Incidence Of Malignant Tumors Research Articles

Problems of monitoring malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system in the Siberian Federal District and ways to solve them

Incidence and recording of neuro-oncological tumors comprise an important problem in the world and In Russia including the Siberian federal district. To analyze the incidence of malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) (C70-72) in the Siberian federal district and appropriate constituent territories. Analysis of standardized indicators was based on form No. 7 "Information on malignant neoplasms" for the period 2013-2022, population and male-to-female ratio in the Siberian federal district. The number of patients with CNS tumors increases in the Siberian federal district while relative rates of CNS cancer incidence are stable (men 5.2±0.2%, women 3.8±0.2%). The peak incidence has shifted from the age of 65-69 years to older category (75-79 years). Mean age of patients increased by 4.6 years (53.8±1.9 years in 2022) for men and 5.5 years (58.3±1.7 years in 2022) for women (p<0.001). We developed the algorithm for therapeutic and diagnostic care in patients with CNS tumors to solve permanent organizational problems in the Tomsk region. A specialized neuro-oncological registry based on territorial cancer registry was used. Development and implementation of neuro-oncological registry programs for all tumors of the central nervous system will be valuable to assess oncological epidemiological situation. Moreover, we can expect earlier diagnosis and timely specialized treatment of such patients.

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОКАЗАНИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ НАСЕЛЕНИЮ ПО ПРОФИЛЮ «ОНКОЛОГИЯ» НА СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (АРХАНГЕЛЬСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ)

Relevance. At the moment, there is an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Russian Federation. The Arkhangelsk region is no exception in this case. A fairly significant share of all malignant diseases is occupied by neoplasms of the genitourinary system, which are sometimes difficult to diagnose and eliminate in time. The aim of the work is to identify of the features of the epidemiological situation of morbidity and mortality of the population of the Arkhangelsk region with malignant neoplasms of the genitourinary system, as well as the effectiveness of the organization of the processes of medical care, prevention and early detection of this pathology. Materials and methods. Statistical data (Federal State Statistics Service, Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System, Cancer Register) linked to the incidence of cancer of the genitourinary system in residents of the Arkhangelsk region were used. A comparative analysis was carried out with those on average in the Russian Federation. The results of the study. Throughout the entire study period (from 2011 to 2019, with the exception of 2020), there was an increase in the detection of oncological pathology of the genitourinary system in the population of the Arkhangelsk region. The decline in 2020 is closely related to the spread of COVID-19 and limiting measures. The average mortality rates in the Arkhangelsk region from malignant neoplasms of the genitourinary system from 2011 to 2021 practically did not differ from the average Russian. Since 2016, there has been a slight increase in the indicator of early diagnosis of oncological diseases of the genitourinary system in the region. It reflects the effectiveness of the measures taken to fight cancer, in particular, the introduction of the Federal program "Fight against oncological diseases". The conclusion is made about the need for further implementation of this program, its continuous improvement and exchange of experience with other regions.

Development of monoclonal antibodies targeting Her-2 and EGFR in the treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the highest incidence of female cancer malignant tumors, the global incidence of breast cancer is about 12%, and the mortality rate is about 7%. For patients with breast cancer, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, and immunotherapy are often used. Throughout history, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the breast cancer treatment patients. Her-2 and EGFR antibodies have been particularly important. Cetuximab and panizumab can block EGFR ligand binding, thereby preventing EGFR from functioning. Trastuzumab and pertuzumab are anti-Her-2 monoantibodies that have been clinically proven to be effective. Although endocrine therapy and anti-Her-2 targeted therapy have achieved certain results, these treatments are effective for all patients and have certain side effects. This paper examines the effects of five specific monoclonal antibodies on breast cancer, including benefits, drawbacks, and side effects, using clinical trial materials and academic papers published since 2001. This paper emphasizes Her-2 antibodies and breast cancer, as well as the role of specific Her-2 and EGFR antibodies.

