Incidence Of Pneumonia In Children Research Articles

The burden of childhood pneumonia in India and prospects for control

Pneumonia continues to be the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, with India accounting for 20% of those deaths and a higher burden of childhood pneumonia than any other country.1 In The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, Brian Wahl and colleagues2 report the first comprehensive evaluation of state-specific pneumonia incidence in children in India using a risk factor-based modelling approach. By calculating the effect of temporal changes in prevalence of well-known pneumonia risk factors such as malnutrition, incomplete immunisation, and exposure to indoor air pollution on incidence, the authors estimated the change in pneumonia morbidity over time.

PENGETAHUAN DAN MOTIVASI ORANGTUA DALAM MEMBERIKAN VAKSIN PENCEGAH PNEUMONIA (HIB, PCV DAN CAMPAK) PADA BALITA DI YOGYAKARTA

Background: Pneumonia is a disease that is a problem of high morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age. The incidence of pneumonia in Indonesia increased by 2.0% in 2018, Yogyakarta area the incidence of pneumonia by 26.61% in 2017. Parents are an important target for their children's health. The importance of knowledge and motivation to reduce the incidence of pneumonia in children.
 Objective: Knowing the relationship of knowledge with parents' motivation in providing Hib, PCV and Measles vaccines to prevent under five pneumonia in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta City.
 Method: This research uses descriptive quantitative design with cross sectional approach. Sampling was carried out with a purposive sampling technique of 60 respondents. Retrieval of data using knowledge and motivation questionnaires and analyzed using the Gamma test.
 Result: Knowledge with parental motivation in preventing toddler pneumonia in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta obtained a level of parental knowledge of 66.7% in the good category and parental motivation of 76.7% in the high category. Gamma test results obtained p-value of 0.010 with a correlation coefficient of 0.587.
 Conclusions: There is a significant correlation between knowledge and parents' motivation in giving Hib, PCV and Measles vaccines to prevent under five pneumonia in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Yogyakarta City with moderate relationship closeness.

Penyebab Terjadinya Penyakit Pneumonia Pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rawat Inap Benjina Kecamatan Aru Tengah Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru

Pneumonia is inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma in which the acini is filled with inflammatory fluid with or without infiltration of inflammatory cells into the wall of the alfeoli and interstitial cavity, which is characterised by coughing with rapid breathing and / or shortness of breath in children under five. Pneumonia causes inflammation of the lungs which makes breathing tight and litlle oxygen intake. Pneumonia is a disease caused by microorganism pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcu and viruses that can be transmitted through the air medium, spit saliva, direct contact through the mouth and through contact with objects that are shared. This study aims to determine the factors that are associated with the incidence of pneumonia in infants in the work area of the Inpatient Health Center of Benjina. This type of research is analytical with a cross sectional study design. The number of samples in this study is 126. Data analysis was done in univariate and bivariate. The results of bivariate analysis showed factors related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in this study, namely : Knowledge of the mother (p value = 0,023) and exclusive breastfeeding (p value 0,024) while unrelated factors are exposure to cigarette smoke (p-value = 0,027), nutritional status (0,082). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that : There is a relationship between the knowledge of mothers and pneumonia incidence in children under five, there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of pneumonia in infants, there is no relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke and the incidence of pneumonia in infants, there is no relationship between status nutrition with the incidence of pneumonia in infants. Suggestion : Communities, especially mothers of children under five years old, are expected to pay attention to the health of children under five and participate in prevention and control of pneumonia in children under five so that children can avoid pneumonia, Health workers are expected to prioritize health services for children under five and provide information on the dangers of pneumonia in infants handling pneumonia in infants so that toddlers avoid pneumonia, Need for further research on factors related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five so that they can find out other factors related to the incidence of pneumonia in infants.

