particular the incidence of mastitis was lower by 15–25%; manure retention — by 15–32.7%, endometritis — by 17–30%. Double vaccination of dry cows provides the formation of colostral immunity in calves and 20% decrease in the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in calves. In addition, vaccination of cows helped to improve the quality of milk by the degree of its contamination with bacterial microflora

Bias-motivated Victimization of Immigrant Students in Schools: Incidence, Impact, and Intervention

Background: Bias-motivated victimization is common among school-age youth and is associated with negative academic and emotional consequences. Few studies have looked at the incidence of various forms of bias-motivated victimization for first- and second- generation immigrant-origin students even though these students represent an especially vulnerable population for experiencing bias. Objective: The present study investigated whether immigrant-origin students reported higher incidences of bias-motivated victimization relative to their nonimmigrant-origin peers. For students who experienced bias-motivated victimization, we examined the impact of these experiences on levels of distress and examined perceived social and community support between immigrant-origin and nonimmigrant-origin students. Methods: Participants completed the Youth Bias Victimization Questionnaire (YBVQ), a questionnaire designed to capture information about how often youth experience different types of bias-motivated victimization. Results: Approximately 60% of youth in the full sample reported experiencing one or more types of bias victimization in their lifetime and this rate was generally equivalent across immigrant- origin and nonimmigrant-origin participants. For those students who reported at least one lifetime event of bias victimization, immigrant-origin youth were more likely than nonimmigrant-origin youth to experience victimization related to peers’ perceptions of their country of origin or immigrant status. There were no significant differences in reported levels of distress or perceived social and community support between immigrant-origin and nonimmigrant-origin youth, regardless of whether they experienced bias-motivated victimization during their lifetime. Conclusion: Clinicians working in school settings should be aware of the high incidence of students who experience bias-motivated victimization and when indicated provide targeted intervention services to those negatively impacted by these experiences.

SURGICAL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS OPERATED ON THYROID GLAND

Abstract. Thyroid gland (TG) diseases are among the most common and occupy the second place in the structure of endocrine system diseases after diabetes mellitus. The main method of TG disease treatment remains the surgical one. With the increase in the incidence of various forms of TG pathology, the number of surgeries increases including the ones performed at non-specialized in-patient facilities leading to an increase in the frequency of postoperative complications.
 One of the most common specific complications after surgeries on TG is postoperative hypoparathyroidism (PHPT). It occupies a special place considering the severity of manifestations and the difficulty in prevention. It is usually caused by trauma or parathyroid glands (PTG) removal, their blood supply disturbance, as well as the development of fibrosis at the surgery site in the long term.
 Therefore, the improvement of existing technologies and the development of new approaches to surgeries in case of TG diseases are relevant today. The most common method of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (PHPT) surgical prevention is precision nature of surgical manipulations with careful adhering to tactical and technical requirements for the operator: identify parathyroid glands (PTG) timely, mobilize gently, and keep their blood supply. However, it is often impossible to keep PTG intact structurally and without ischemia due to the small sizes of PTG and their vessels, anatomical and embryological features of these organs localization, the consistency and color similarity with fatty tissue, lymph nodes.
 The objective of the research was to develop and evaluate the algorithm of prevention and treatment of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (PHPT) based on determining parathyroid glands (PTG) viability and the use of antihypoxant-antioxidant therapy in the postoperative period. The research was based on the results of a comprehensive examination and treatment of 60 patients who were operated for thyroid gland diseases. The patients underwent inpatient treatment at the surgical department of Ivano-Frankivsk Central City Clinical Hospital and Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Oncology Center from 2017 to 2020.
 We proposed an algorithm for surgical prevention and treatment of PHPT during thyroid gland surgeries which consisted in the following. We performed a visual assessment of PTG intraoperatively and evaluated each gland from 0 to 3 points according to the degree of its viability affection.
 If the gland was evaluated at 0-2 points, we left it, since there was a high probability of maintaining its function. If it was evaluated at 3 points, its autotransplantation was performed. Cytoflavin drug was applied in a dose of 10 ml per 200 0.9% NaCl intravenously once a day during 7 days in the postoperative period for the purpose of antihypoxant-antioxidant therapy.
 2 groups of patients were formed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Each group consisted of 30 people. Patients of Group I underwent surgery on thyroid gland according to generally accepted rules. Patients of Group II underwent interventions according to the above-mentioned algorithm.
 The use of our proposed algorithm (intraoperative assessment of PTG viability and antihypoxant-antioxidant therapy in the postoperative period) significantly reduces the frequency of permanent PHP justifying indications to its application.

About the role of environmental factors in carcinogenesis

There were found out the connections of the activity of the Sun and smoke of forest fires with the incidence of various forms of benign and malignant neoplasms in the population of young children 0-4 years old, in Khabarovsk Region, Russia. Thus, it was determined that so-called “sporadic” fluctuations in the incidence of neoplasms in the child population are not random. They are caused by long multi-year cycles of changes in the complex of environmental factors. The authors identified this phenomenon as “Alternative oncogenesis”, meaning by it the predominant occurrence of various forms of neoplasms in a certain period of time due to a change in the parameters of the complex of environmental factors. A proposed hypothesis is: ecologically linked oxidative stress as a cause of the epigenomic modulation leading to an imbalance between semaphorins and integrins that brings to oncogenesis.

Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis in Russian Federation

The aim : to assess the incidence of various forms of pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods. In 2014-2017 yy. in prospective study in different regions of Russia were included 190 patients with cystic fibrosis aged 1 to 37 years. Children – 130, adults – 60. All patients underwent allergy (skin tests with fungal allergens, total IgE level, specific IgE to fungal allergens) and mycology (microscopy and cultural investigations of respiratory biomaterials) testing. Chest computed tomography was performed according to the indications. Results . The incidence of fungal sensitization in patients with cystic fibrosis was 57%, to Aspergillus spp. – 27%. The incidence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was 5,7%, chronic lung aspergillosis – 4,2%, invasive aspergillosis developed in one patient (0,5%) during immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation. Conclusion . The incidence of pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis in the Russian Federation was first determined (10.5%). Mycology testing is indicated for patients with cystic fibrosis for early treatment of different variants of pulmonary aspergillosis.

From the field to the lab. An experiment on the representativeness of standard laboratory subjects

We replicate in the laboratory an artefactual field experiment originally designed to investigate the incidence of various forms of social preferences in a representative sample of the population. Results show that, on aggregate, the two groups display a similar directional pattern in a set of simple dictator games. However, in situations in which giving is costly (or rewarding) for the dictator, the proportion of laboratory subjects who follow their self-interest is relatively higher than that in the rest of the population. We note a higher sensitivity of students, both from the laboratory and the field, to the possibility of losing part of their own payoff. Furthermore, students from the lab (all economics majors) are more sensitive to gains than students from different backgrounds even when these gains go against equality.

A retrospective epidemiological study of skin diseases among pediatric population attending a tertiary dermatology referral center in Northern Greece.

BackgroundThe incidence of skin diseases in children is influenced by hereditary, social, and environmental factors. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of pediatric dermatoses at a University Hospital in Northern Greece.Patients and methodsWe reviewed epidemiologic data of 940 patients, aged 0–18 years, who were referred to the outpatient clinic of a University Hospital between January 2013 and December 2015. Demographic data and the frequency of the various diagnoses in various age groups were studied.ResultsNine hundred and forty children and adolescents with 1020 diagnoses were included in the study (52.8% females and 47.2% males). The 10 most frequent diagnoses were: dermatitis/eczema (31.5%), viral infections (12.5%), pigmentary disorders (7.4%), melanocytic nevi (5.8%), alopecia areata (5.8%), acne (5.6%), nail disorders (3.3%), vascular malformations and hemangiomas (2.9%), psoriasis (2.6%), and bacterial infections (2.6%). Atopic dermatitis was the most prevalent dermatosis in all age groups accounting for a total of 20.9% of the study population. A remarkably high incidence of various forms of mastocytosis (2.2%) was seen in our data.ConclusionAtopic dermatitis is the most frequent pediatric dermatosis in all age groups. Viral infections, pigmentary disorders, and nevi account for a significant proportion of the referrals. The high incidence of mastocytosis in our study may be attributed to overdiagnosis, overestimation due to the relatively small study population, or it may represent the real incidence of mastocytosis in our region. The low incidence of acne in our study may be attributed to the fact that only severe cases are referred to our hospital.

Modern Recommendations for Treating Anaphylactic Shock in Children

научный биометрический журнал, который знакомит читателя с клиническими рекомендациями и особенностями применения лекарственных и вакцинных средств у детей, предоставляет исчерпывающую информацию о воздействии лекарственных средств на плод, о проводимых в

Detection and incidence of anomalies associated with hypospadias

Hypospadias has been associated with synchronous congenital anomalies, especially in the urogenital system, and routine screening of patients with hypospadias has been advocated. In recent years, ultrasound (US) has replaced intravenous pyelography (IVP) as the primary screening test for urological deformities, yet there has never been a study of the relative diagnostic efficacy of the two tests in these patients. In this study, we assessed the incidence of urogenital and extraurogenital congenital anomalies in our hypospadias patients that were noted during physical examination and/or laboratory and imaging screening, and evaluated the efficacy of our changing routine screening protocols. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the charts of all hypospadias patients seen at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center. One hundred and sixty-three hypospadias patients fulfilled the documentation criteria we set for this study. We found a high incidence of urogenital and extraurogenital anomalies associated with hypospadias and noted a previously unreported increased incidence of various forms of facial dysmorphism. Additionally, we noted that the accepted concept that US or IVP alone were satisfactory screening tools for asymptomatic low-grade hypospadias patients is probably incorrect. Based on our findings, we recommend that initial screening of all asymptomatic hypospadias patients include US, cystogram, urinalysis, and urine culture.

Changing Incidence of Glomerular Disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is considered the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in white adults, but recent studies have shown an increasing incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). These studies are difficult to interpret because the majority of cases came from urban tertiary referral centers. For validating these findings in the general population, trends in the incidence of various forms of glomerular disease (glomerulonephritis [GN]) among the residents of Olmsted County, MN were studied. Biopsy data of local patients who had a diagnosis of a nondiabetic glomerular disease from 1974 through 2003 were reviewed. Biopsies were categorized as (1) FSGS, (2) MN, (3) minimal change, (4) lupus nephritis, (5) membranoproliferative GN (MPGN), (6) IgA nephropathy (IgAN), (7) crescentic/necrotizing GN, and (8) other. Time trends in the annual age- and gender-adjusted (2000 US population) incidence rate per 100,000 Olmsted County population were estimated. A total of 195 biopsies were analyzed. Overall, IgAN was present in 22%, FSGS was present in 17%, and MN was present in 10%. Between 1974 to 1983 and 1994 to 2003, the incidence of any type of GN among Olmsted County residents increased more than two-fold (P < 0.001), FSGS by 13-fold (P < 0.001), and IgAN by three-fold (P = 0.002). Increases in MN were nonsignificant (2.5-fold; P = 0.13). Currently (1994 to 2003), the most frequent type of GN is IgAN (25%), followed by FSGS (20%) and MN (11%), with annual incidence rates of 2.1, 1.8, and 1.0 per 100,000/yr, respectively. This study confirms that the incidence of GN is growing overall, particularly for FSGS, which is the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in white adults.