Incidence Of Colonic Polyps Research Articles

Imaging colonic polyps in 2024.

Screening colonoscopy and polypectomy are the cornerstone in decreasing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Despite the low incidence of colorectal cancer in India, there has been a rising trend in the incidence of colonic polyps and cancer over the last decade. It is, hence, imperative that we are well equipped in themanagement of colonic polyps. Adequate training in thedetection and characterization of polyps to aid in their management is necessary. Detection of polyps can be increased by adhering to the standards of colonoscopy, including good bowel preparation, cecal intubation rate, adequate withdrawal time and use of distal attachment devices. A detected polyp needs optimal characterization to predict histology in real time and decide on the management strategies. Characterization of the polyps requires high-definition-white light endoscopy and/or image-enhanced endoscopy (dye based or digital). Various factors that helpin predicting histology include size, location and morphology of the polyp and the pit pattern, vascular and surface pattern of the polyp. Polyps can be differentiated as neoplastic or non-neoplastic with reasonable accuracy with the above features. Prediction of advanced pathology including high-grade dysplasia and deep sub-mucosal invasion is essential, as it helps indeciding if the lesion is amenable to endotherapy and the technique of endoscopic resection. Adequate training in image-enhanced endoscopy is necessary to assess advanced pathology in polyps. Technology pertaining to image-enhanced endoscopy includes narrow banding imaging and blue laser imaging; newer variations are being introduced every few years making it necessary to be abreast with growing information. The recent advances in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy with the advent of endocytoscopy and artificial intelligence seem promising and are predicted to be the future of GI endoscopy.

Colorectal Polyps among Sudanese Patients: A Single-Center Experience (Eyes Study)

Introduction: A gastrointestinal polyp is an abnormal protrusion from the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal lumen. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the clinical features, possible risk factors, endoscopic features, and histopathological patterns of gastrointestinal polyps among adult Sudanese patients. Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted at the Soba University Hospital Department of Endoscopy from March 2017 to March 2020. This study was conducted on patients with gastrointestinal polyps found upon colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy. Results: The incidence of colonic polyps was 11.7% (237/2019). The mean age was 51 ± 18 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.5:1. The indications for colonoscopy were bleeding per rectum (28.7%; n=68), chronic constipation (16.5%; n=39), a change in bowel habits (11%; n=26), anaemia (8.8%; n=20), melena (3.8%; n=9), diarrhoea (3.8%; n=9%) and surveillance (20%; n=48%). A family history of cancer was directly correlated with the size of the colon polyp on endoscopy and the grade of dysplasia on histopathology (p values=0.01 and 0.02, respectively). The use of NSAIDs was significantly correlated with the site of colonic polyps, while no significant correlation was found with smoking status, alcohol consumption, or family history of polyps (p value=0.02). The main site of polyps for colonic polyps was the left colon (67.4%). Histopathology reports were available for 65.4% (n=155) of patients with polyps. The predominant histopathological type in the lower gastrointestinal tract was adenomatous in 46.4% (n=72) of patients. Conclusion: The frequency of colonic polyps was 11.7%. The main presentation for colonic polyps was bleeding per rectum. A small size < 0.5 cm and a sessile shape were the dominant endoscopic features of the lower gastrointestinal polyps. However, adenomatous polyps were the most common histopathological type of polyp among ......

Colon Adenoma After Diagnosis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-mediated Colitis.