Impact of air pollutants on pediatric admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China

BackgroundChildren are especially vulnerable to pneumonia and the effects of air pollution. However, little is known about the impacts of air pollutants on pediatric admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia. This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of air pollutants on pediatric hospital admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia in Shanghai, China.MethodsA cross-sectional design was applied to explore the association between pediatric hospital admissions and levels of air pollutants (fine particulate matter, particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide). Data on hospital admissions for pneumonia and levels of ambient air pollutants were obtained for the period of 2015 to 2018. Associations between pediatric admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia and ambient air pollutants were calculated using logistic regression and described by the odds ratio and relevant 95% confidence interval. The hysteresis effects of air pollutants from the day of hospital admission to the previous 7 days were evaluated in single-pollutant models and multi-pollutant models with adjustments for weather variables and seasonality. Lag 0 was defined as the day of hospital admission, lag 1 was defined as the day before hospital admission, and so forth.ResultsIn the single-pollutant models (without adjustment for other pollutants), pediatric hospital admissions for pneumonia were positively associated with elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter. A 0.5% increase in daily admissions per 10-μg/m3 increase in the nitrogen dioxide level occurred at lag 1 and lag 2, and a 0.3% increase in daily admissions per 10-μg/m3 increase in fine particulate matter occurred at lag 1. In the multi-pollutant models, nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter remained significant after inclusion of particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.ConclusionsThis study illustrated that higher levels of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter increase the risk of pediatric hospitalization for Mycoplasma pneumonia in Shanghai, China. These findings imply that the high incidence of Mycoplasma pneumonia in children in Asia might be attributed to the high concentration of specific air pollutants in Asia.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure toward the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children Under Five

Background: Pneumonia is an acute respira­tory infection in which the alveoli are filled with pus and fluids that cause painful respiration and limit oxygen intake. Pneumonia is the main cause of death among children under five in the world, killing more than 800,000 children under five each year, or about 2,200 per day. One of the risk factors for pneumonia in chil­dren under five is exposure to secondhand smoke. This study aimed to estimate the magni­tude of the effect of exposure to secondhand smoke on the incidence of pneumonia in chil­dren under five. Subjects and Method: This study used a syste­matic review and meta-analysis technique. There were three article search databases in­cluding Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct with a publication period from 2009-2020. The article search was carried out by con­si­dering the eligibility criteria defined using the PICO model. P: children under five, I: ex­po­sed to secondhand smoke, C: not exposed to second­hand smoke, and O: pneumonia. The key­­words for searching the articles were (risk factors OR passive smoking OR secondhand smoking) AND (pneumonia) AND (children under five). The articles included in this study were full-text articles, articles in English, arti­cles with cross-sectional study design and case-con­trol, articles with adjusted odds ratio re­sults. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams and analyzed using RevMan 5.3 application. Results: The total of 12 articles were reviewed in this study. A meta-analysis of three cross-sectional studies showed that exposure to second­hand smoke increased the risk of pneu­monia in children under five (aOR= 1.66; 95% CI= 1.38 to 2.01; p <0.001). A meta-ana­lysis of nine case-control studies showed that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of pneumonia in children under five years (aOR= 2.15; 95% CI=1.25 to 3.68; p=0.005). Conclusion: Exposure to secondhand smoke in­­crea­ses the incidence of pneumonia in chil­dren under five. Keyword s : The exposure to secondhand smoke, pneumonia, children under five. Correspondence: Maya Ayu Riestiyowati. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami, Pucangsawit, Jebres, Surakarta 57125, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: maaya.­ayuu.­ma­­­@gmail.com. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(04): 410-419 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.04.03

Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan Fisik Rumah dengan Kejadian Pneumonia di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Jatibarang Kabupaten Indramayu