Overexpress miR-132 in the Brain Parenchyma by a Non-invasive Way Improves Tissue Repairment and Releases Memory Impairment After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem worldwide, which could lead to an extremely high percentage of mortality and disability. Current treatment strategies mainly concentrate on neuronal protection and reconstruction, among them, exogenous neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has long been regarded as the most effective curative treatment. However, due to secondary trauma, transplant rejection, and increased incidence of brain malignant tumor, a non-invasive therapy that enhanced endogenous neurogenesis was more suitable for TBI treatment. Our previous work has shown that miR-132 overexpression could improve neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. So, we engineered a new kind of AAV vector named AAV-PHP.eB which can transfect brain parenchyma through intravenous injection to overexpress miR-132 in brain after TBI. We found that miR-132 overexpression could reduce impact volume, promote neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG), accelerate neuroblast migrating into the impact cortex, ameliorate microglia-mediated inflammatory reaction, and ultimately restore learning memory function. Our results revealed that AAV-PHP.eB-based miR-132 overexpression could improve endogenous tissue repairment and release clinical symptoms after traumatic brain injury. This work would provide a new therapeutic strategy for TBI treatment and other neurological disorders characterized by markable neuronal loss and memory impairment. miR-132 overexpression accelerates endogenous neurogenesis and releases TBI-induced tissue repairment and memory impairment. Controlled cortical impact onto the cortex would induce serious cortical injury and microglia accumulation in both cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, endogenous neuroblast could migrate around the injury core. miR-132 overexpression could accelerate neuroblast migration toward the injury core and decreased microglia accumulation in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus. miR-132 could be a suitable target on neuroprotective therapy after TBI.

Organization of work on prevention and early diagnosis of breast tumors

A constant object of careful and comprehensive study is the issue of breast diseases, which has become particularly relevant due to their significant growth, especially, of cancer of this localization. Promising forms of preventive work on breast diseases are patient schools. The experience of existing schools has demonstrated new professional capabilities of nursing specialists who are the schools’ organizers and leaders. Target. To evaluate the impact of the School for Breast Tumor Prevention on the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the female population. Results. The existing system for the prevention and early diagnosis of mammary tumors in a medical organization was analyzed, the level of knowledge on the prevention and early diagnosis of mammary tumors among the attached female population and nursing specialists was assessed, and the role of nursing staf f in sanitary educational work was determined. Conclusion. The results of sanitary education work are one of the determining factors influencing the reduction in the incidence of malignant neoplasms among the female population.

Assessment of a probable relationship between influence of harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, ambient air pollution and the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs (c33, c34) in the male population of the Russian Federation

In 2021, in the Russian Federation, malignant neoplasms (MN) of the trachea, bronchi, lungs (ICD – C33, C34) occupied the first place in the structure of MN in men accounting for 16.4 %. Many studies show the existence of a potential connection between impacts of occupational factors and MN development; however, in Russia, the occupational genesis of MN is rarely recognized. The aim of this study was to identify a relationship between working conditions, volumes of pollutants emitted into ambient air and the incidence of tracheal, bronchial, and lung MN in men. The data were obtained from Form No. 7 "Information on malignant neoplasms", the Report "The state of working conditions for workers employed by economic entities operating in the Russian Federation as per specific types of economic activity", and Form No. 2-TP (air) "Information on the protection of ambient air" of Rosstat. We analyzed incidence rates of malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs among working age males, as well as males aged between 40 and 65 years in 2011–2021. The study involved quartile analysis (incidence rates were standardized with the direct method); correlation analysis (Kendall rank correlation); as well as multiple regression analysis. The latter was carried out to study effects of predictors (volumes of pollutants emitted into ambient air) on the selected criterion (MN incidence). The research data were statistically analyzed using MS Office Excel 2019, IBM SPSS Statistics 26. A downward trend was established for the analyzed incidence rates in Russia. A moderate positive correlation (τ = +0.31) was obtained between the proportion of workers employed in harmful or hazardous working conditions and the incidence of MN of the specified localization. A predictive regression model was developed. The obtained results of the correlation analysis require more in-depth consideration in subsequent studies. In our opinion, oncologists need to study occupational routes of their patients. Employers should focus on primary MN prevention within corporate practices of enterprises.