Purpose: While the occurrence of colitis during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment is recognized as a sign of robust immune activation and correlates with better oncological outcomes, the long-term impact of ICI-mediated colitis on the colonic mucosa has not been studied. We thus aim to describe the colonoscopy and histology findings in patients at a follow-up time of ≥ 6 months post initial colitis event. Methods: This retrospective analysis included adult cancer patients diagnosed with ICI colitis at a tertiary cancer center between October 2013 and June 2020. The study group included patients diagnosed with immune mediated colitis who had also undergone a follow up colonoscopy or flex sigmoidoscopy. The control group was patients exposed to ICI without immune mediated colitis. We reported patients' colitis clinical course, treatment, outcomes, and endoscopic and histologic features at diagnosis and at follow-up time of ≥ 6 months. Results: Total 39 patients met the study criteria, with 82% being male, and 35.8% having melanoma. Most patients received a combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1/L1 inhibitors (82%). On initial endoscopic evaluation, inflammation without ulceration was reported in 76.9% of patients and active inflammation on histologic examination in 79.3% of patients. Most patients (79.4%) received corticosteroids, and 56.4% received add-on selective immunosuppressive therapy. Four patients received fecal microbiota transplantation. On follow-up, new incidence of colonic polyps was reported in 51.2% of patients, including adenomas in 33.3% among the colitis patients with median follow up duration of 12 months. The incidence of adenoma polyps 12 months after the colitis event was significantly higher compared to the control group without colitis based on the time-to-event analysis (p=0.041). Conclusion: At a median follow up of 12 months after their initial colitis diagnosis, 51.2% of the patients had new incidence of colonic polyps, including a third with adenoma, at a significantly higher incidence than the control group without colitis. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further define the long-term impact of colitis and its treatments on colon health and to refine recommendations for surveillance of colonic adenomas and colorectal cancer.

Colonoscopy Screening and Polyp Detection in the Southeastern United States.

Screening colonoscopy is recommended for polyp detection and colorectal cancer prevention for those aged 50-75 years. The aim of this study was to determine colon polyp incidence rates detected through screening colonoscopies in the Southeast United States. A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine polyp rates. Charts with a diagnostic code of "screening" colonoscopy were reviewed for age, gender, number of polyps, and type of polyps. The number of charts reviewed was 534, with a total of 239 found to have polyps. Polyp type was defined as hyperplastic and adenomatous, with all adenomatous types grouped together. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The median age of participants was 62 years with 58% being male. The combined rate of colon polyp detection was 44.6%. Seventy percent of the overall sample was found to have at least one polyp. From 16% to 20% of the study population had mixed (adenomatous and hyperplastic) polyps. This study supports the need for continued screening colonoscopies for polyp detection and removal. Education is key and nurses are often the ones who have the greatest educational opportunity. This study indicates the need for further research that may support colorectal cancer screening beginning at an earlier age.

S0295 Regular Sildenafil Use Appears to Lower the Incidence of Colon Polyps and Colorectal Cancer

S0295 Regular Sildenafil Use Appears to Lower the Incidence of Colon Polyps and Colorectal Cancer

120 Microscopic Colitis and Risk of Colon Adenomas: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION: Microscopic colitis (MC) is a common cause of chronic watery diarrhea. Cross-sectional studies have suggested that patients with MC have a lower incidence of colon polyps compared to those without MC. However, existing literature is limited by a lack of longitudinal follow-up and the use of average-risk patients, rather than those with chronic diarrhea as controls. We aimed to further explore the association between MC and colon adenomas. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients that underwent colonoscopy at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) or Columbia University Medical Center (New York, NY) between 7/1/2006 and 12/31/2016. Consecutive cases with MC were identified using pathology databases at each center. Controls had chronic diarrhea, underwent colonoscopy, and did not have MC on biopsy. Cases and controls were matched 1:2 by age (±3 years), sex, and date of index colonoscopy (±6 months). Data was collected on demographics, tobacco and alcohol use, personal and family history of colon neoplasia, and presence of adenomas at the index or follow-up colonoscopies. RESULTS: The study included 376 patients with MC and 752 non-MC patients with chronic diarrhea. The median (range) age of patients was 64 (21, 88) years and 72% were female. Duration of follow-up was not significantly different between the 2 groups (total person years: cases 577, controls 972; P = 0.99) and 51 subjects had a new adenoma on follow-up. There were no significant differences in age, sex, alcohol use, family history of colon neoplasia, and personal history of inflammatory bowel disease between cases and controls. Patients with MC were more likely to be current tobacco users (10% vs. 6%, P = 0.02) and less likely to have a history of prior colon neoplasia (9% vs. 17%, P < 0.001). Patients with MC were significantly less likely to have colon adenomas at the time of their index colonoscopy (5% vs. 12%; odds ratio 0.36; 95% CI 0.21, 0.60; P < 0.001) after adjusting for tobacco use and history of prior lesions. However, when followed over time, there was no significant association between MC and risk of colon adenomas (Figure 1, P = 0.45) after adjusting for tobacco use, history of prior lesions, and presence of adenoma at index colonoscopy. CONCLUSION: Patients with MC are less likely to have colon adenomas at their index colonoscopy compared to those with chronic diarrhea without MC. However, when followed longitudinally, there appears to be no significant association between MC and risk of colon adenomas.