Pneumonia is one of the largest contributors to health problems and causes of death of children under five years old. Jatibarang health centre is one of the health centers in the Indramayu regency with the incidence of pneumonia at most each year. According to data from the clinic there were 907 cases of pneumonia in infants aged 1-4 years. Data in 2013 as many as 737 cases. The study aims to analyze the relationship between physical environmental factors and family practice with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years old in Puskesmas Jatibarang Indramayu regency. This study is a retrospective case-control study method. As the case group and the control group 71 respondents. Analysis of data using univariate, bivariate, and mulivariate analyzes. The results were obtained from 11 variables examined, the variables associated with the incidence of pneumonia is the lighting in the room (p = 0.030 OR 6.080 95% CI 1.193 - 30.978), the lighting in the family room (p = 0.030 OR 10.669 95% CI 1.254 - 90.728) and open the window every day (p = 0.016 OR 2.709 95% CI 1.200 - 6.116). It can be concluded there is a relationship between the lighting in the room, the lighting in the living room with the incidence of pneumonia.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Pneumonia, children under five years old, physical environment factor, Indramayu

Kualitas Fisik Rumah Dengan Kejadian Pneumonia Pada Balita

Abstrack : Physical Quality Density Of Houses With The Incedents Of Pneumonia In Children Under Five. Toddler pneumonia is an acute respiratory tract infection that is inflammation or irritation in one or both lungs, caused by infection. An illness is said to be acute if it has lasted ± 14 days. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of physical quality of houses (lighting, temperature, and humidity) and occupancy density with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Kecamatan Astambul, Kabupaten Banjar. Analytical research design with approach retrospective ( case control study ) in case comparison: control 1: 1. The sample of cases in this study were all houses of pneumonia patients 25 houses in the Astambul Health Center area in November 2018 - January 2019. Data analysis used chi-square test.The results of the research statistic showed that the lighting conditions (p 0.321&gt;α 0.05) had no relationship, the temperature conditions (p 0.244 &gt;α 0.05) had no relationship, and the condition of humidity (p 1.00&gt;α 0.05) have no relationship with the incidence of pneumonia in infants.It is expected that counseling from Astambul public health center to society so they can increase knowledge and awareness about the requirements of a healthy home and pay attention to the health of their home environment.

Risk factors for acute severe pneumonia in under five children

Background: Acute severe pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children below five years of age. India tops in the list amongst the 15 countries having a high incidence of childhood pneumonia with 43 million episodes of pneumonia annually. Identification of modifiable risk factors of acute severe pneumonia can help in reducing the burden of disease.Methods: A hospital-based case control study was undertaken to determine risk factors associated with acute severe pneumonia in under-five children. A case definition of acute severe pneumonia as given by world health organization (WHO) was used for cases. Healthy children attending Pediatrics outpatient Department for immunization during study period were enrolled as controls. Details of potential risk factors in cases and controls were recorded in pre-designed proforma. 732 children including 366 cases and 366 controls were enrolled in the study.Results: On stepwise logistic regression analysis it was found that low literacy status of the mother (OR:9.46; 95%CI:7.31-19.0); inappropriate immunization for age (OR:38.04; 95%CI 14.59-110.18);cooking fuel other than liquid petroleum gas (OR:3.79; 95%CI: 2.40-6.78); low socioeconomic status (OR: 6.12; 95%CI: 2.42-35.48); overcrowding (OR:1.21; 95%CI: 1.03- 2.21) and upper respiratory infection in family (OR:5.08; 95%CI: 3.79-7.67) were the significant contributors to the occurrence of acute severe pneumonia in children under five years.Conclusions: Low literacy status of mother, incomplete immunization status, use of fuel other than LPG, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding, family history of URTI emerged as risk factors for occurrence of acute severe pneumonia in under five children.

The effectiveness of immunization of children against Pneumococcal infection in Penza, Russia

The urgency of the problem is due to the fact that respiratory diseases occupy one of the first places in the structure of child morbidity, and community-acquired pneumonia remains one of the main causes of hospitalization and mortality among children. Streptococcus pneumonia remains the leading bacterial etiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia in the total population of pathogens. The article presents a statistical study of the impact of vaccination against pneumococcus on the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in children in Penza, Russia. It was revealed that the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in children vaccinated with 1 3-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine is 3.2 times lower than in unvaccinated children.

Population-based Incidence of Childhood Pneumonia Associated With Viral Infections in Bangladesh.