Malignant Neoplasms in the Industrial City: Epidemiology, Current Trends and Forecast

Introduction: Optimization of information and analytical support for public health monitoring based on modern techniques of mathematical modeling and forecasting, multivariate statistical methods and artificial neural networks is becoming highly relevant. Objective: To conduct a retrospective and prospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the city of Taganrog, Rostov Region, for 1985–2022. Materials and methods: We did a comprehensive long-term data analysis of statistical reporting forms and a personalized database of malignant neoplasms using factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, real risk assessment, and artificial neural networks. We used software of our own design, as well as software packages IBM SPSS Statistics version 19.0 and Matlab R2021a with the Neural Network Toolbox. Results: Our findings indicate an unfavorable situation in the city of Taganrog, Rostov Region, with a 1.3-fold excess of the average annual cancer rate for the cities of the region and a continuous rising trend. Sex and age characteristics and priority cancer sites were determined. Based on regional criteria for assessing the real risk, we established that Taganrog ranks first in terms of cancer incidence and mortality, as well as seven cancer sites. The highest real risk has been found for breast and skin cancer. Using factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, we examined the structure of risk factors for colon cancer in 1988–2019. The applied technique of artificial neural networks provided higher accuracy in the medium-term forecasting of the frequency of malignant neoplasms compared to extrapolation forecasting using theoretical trend lines. Conclusion: The use of multivariate statistical methods and artificial neural networks provides a highly informative characterization of the health status of the population.

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ КОЛОРЕКТАЛЬНОГО РАКА НАСЕЛЕНИЯ АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Relevance. At the moment, there is an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Russian Federation. The Arkhangelsk region is no exception in this case. A significant proportion of all malignant diseases are neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, among which a group associated with the colonorectal complex is identified. The aim is to establish the features of the spread of malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum in the population of the Arkhangelsk region over the past decade. Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out on the basis of information materials of the Federal Cancer Register, as well as the P.A. Herzen Moscow Research Oncological Institute of Radiology. The main indicators of the incidence of colon and rectal cancer in the Arkhangelsk region from 2011 to 2021 (per 100,000 population) were studied. To assess the general and annual trend, its degree of reliability, a trend line is constructed and the value of the approximation coefficient R2 is calculated, which in all cases turned out to be acceptable. The results of the study. During the entire period of study, the population of the Arkhangelsk region (except for 2020) showed an increase in the oncological incidence of the colonorectal department. Regional morbidity and mortality rates differed markedly from the national average in a big way throughout the observation. Morbidity and mortality among men is significantly higher than among women. With the introduction and implementation of the regional program "Fight against oncological diseases", a noticeable increase in the detection of cancer in the early stages of development has been noted, which, of course, increases the effectiveness of measures for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients. The conclusion was made about the need for further implementation of this program, its continuous improvement and exchange of experience with other regions.

Current Perspectives of Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common tumor and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It ranks fourth in the spectrum of malignant tumor incidence and second in the order of death from major malignant tumors in China. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a complex ecosystem containing non-tumor cells (mainly immune-related cells), and its immunotherapy can stimulate the recognition of specific tumor antigens, inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and produce over-memory lymphocytes, which can prevent recurrence. So, immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma is increasingly becoming a research hotspot in liver cancer treatment. With the intensive research in recent years, great progress has been made in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, pericyte therapy, vaccination, and antiviral therapy. In addition, the study found that the therapeutic effect of combination therapy was enhanced compared to monotherapy. This review summarizes the most prominent immunotherapies currently available for the clinical treatment of patients with HCC and the main opportunities and challenges facing HCC research.