Correlation between Colon Polyps and Metabolic Syndrome and HP Infection Status.

Background This study investigated the relationships among the characteristics of colon polyps and potential risk factors, including metabolic condition, CEA level, uric acid level, and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection status. Method Clinical data from patients who received colonoscopy were collected and analyzed, including patients' gender, age, polyp pathology, metabolic syndrome (MS) status, CEA level, uric acid level, and Hp infection status. Patients were divided into a polyp group and a control group based on whether they presented with colon polyps. Then, clinical data were compared between the two groups to identify any differences between the groups and their relationships to colon polyps. Result Compared with the control group, the polyp group had significant differences in patient gender, body mass index (BMI), waistline, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, blood lipid level, and uric acid level (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in LDL and CEA levels (p > 0.05). Patients with MS or a uric acid level > 340 mg/dl had a greater tendency to develop colon polyps but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion The incidence of colon polyps may be associated with MS and uric acid levels, but further studies are warranted to confirm this conclusion.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXERCISE, CARDIOPULMONARY FITNESS, AND PREVALENCE OF COLON POLYPS ACCORDING TO AGE GROUP

Background and objectivesColon polyps are precursor lesions for colon cancer and are associated with a range of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol, obesity, a high-calorie diet, inactivity, and low levels of fitness. The pur-pose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of colon polyps in relation to age, cardiopulmonary fitness and exercise frequency, intensity, and duration (or continuous time).Materials and methodsThis study involved asymptomatic males who underwent a colonoscopy and cardiac exercise stress test. Participants were divided by age (30–49 years [young adults – YA], 50–59 years [middle-aged – MID], and 60+ years [elderly – ELD]). Participants completed an exercise questionnaire that assessed the frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise. Cardiopulmonary fitness was measured with a gas analyzer using a treadmill and the Bruce protocol. Polyps were classified according to their number (≥3) and size (≥0.6 cm), and logistic regression was performed to determine odds ratios (OR). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.ResultsThe incidence of colon polyps was 40.1%, 56.2%, and 68.9% in the YA, MID, and ELD groups, respectively. In the YA group, the OR for the presence of polyps decreased to 0.854 and 0.687 in the G3 and G4 (highest fitness) groups, respectively. Although there was no difference in the presence of polyps in the MID group based on cardiopulmonary fitness, there were differences based on exercise intensity and frequency. The OR for the presence of polyps in subjects from the YA group who exer-cised frequently was 0.743, while those in the MID group had an OR of 0.787; these ORs represented a 21.3–25.7% lower risk than participants who did not exercise (p<0.05).ConclusionHigher cardiopulmonary fitness, along with increased exercise frequency, intensity, and duration, could lower the prevalence of polyps in younger and middle-aged participants, although exercise did not affect the prevalence of polyps in older participants.

Melanosis coli: Harmless pigmentation? A case-control retrospective study of 657 cases