The contribution of respiratory viruses to childhood pneumonia in tropical low- and middle-income countries is poorly understood. We used population-based respiratory illness surveillance in children 5 years of age or younger in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to characterize these illnesses. We conducted weekly home visits to children who were referred to clinic for fever or respiratory symptoms. Standardized clinical data were collected. Nasopharyngeal washes were collected for one fifth of children diagnosed with a febrile or respiratory syndrome, with virus isolation testing for influenza and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing for other viruses. Pneumonia was defined as age-specific tachypnea and crepitations on chest auscultation by study physicians. From April 2004 to February 2008, 17,584 children were followed for 17,644 child-years; 6335 children had 12,499 clinic visits with eligible illnesses, including 6345 pneumonia episodes (incidence of 36 episodes/100 child-years). Annual incidence of pneumonia/100 child-years ranged from 88.3 for children 0-6 months of age to 13.1 for those 36-60 months of age. Of 1248 pneumonia visits with laboratory testing, 803 (64%) had detection of viral pathogens, including 274 respiratory syncytial virus (22% of pneumonia visits with laboratory testing; incidence 7.9/100 child-years), 244 adenovirus (19%; 7.0/100 child-years), 198 human metapneumovirus (16%; 5.7/100 child-years), 174 parainfluenza (14.0%; 5.0/100 child-years), and 81 influenza (6.5%; 2.3/100 child years). Viral pathogens contribute to a majority of childhood pneumonia episodes in Bangladesh, a setting with high pneumonia rates, especially in children 2 years of age or younger. Developing effective prevention strategies targeting these children is a high priority. Given less sensitive laboratory method used for influenza detection, influenza rates may be underestimated.

Does Complete Basic Immunization Correlate with Pneumonia Incidents in Children under Five Years in Depok, Indonesia?

ABSTRACT Pneumonia is the first globally infectious disease causing death in children under five years of age in which the discovery of cases has increased in Indonesia in recent years. Immunization is a major preventive effort against the disease and is administered through the DPT, Hib, measles, PCV, and rotavirus vaccines. The aim of this study was to understand the correlation between complete basic immunization administration, parental characteristics, and the characteristics of children under five years with the incidence of pneumonia among children in this age group in Depok, Indonesia. The study used a cross-sectional design. There were 104 samples chosen by consecutive sampling. The study was conducted at the public health center in Depok between April and June of 2018. The data collection used questionnaires, parental characteristics, characteristics of children under five years, and complete basic immunization data for the children, which was arranged by the researchers. The questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability. The results of the study showed that complete basic immunization (p: 0.000, α: 0.05), age (p: 0.002, α: 0.05), and nutritional status (p: 0.043, α: 0.05) had a significant correlation with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years. Health education about the importance of complete basic immunization and balanced nutrition needs to be given to parents who have under-five years of age.

Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children Under Five after Earthquake: A Path Analysis Evidence from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Background : Pneumonia is an infectious disease which is the main killer among children under five. This study aims to analyze socio-economic and environmental determinants of the incidence of pneumonia in children under five after the earthquake. Subjects an d Met h od: This study used observational analytic using case control. The total sample of 237 children under five aged 12-59 months old and the sampling technique was fixed disease sampling. The independent variables in this study were birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, immunization status, maternal education, family income, healthy behavior, physical quality of the house, exposure to cooking fuel smoke, smoking activities of family members and active village influences. Collecting the variables was through questionnaires and analyzed by using path analysis. Result s : Birth weight (b=-1.92; 95%CI=-3.34 to -0.49; p=0.008), exclusive breastfeeding (b=-1.41; 95%CI=-2.43 to -0.37; p=0.007), nutritional status(b=-2.98; 95%CI=-4.10 to -1.86; p<0.001), immunization status (b=-1.45; 95%CI=-2.51 to -0.40; p=0.007), maternal education (b=-1.46; 95%CI= -2.63to -0.28; p=0.014), family income (b=-1.86; 95%CI=-3.32 to-0.41; p=0.012), healthy behavior (b=-1.24; 95%CI=-2.28 to -0.21; p=0.018), physical quality of the house (b=-1.16; 95%CI= -2.20 to -0.11; p=0.030), and active standby village strata (b=-1.25; 95%CI=-2.49 to -0.12; p=0.048) can reduce the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. Smoking activities of family members (b=1.38; 95%CI=0.02 to 2.73; p=0.045) and exposure to cooking fuel smoke (b=1.46; 95% CI= 0.34 to 2.51; p=0.010) can increase the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. Conclusion: The decrease in the incidence of pneumonia was influenced directly by healthy behavior, immunization status, nutritional status, physical quality of the house, exclusive breast­feeding, birth weight, and active standby village strata. Family smoking activities and smoke exposure to cooking fuel can increase the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. K eywords : Pneumonia, socioeconomic, village strata, path analysis Cor r esponden ce : Nur Isniani Ningsih. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: isniani2193@gmail.com. Mobile: 081997998692. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(3): 234-246 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.03.11