Therapeutic Effects of CT-guided Microwave Ablation Combined with Cementoplasty in the Treatment of Bone Metastasis

Background: The incidence of malignant tumors causing bone metastasis was increasing. Therefore, it was urgent to treat patients with bone metastasis. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the role of computed tomography (CT)-guided microwave ablation combined with cementoplasty in the treatment of patients with bone metastasis. Patients and Methods: A total of 20 patients with bone metastasis who were treated with CT-guided microwave ablation combined with cementoplasty were included in this study, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The follow-up data of all patients were collected, and no patients were lost to follow-up during this period. The Quality of Life Questionnaire-Bone Metastases Module 22 (QLQ-BM22), the EuroQOL Five-Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D), and the Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) measure were used to assess the treatment effects. Results: Based on the results, 37 operations performed on 20 patients were successful. Minor complications were observed in seven cases. There were significant differences in the QLQ-BM22 scores when comparing the pre-treatment and post-treatment results (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the pre-treatment and post-treatment QALY scores exhibited significant differences (P &lt; 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment EQ-5D scores (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of CT-guided microwave ablation with cementoplasty was proven to be an effective approach in extending the survival time and enhancing the quality of life in patients with bone metastasis.

Clinical Presentation and Histological Types of Ovarian Tumor in Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Center

Background: Ovarian cancer is the eighth most frequent cancer among women worldwide, accounting for 4% of all cancers in the female population. When compared to other reproductive system cancers, ovarian cancer has a high death and morbidity rate. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the clinical presentation and histological types of ovarian tumor in patients admitted in tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the clinical presentation and histopathological types of ovarian tumour diagnosed at Medical college for women, Uttara and Nightingale medical college, Ashulia. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and 600 patients diagnosed with ovarian tumors were consecutively included in the study from July 2009 to August 2016. The cases were diagnosed and subclassified in accordance with the WHO Classification of Female Genital Tumours, Fourth Edition. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) application, version 25, was used for data analysis. Results: Out of Total Gynaecological admission of 4800 patients during the study period, 600 patients were admitted with diagnosis of ovarian Tumor, So occurance was 12.5%. the mean age of the patients was 35 ± 2.09. About 8.6% of the patients had less than 20 years old. 56.6% were within the age group of 21-40, 29.8% were within the age group of 41-60 and only 5% had more than 60 years. The mean Menarche in years was 14.6 ± 1.02 and Menopause in years was 48.7 ± 2.46. Regarding clinical presentation 37.40% had abdominal pain, 55.50% had abdominal mass, 3% had abdominal distension,2% had ascites, 0.50% had menstrual irregularities and 2.50% were asymptomatic. Regarding surgical procedure, 35% undergone Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, 18.33% Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, 15% Right salpingo-oophorectomy and Left salpingo-oophorectomy recommendation, 13.33% Right cystectomy, 3.33% Left cystectomy. Regarding consistency of tumour 57.33% were cystic, 37% were solid, 5.33% were complex and 0.33% were Diffuse pattern (metastatic tumor). Benign tumors were 77%, borderline 16.67% and malignant 6.33% cases. Out of 462 benign tumors, Serous cystadenoma (230/49.78%), Mucinous cystadenoma (60/12.98%), benign Brenner tumor (10/2.16%), Mature cystic teratoma (110/23.80%), stroma ovarii (10/2.16%), Fibroma (10/2.16%), Fibro-thecoma (12/ 2.59%), leiomyoma (20/4.34%). Out of 38 malignant tumour, Serous cystadenocarcinoma (11/28.94%), mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (6/15.78%), clear cell carcinoma (1/2.63%), Malignant Brenner tumor (1/2.63%), endometroid adenocarcinoma (4/10.52%), squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature teratoma (1/2.63%), Dysgerminoma (7/18.4%), Immature teratoma (1/2.63%), malignant mixed germ cell tumor (1/2.63%), Adult granulosa cell tumor (4/10.52%), Krukenburg tumor (1/2.63%). Survival status was satisfactory; 99.67% patients was alive. Conclusion: The study found that ovarian neoplasms had ambiguous signs and symptoms, were mostly seen in reproductive age groups, and were mostly benign. The proportion of malignant ovarian neoplasms was significantly lower than that of benign ovarian neoplasms. Although incidence of malignant tumor is less common but gynocologists should be more careful in diagnosis of malignancy as ovaries are pelvic organs and definite screening methods are not available and malignancy can occur in any age.