Backgrounds and aimsThe association of melanosis coli with the development of colorectal polyps remains uncertain.MethodsFrom a total of 18263 patients who had received colonoscopy in our hospital, 219 with melanosis coli cases and 438 controls matched by age and sex (at 1:2 ratio) were included in this study. The association of incidence, number, location, and pathology of colorectal neoplasm with grades and distribution of melanosis coli were analyzed.ResultsMelanosis coli was associated with significantly more colorectal polyps than control, a higher incidence of numerous colorectal polyps (number ≥ 20) (7.3% vs 0.5%; p < 0.001), and higher number of small colorectal polyps (diameter ≤ 5 mm; p < 0.01). Patients with melanosis coli had higher incidences of low-grade adenomas (31.1% vs 23.3%, p < 0.05) and non-adenoma polyps (20.1% vs 12.8%, p < 0.05) than the controls. On multivariate analysis, melanosis coli was independently associated with increased detecting rates of low grade adenoma (OR = 1.54; 95%: 1.06–2.23; p < .05), non-adenoma polyp (OR = 1.72; 95%: 1.11–2.70; p < .05) and numerous polyps (OR = 16.2, 95%: 3.66–71.6; p < .05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of high-grade adenomas or adenocarcinomas in the two population groups, but the numbers of these lesions were insufficient to permit firm conclusions. No significant differences in incidence, number, and pathology of colorectal polyps between individuals with melanosis coli of three different grades of severity were found. Melanosis located predominantly in the right colon had an interestingly lower incidence of colonic polyps in right colon than did melanosis located predominantly in the left colon or total colon (8.9% vs. 26.3%, 24.0%, p < 0.05). Patients with melanosis coli had significantly more nonspecific distal ileal ulcers than did controls (8.0% vs 0%, p < 0.001).ConclusionMelanosis coli is associated with a higher incidence and number of colonic non-adenoma polyps and low-grade adenomas, and higher incidence of distal ileal ulcers. Melanosis coli may not be a harmless pigmentation, but a sign of chronic injury of colonic and intestinal mucosa.

Higher prevalence of colon polyps in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a case-control study

Background and aims: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and colorectal neoplasms share similar risk factors. Previous studies have shown variable prevalence of colon polyps in patients with BE. Our aims were to determine the prevalence and incidence of colon polyps in patients with BE, compared to those without BE.Methods: In this case-control study, the study group included patients, aged 50–75 years, with biopsy-proven BE, who underwent colonoscopy at Cleveland Clinic from January 2002 to December 2011. The control group consisted of age- and sex-matched patients who underwent colonoscopy and also an endoscopy with no evidence of BE during the same time period. Exclusion criteria for both groups were family- or personal previous history of colon cancer or polyps, prior colonic resection, inflammatory bowel disease and familial polyposis syndromes. Patient demographics, comorbidities, medication use and endoscopic and colonoscopic details were collected, including biopsy results.Results: A total of 519 patients were included in the study; 173 patients with BE in the study group and 346 without BE in the control group. Mean age at index colonoscopy was 61 ± 8 years and 75% of patients were male. On index colonoscopy, patients with BE were more likely to have polyps than controls (45% vs 32%, respectively; P = 0.003). Patients underwent between one and five colonoscopies during the follow-up. On multivariate analysis—after adjusting for age, gender and diabetes—patients with BE were 80% more likely to have any type of polyp, and 50% more likely to have adenomas found during colonoscopy.Conclusions: Patients with BE had higher prevalence and incidence of colon polyps. This has important clinical implications for screening and surveillance in BE patients.

Tu1497 Does Metformin Affect the Incidence of Colonic Polyps and Adenomas in Patients With Type 2 DM?

Tu1497 Does Metformin Affect the Incidence of Colonic Polyps and Adenomas in Patients With Type 2 DM?

Does metformin affect the incidence of colonic polyps and adenomas in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Background/AimsColorectal cancer (CRC) develops from colonic adenomas. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a higher risk of CRC and metformin decreases CRC risk. However, it is not certain if metformin affects the development of colorectal polyps and adenomas. This study aimed to elucidate if metforminaffects the incidence of colonic polyps and adenomas in patients with type 2 DM.MethodsOf 12,186 patients with type 2 DM, 3,775 underwent colonoscopy between May 2001 and March 2013. This study enrolled 3,105 of these patients, and divided them in two groups: 912 patients with metformin use and 2,193 patients without metformin use. Patient clinical characteristics, polyp and adenoma detection rate in the two groups were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsThe Colorectal polyp detection rate was lower in the metformin group than in the non-meformin group (39.4% vs. 62.4%, P<0.01). Colorectal adenoma detection rate was significantly lower in the metformin group than in the non-metformin group (15.2% vs. 20.5%, P<0.01). Fewer advanced adenomas were detected in the metformin group than in the non-metformin group (12.2% vs. 22%, P<0.01). Multivariate analysis identified age, sex, Body mass index and metformin use as factors associated with polyp incidence, whereas only metforminwas independently associated with decreased adenoma incidence (Odd ratio=0.738, 95% CI=0.554-0.983, P=0.03).ConclusionsIn patients with type 2 DM, metformin reduced the incidence of adenomas that may transform into CRC. Therefore, metformin may be useful for the prevention of CRC in patients with type 2 DM.