The Influence of Exclusive Breastfeeding Toward The Occurrence of Childhood Pneumonia in East Java

Background: East Java Province is the top three with the highest number of childhood pneumonia and the highest death from pneumonia in Indonesia. One of the factors that can prevent childhood pneumonia is to provide exclusive breastfeeding. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effect of giving exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of childhood pneumonia in East Java Province in 2016. Methods: The design of this study used cross sectional method. This research is an observational analytic study using secondary data from the Health Profile of East Java Province publication in 2016. The population used is the East Java Province Health Profile data in 2012 to 2016, while the sample is the East Java Province Health Profile data in 2016. Data collection conducted in May 2018. The locations used in this study were 38 districts/ cities in East Java Province. Data analysis used a linear regression test with the dependent variable of childhood pneumonia cases and independent variables exclusive breastfeeding. Results: This study shows that there is an effect of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of childhood pneumonia with p value= 0.00 (p&lt; 0.05). Exclusive breastfeeding has an effect of 34.70% on the incidence of childhood pneumonia with a strong moderate relationship. Conclusion: There is an influence between exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of childhood pneumonia in East Java Province in 2016.

Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan Fisik Rumah terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Kelurahan Bujel Kediri

&#x0D; Pneumonia adalah infeksi akut yang mengenai jaringan paru pada alveoli yang disebabkan berbagai mikroorganisme seperti virus, jamur, dan bakteri. Lingkungan fisik rumah seperti suhu, kelembaban, pencahayaan, kepadatan hunian, dan jenis dinding dapat menjadi penyebaran mikroorganisme penyebab pneumonia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor lingkungan rumah terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada anak Balita di Kelurahan Bujel Kediri. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan design case control dengan jumlah responden 30 untuk kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan pengukuran. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jika tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara suhu, kelembaban, pencahayaan, kepadatan hunian kamar, dan jenis dinding kamar terhadap kejadian pneumonia. Hal ini diketahui dari pada suhu p value = 0,353 (p&gt; 0,05), kelembaban p value= 1,000 (p&gt; 0,05), pencahayaan p value= 0,606 (p&gt;0,05), kepadatan hunian kamar pvalue= 0,542 (p&gt; 0,05), dan jenis dinding kamar p value = 1,000 (p&gt; 0,05).&#x0D; Kata kunci : Pneumonia, balita, lingkungan fisik rumah

Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan Fisik dan Sosial Ekonomi Keluarga Terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia Pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tahtul Yaman Kota Jambi

Pneumonia in children including one cause of death in the world that is around 20 percent, or about 1.5 million children under five die each year from the disease. Each year there are an estimated 11-20 million children in the world were hospitalized because of pneumonia. In Indonesia, pneumonia is the leading cause of death of 13.2 percent of children under five and 12.7 percent the cause of death of children. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between the physical environment and socio-economic families with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Public Health Center Tahtul Yaman Jambi City period 2015. This study is a case-control study. Retrieved 35 mothers who have children suffering from pneumonia as a case (case) and 35 mothers who have children do not suffer from pneumonia as control (control) so that the total sample of 70 respondents. The research took place in November 2016. Data was analyzed by univariate and bivariate statistical test Chi Square. Results of univariate analysis showed that patients with pneumonia mostly toddlers aged 12-23 as much as 57.1%, and pneumonia mostly male sex as much as 74.3%. The physical environment pneumonia generally unfavorable 68.6%, and a good physical environment 31.4%, the results of socioeconomic level are generally relatively high 54.3%. There is a relationship between physical environmental factors in infants, with a p-value = 0.017 and OR = 3.692 and socio-economic factors with p-value = 0.009 and OR = 5.053 with pneumonia. There is a relationship between physical environmental factors and socioeconomic families with the incidence of pneumonia in infants.