PRIMARY MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA FROM PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA

Primary malignant bone tumours are a scarce entity with limited population-based data from developing countries. The aim of the study is to investigate the frequency and anatomical distribution of primary malignant bone tumours in a local South African population.This will be an epidemiological retrospective study. Data will be used of patients that were diagnosed with primary malignant bone tumours over a period of nine years spanning from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2022. This data will be received from private and government laboratories. Data to be considered are type of primary malignant bone tumours diagnosed, incidence of primary malignant bone tumours over a period of nine years and the most common anatomical sites of primary malignant bone tumours. The rationale behind our study is to assess the frequency of different primary malignant bone tumours in another geographic area of South Africa and to compare these findings to local and international literature. With a projected increase in diagnosis of primary malignant bone tumours in developing countries it is important to have more available data about primary malignant bone tumours from these areas to have a better understanding of these conditions and to understand the impact of the burden they impose on healthcare systems so that management of these conditions can also be improved. Preliminary results show that 23.83% of primary malignant bone tumours occurred in the age group 0–24 years of age, 49.22% in the 25–59 age group and 26.95% in the 60+ age group. The most common tumour that occurred was chondrosarcoma (49.21%) followed by osteosarcoma (41.80%) then Ewing's sarcoma (4,69%) and lastly chordoma (4.30%). From the 256 samples that met the inclusion criteria the five most common anatomical sites were distal femur (63), proximal tibia (41), proximal humerus (38), pelvis (34) and proximal femur (20).

Molecular pathogenesis, mechanism and therapy of Cav1 in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the second incidence of malignant tumors in men worldwide. Its incidence and mortality are increasing year by year. Enhanced expression of Cav1 in prostate cancer has been linked to both proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells, influencing disease progression. Dysregulation of the Cav1 gene shows a notable association with prostate cancer. Nevertheless, there is no systematicreview to report about molecular signal mechanism of Cav1 and drug treatment in prostate cancer. This article reviews the structure, physiological and pathological functions of Cav1, the pathogenic signaling pathways involved in prostate cancer, and the current drug treatment of prostate cancer. Cav1 mainly affects the occurrence of prostate cancer through AKT/mTOR, H-RAS/PLCε, CD147/MMPs and other pathways, as well as substance metabolism including lipid metabolism and aerobic glycolysis. Baicalein, simvastatin, triptolide and other drugs can effectively inhibit the growth of prostate cancer. As a biomarker of prostate cancer, Cav1 may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.

FEATURES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF B16 MELANOMA IN SEXUALLY MATURE MALE C57BLACK/6 MICE IN MODELING POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

It is well known that extraordinary stress or chronic exposure to stressors is characterized by adverse immunological consequences due to stress-induced immunosuppression. It has been established that stress causes an increased incidence of malignant tumors and also worsens the prognosis in patients with already existing tumors. Among the mechanisms of carcinogenesis under stress, there is an increase in the level of cortisol, which has a significant inhibitory effect on the immune system and the secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves inactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and decreased secretion of cortisol in humans, or corticosterone in rats and mice. However, the question of whether PTSD is a risk factor for the development of cancer or tumor growth remains practically undeveloped.

ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТЬ РАКОМ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОКАЗАНИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ ЖЕНЩИНАМ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КОМИ

Current: Every year the number of patients with malignant neoplasms in the world is steadily growing. The leading place among all oncological diseases in the female population is occupied by breast cancer, which accounts for about 22% of all cancer patients. Cancer incidence in industrial centers (such as the Komi Republic) is higher than in other areas. Diagnosis and treatment in hard-to-reach regions with severe climatic conditions is complicated. This requires a special approach to the organization of healthcare. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the spread of malignant neoplasms of the breast among the female population in the Komi Republic and to assess mortality, the system of prevention, diagnosis and medical care. Materials and methods: The paper analyzes statistical data on morbidity and mortality from breast cancer from 2011 to 2021. The results obtained in the Komi Republic were compared with those in the Russian Federation. Statistical data of the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System (EMISS) on the epidemiological situation associated with the incidence of malignant neoplasms were used. Research results over the past decade, from 2011 to 2021, the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the breast in women living in the Komi Republic remained high relative to the national average. The peak values of morbidity were noted in 2015-2016 and 2019. Mortality from breast cancer in the region had a downward trend. At the same time, it turned out to be significantly lower than the average in Russia. In recent years, significant progress has been noted in the early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the breast. This is due to an increase in the number of medical workers providing primary health care. In this regard, the chances of patients to survive and transition to the disease in remission have increased.

Assessment of Atmospheric Air Quality in the Region of Central Kazakhstan and Astana

One of the main issues of environmental protection is the quality of atmospheric air. These problems are especially acute in industrialized regions, where the level of anthropogenic impact is increasing; in Kazakhstan, Central Kazakhstan belongs to such regions. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between diseases of the population and air pollutants from industrial sources. The research methodology was the use of ArcGIS tools and the construction of a correlation between two parameters: pollution and morbidity in the region. Analysis of mortality rates of the population by main classes of causes of death for 2017–2020 in the regional context in the Republic of Kazakhstan revealed that the mortality rate in 2020 increased by 20.2%. When analyzing the causes of death of the population, diseases associated with the negative impact of the environment were selected. It was noted that, in general, in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2017 to 2020, there was a downward trend, but in the Karaganda region, in 2020, it increased by 8.7%. In Astana, this indicator also tended to decrease, but as a result, a very strong correlation was found between the incidence of malignant neoplasms in Astana and nitrogen dioxide pollution (Pearson index 0.95).

Epidemiology of Eye Cancer in Cali, Colombia: A 55-Year Study

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe the epidemiology, incidence, mortality and survival of ocular cancer in Cali between 1962 and 2019. Methods Ecological population-based study analyzing data of incidence, mortality, and 5-years survival of malignant ocular tumors from the Populational Cancer Registry of Cali between 1962 and 2019. Results Between 1962 and 2019, 586 ocular tumors were found, 50.5% occurred in females, the mean age at diagnosis was 45 years (standard deviation = 25), 70.3% of ocular malignancies occurred in >14 years. The average annual incidence rate was 7.8 per million for male and 6.9 per million for females. Retinoblastoma (21%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%), melanoma (16%) and lymphoma (8%) were the most common neoplasm. In those <15 years, the most frequent malignant tumors were retinoblastomas (85.7%), followed by non-specified malignant neoplasm (NOS, 7.9%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (3.6%). In those >14 years, there were NOS (30%), followed by squamous cell carcinomas (28%), melanomas (23%), and lymphomas (9.7%). Conjunctiva (38.2%), retina (21%) and orbit (10%) constituted the majority of anatomical sites of ocular tumors. The survival rate was about 83.2% and mortality did not show a decreasing trend over time (p > .05). Conclusions The incidence of ocular cancer in Cali has a slightly increasing trend, with stable behavior in the last decades. Squamous cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, melanoma and lymphoma are the most frequent ocular cancers, with being retinoblastoma more frequent than melanoma. In general, ocular cancer had good survival rates in Cali.