Modulating effect of d‐carvone on 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine‐induced pre‐neoplastic lesions, oxidative stress and biotransforming enzymes, in an experimental model of rat colon carcinogenesis

The present study has aimed to evaluate chemopreventive potential of d-carvone on oxidative stress markers, biotransforming enzymes, incidence of colonic polyps and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced experimental colon carcinogenesis. Rats were randomly divided into six groups, with group I serving as control. Group II animals received d-carvone every day orally (20mg/kg body weight) for 16weeks; groups III-VI received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20mg/kg body weight) once a week, for the first 4weeks. In addition, groups IV-VI received different doses of d-carvone (5, 10 and 20mg/kg body weight everyday orally) along with DMH injections. Our results revealed that supplementation with d-carvone significantly reduced incidence of polyps/ACF and ACF multiplicity in DMH-exposed rats compared to DMH-alone-exposed rats. Moreover, our results showed reduced activities of liver and circulatory antioxidants and increased levels of lipid peroxidation by products in DMH-exposed animals, which were significantly reversed on supplementation with d-carvone. In addition, colonic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation were significantly diminished in DMH-exposed rats, which were significantly elevated on supplementation with d-carvone. Furthermore, we also determined activities of biotransforming enzymes, which were found to be altered in DMH-exposed rats, but reversed on d-carvone supplementation. All these observations of changes were supported by histochemical findings. Overall, results obtained from this study suggest that d-carvone at 10mg/kg body weight provided optimum protection and could be used as an effective chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH.

The Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Proximal Colonic Polyps When the Polyps Are Noted on Rectosigmoid Colon by Colonoscopy

Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and second leading cause of cancer death overall. Recently, there has been an emphasis on primary screening for colorectal cancer with colonoscopy. In this study, we aimed to address clinical characteristics and incidence of colonic polyps according to location. From January 2009 to December 2010, 6,417 total colonoscopic examinations were performed at Boramae Hospital in Seoul, Korea. We reviewed these patients retrospectively. The distal colon was defined as the rectosigmoid junction. Overall, 1,972 patients (31.3%) had one of more colorectal polyps. Total of 4,445 patients were excluded from this study because of combined advanced colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or familial adenomatous polyposis. Patients who had only proximal polyps were 633 (32.1%), 530 patients (26.9%) had both proximal and distal polyps, and 809 patients (41.0%) had polyps only in the rectosigmoid region. The prevalence of the proximal polyps in patients with rectosigmoid polyps was found to be significantly related to the male gender and elderly patients. However, the prevalence of the proximal colonic polyps was not related to the size and number of rectosigmoid polyps. In 530 patients with both rectosigmoid and proximal colonic polyps, the characteristics of proximal colonic polyps as size and number were similar to those of rectosigmoid polyps. Advanced proximal adenomas without distal polyps were found in 25 (29.4%) patients whom were associated with size and pathology. We recommend total colonoscopic examination in all patients regardless of the size and number, especially in elderly males.