Residential risk factors for childhood pneumonia: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China

BackgroundChildren's pneumonia is a heavy health burden. Few studies have been carried out on residential risk factors for pneumonia in children. Potential risks associated with dwelling characteristics are still unknown. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among children in 8 cities in China during 2010–2011 and 41,176 valid data on children aged 3–8 years old were used in this analysis. To obtain the lifetime-ever incidence of pneumonia in children and identify associations between pneumonia and residential risk factors, chi-square analysis and logistic regression methods were employed. Adjusted odds ratios were used as measures of effect with a 95% confidence interval. Confounding variables in the regression model include children's gender, birthweight, breastfeeding duration, parental smoking and family history of atopy. ResultsThe average lifetime-ever incidence of childhood pneumonia was 32.3%. Urban children (33.6%) had more pneumonia than suburban (29.9%) and rural children (24.9%). More residential risk factors were found in urban-dwellings. Boys, low birthweight (<2500 g), breastfeeding duration <6 months, family allergic history, and exposure to parental smoking were found to be associated with higher pneumonia lifetime-ever incidences. Various indicators of dampness, including visible mold spots, damp stains, water damage, water condensation, damp clothing or bedding and mold odor, were also positively associated with pneumonia. Pneumonia incidence increased as the number of dampness indicators increased. Both natural gas and solid cooking fuels were positively associated with pneumonia compared with electricity. Compared with cement, construction materials including synthetic fiber, laminated wood, real wood, paint, emulsion paint and wall paper were positively associated with pneumonia. Daily living habits such as putting bedding to sunshine frequently and cleaning the child's bedroom every day could be effective preventive strategies. A dose-response relationship between the number of residential risk factors and pneumonia was observed when the risk factors number ranged from 7 to 11. Residences with more risk factors had higher lifetime-ever pneumonia odds ratios. ConclusionsIndoor environmental factors including dampness, use of solid fuels or natural gas for cooking and use of new construction materials are risk factors for childhood pneumonia. This study gives evidence for the importance of home environment exposures in the occurrence of childhood pneumonia. Actions against the residential risk factors described in this study may help to prevent pneumonia in children.

Sex, Status of DPT Immunization, and Pnemonia Incidence among Children Under Five in Puskesmas Tanjung Baru East Baturaja District

Background Each year, over 2 million children die of pneumonia, it means that 1 in 5 people in the world under five die of pneumonia and almost all (99.9%) deaths from pneumonia occur in developing countries (least developed). Order to determine the relationship of sex and DPT immunization status with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five (ages 1-59 months) at Tanjung Baru sub-district Puskesmas UPTD East Balfour. Method This research use analytical survay with cross sectional approach. The study population was all children under five who seek treatment at the health center UPTD Tanjung Baru during the study, with a sample of 73 people. Data analysis using univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using distribution table and Chi-Square statistical test, with 95% confidence degree. Results univariate analysis, of 73 respondents obtained 26% of respondents who suffered from pneumonia and 74% who do not suffer from pneumonia, 28.8% of respondents with male sex and 71.2% of respondents with female sex, 12.3% Respondents with incomplete DPT immunization status and 87.7% of respondents with complete DPT immunization status. The bivariate analysis results indicate no relationship sex with pneumonia (p value 0.003) and there was a DPT immunization status relationship with the incidence of pneumonia (p value 0.008). Keywords: DPT immunization status incidence of pneumonia, sex