Glioblastoma of the Brain. Financial and Economic Aspects of Therapy. Literature Review

Malignant brain tumors include primary and metastatic brain tumors. The incidence and prevalence of malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) around the world continue to grow. Treatment of this group of patients requires complex and expensive diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Thus, malignant brain tumors, whether primary or metastatic, have a significant socio-economic impact on patients, their families and healthcare systems around the world. At the moment, there is no systematic review of the costs of treating patients with brain tumors, although some studies emphasize the importance of this problem.

Palliative treatment of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious problems of modern oncology. In the Russian Federation, pancreatic cancer, along with a fairly small share in the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms 3%, ranks first in annual mortality (68.2%), and is also a nosology with the most unfavorable prognosis among tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The current standard of first-line therapy is FOLFRINOX (FOLFIRINOX, a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) or gemcitabine plus albumin-bound nab-paclitaxel.&#x0D; One of the main obstacles to the action of chemotherapeutic drugs is the microenvironment of fibro-solid stromal tumors, which include pancreatic cancer. In order to potentiate the action of chemotherapy and combat the tumor microenvironment, at the present stage, drugs are being considered for influencing the programmed death 1 (PD-1) gene and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Approximately 1015% of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas are believed to be associated with hereditary mutations, while all neoplasms have somatic mutations in different combinations of driver genes. One of the most common mutations are BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations. Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors, like cisplatin, have shown promise as a treatment for tumors with BRCA mutations.&#x0D; Another subtype of pancreatic cancer is characterized by microsatellite instability. Unlike the above mutations and phenotypes, which affect only a small proportion of patients with pancreatic cancer, mutations in KRAS (Kirsten homologous rat sarcoma viral oncogene) are found in 9095% of cases of pancreatic malignancy and may be a significant factor in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Another frequently mutating gene for a number of malignancies is ARID1A, which encodes a tumor suppressor protein, a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex.&#x0D; The future of conservative therapy for pancreatic cancer is a complex treatment that includes both chemotherapy and targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the implementation of which is impossible without a deeper study of genetic mutations, molecular mechanisms of invasion and development of pancreatic malignant neoplasms, as well as extensive testing for genetic mutations in the clinical practice of specialized institutions.

APPLICATION OF 68GA-FAPI PET/CT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE – PERSPECTIVES FOR MALIGNANT TUMOR IMAGING: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevance: The incidence of malignant neoplasms of various localizations is growing worldwide and in Kazakhstan. The mortality rate from oncological diseases is also alarmingly high. To facilitate early diagnosis and optimal therapy, scientists are exploring molecular diagnostics, including PET/CT, using various markers, like 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, widely used in oncology but lacking specificity for certain types of tumors. The finding of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) has sparked interest in FAP-targeted radiolabeled inhibitors (FAPI), which could serve as a universal marker for diagnosing different types of cancer. Various FAP markers for PET/CT are being studied, with special attention given to 68Ga-FAPI.&#x0D; The study aimed to analyze the potential value of FAPI PET/CT for detecting malignant tumors.&#x0D; Methods: A literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for the past decade using the following keywords: “malignant lesions,” “PET/CT,” and “FAPI.” This review analyzes 48 literature sources with A1-level evidence dedicated to the 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT diagnostic accuracy in detecting and staging malignant tumors and assessing treatment efficacy.&#x0D; Results: According to the analyzed sources, the 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing cancer is 95% to 100% and 62% to 100%, respectively. However, clear indications for use in clinical practice require further study of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT diagnostic capabilities on larger cohorts and more homogeneous datasets.&#x0D; Conclusion: The available literature data on FAPI PET/CT diagnostic capacity shows this marker’s potential in diagnosing oncological disorders. Information provided by 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT supplements the existing nuclear medicine methods and generally impacts the treatment strategy for each unique case.