PEMBERIAN ASI EKSLUSIF, SUPLEMEN VITAMIN A DAN ASUPAN SENG DENGAN RISIKO KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA ANAK BALITA DI PUSKESMAS PUUWATU KECAMATAN PUUWATU KOTA KENDARI

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children. Many factors can influence the increased incidence of pneumonia in young children, Among them are age, sex, nutritional status, low birth weight, immunization status, Exclusive breastfeeding, and vitamin A. This study aims to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding, supplements vitamin A, and zinc intake with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in sub-district Puskesmas Puuwatu Kendari. This study uses a case-control design. Take place at sub-district Puskesmas Puuwatu Kendari. A sample of 32 samples taken using P = prevalence of LBW infants (0.092%), d = absolute precision (10%), Z = confidence interval (95% = 1.96). Taken with accidental sampling technique, and performed on samples Matching namely age, where the age of the sample of cases and controls were age 1 to 5 years. Data analysis was conducted to see the value Odds Ratio (OR), Odds Ratio (OR) = ad/bc with confidence interval (CI) = 95%. The results showed that young children who are not breastfed Exclusive 3.4 times greater risk of pneumonia compared with exclusive breastfeeding of children under five, which marked the value of OR = 3.40. Infants and children who do not complete vitamin A supplementation 2.4 times greater risk of developing pneumonia than children under five who complete vitamin A supplementation, which marked the value of OR = 2.49. Infants and children who lack their zinc intake were 2.4 times greater risk of pneumonia compared with toddlers sufficient intake of tin, which is marked with OR = 2.43. This study concluded that children who are not breastfed Exclusive have an increased risk of pneumonia. Supplementation with vitamin A complete and sufficient zinc intake in children under five among children could reduce the incidence of pneumonia.

Kebiasaan merokok keluarga serumah dan pneumonia pada balita

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the association between family smoking habits at home with the incidence of pneumonia in children.Methods: This research was a case control study involving 160 children in the district of Bantul (80 with pneumonia and 80 without pneumonia).Results: There was an association between family smoking habits at home with the incidence of pneumonia in children at Bantul. Furthermore, it was found the other variables that had a association with the incidence of pneumonia in children at Bantul District included the use of mosquito coils, nutritional status of children and crowded household. The variables of maternal education, immunization status, income parents, history of exclusive breastfeeding, history of vitamin A, the type of household fuel, the location of the kitchen, the type of house walls and the activity of burning trash were not associated with the incidence of child pneumonia in the district of Bantul.Conclusion: It is necessary to conduct health promotion in all households about the impact of family smoking habits on children, especially in a crowded household. Also, there is need to supervise the family members who have the habit of smoking so the are not smoking inside the house, especially in families with children. It is equally important to repair any lowered nutrition status in children.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS AFFECTS INCIDENCE OF PNEUMONIA IN UNDERFIVES

Pneumonia is an acute infection disease which remains the main killer of children under 5 years old worldwide. Based on Unicef’s report, 17% of all children death is caused by pneumonia. Indonesia was in 10th position of the highest incidence of pneumonia and diarrhea which caused the death of children under 5 years old in 2013. In Gane Luar Public Health Center, there were at least 3 patients with pneumonia every month during 2014. The risk factors are less exclusive breastfeeding, malnutrition, low birth weight, less coverage of measles vaccine, indoor air pollution, and the high level of occupation density. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding, nutrition status, the type of house flooring, and pneumonia incidence in children under 5 in working area of Gane Luar Public Health Center, South Halmahera. A case control study was conducted to each 25 samples of case and control which were collected by simple random sampling technique during July-December 2014. Data were collected through a questionnaire using interview method, observation, and physical examination, and then it’s analyzed by Regression Logistic, Chi Square, and Odds ratio to check for strength of association between variables at 95% confidence level. The results indicated that nutrition status was significantly related to Pneumonia incidence (p = 0.019 ; OR 3.795), however exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.29) and type of house flooring (p = 0.086) weren’t. In conclusion, the nutrition status was significantly related to the incidence of Pneumonia in working area of Gane Luar Public Health Center.