Five-year follow-up of 263 cases of functional bowel disorder

To determine the mortality associated with functional bowel disorders (FBDs) and their possible relationship with organic bowel disease. Patients who satisfied the Rome III criteria for FBD (retrospective diagnosis) were followed up by telephone interview and/or outpatient review at 5 years after their first attendance. The patients were divided into the following groups: irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal bloating, functional constipation, functional diarrhea and unspecified FBD. The survival of the FBD patients overall and of those with each FBD were compared with data obtained from the Guangzhou population in 2005. The incidences of colonic cancer overall and for each FBD were compared with data from the Chinese population obtained from 56 cancer registries in 19 provinces of the country in 2008. Two hundred and sixty-three patients were followed-up. Five patients died, which was not significantly different from the expected survival rate. No differences in mortality among the FBDs were found. There were nine cases of organic bowel disease: three colonic cancers and six colonic polyps. The incidence of colonic cancer in FBD patients was higher than that in the general Chinese population (0.23% vs 0.03%, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the incidence of colonic cancer among the FBDs (0/134, 0/24, 2/29, 1/66, 0/10, respectively, P < 0.05); functional constipation was the most common. The incidence of colonic polyps was similar among the FBDs. The baseline age of patients who died was greater than that of those who survived (66.60 ± 6.84 years vs 45.14 ± 10.34 years, P < 0.05). The baseline age of patients who had colonic cancer or polyps during follow-up was greater than that of those without colonic cancer or polyps (60.33 ± 1.53 years vs 45.38 ± 10.62 years; 54.50 ± 6.47 years vs 45.34 ± 10.68 years, P < 0.05). FBDs do not increase the risk of death. The incidence of colonic cancer in patients with FBDs may be increased, especially in those with functional constipation and in the elderly.

A Multimineral Natural Product from Red Marine Algae Reduces Colon Polyp Formation in C57BL/6 Mice

The goal of this study was to determine if a multimineral natural product derived from red marine algae could reduce colon polyp formation in mice on a high-fat diet. C57BL/6 mice were maintained for up to 18 mo either on a high-fat “Western-style” diet or on a low-fat diet (AIN 76A), with or without the multimineral-supplement. To summarize, colon polyps were detected in 22 of 70 mice (31%) on the high-fat diet but in only 2 of 70 mice (3%) receiving the mineral-supplemented high-fat diet (P < 0.0001). Colon polyps were detected in 16 of 70 mice (23%) in the low-fat group; not significantly different from high-fat group but significantly higher than the high-fat-supplemented group (P = 0.0006). This was in spite of the fact that the calcium level in the low-fat diet was comparable to the level of calcium in the high-fat diet containing the multimineral-product. Supplementation of the low-fat diet reduced the incidence to 8 of 70 mice (11% incidence). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that a multimineral natural product can protect mice on a high-fat diet against adenomatous polyp formation in the colon. These data suggest that increased calcium alone is insufficient to explain the lower incidence of colon polyps.

Clinical Significance of Incidental Colonic 18F-FDG Uptake on PET/CT Images in Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Background and ObjectivesWe assessed the ability of positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) to detect synchronous colonic pathology and determined the significance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) activity in the colon of gastric cancer patients. MethodsA total of 239 gastric cancer patients who underwent PET/CT and colonoscopy preoperatively were included. FDG uptake patterns on PET/CT were classified as (1) group A, focal; (2) group B, diffuse; and (3) group C, no uptake. The PET/CT findings were compared with the results of concurrent colonoscopy. ResultsIn group A, a total of 123 polyps of >0 mm were observed. Of these, nine polyps were colonic adenocarcinomas and six were high-grade dysplasia. The incidence of colonic adenocarcinomas was significantly higher in group A than in the other two groups (p = 0.037). There was a significant correlation between SUVmax values and incidence of colonic polyps of >10 mm (r = 0.471, p = 0.04). The distribution pattern of SUVmax in polyps with adenoma (>10 mm) was less homogenous than in polyps (>10 mm) with adenocarcinoma. ConclusionsThe focal colonic FDG uptake in PET/CT requires colonoscopic confirmation. The suspicion of colonic malignancy increased in the presence of polyps >10 mm that showed a positive correlation with the SUVmax.

Modifying Effect of Diallyl Sulfide on Colon Carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J-ApcMin/+Mice

Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a flavoring compound derived from garlic, is considered to have cancer chemopreventive potential in experimental animals and humans. This study was designated to examine possible chemopreventive effects of DAS on colon carcinogenesis using genetically engineered transgenic ApcMin/⁺ mice, a well-established animal model for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and sporadic colorectal cancer. Male C57BL/6J-ApcMin/⁺ mice were divided into three groups. Animals of group 1 were placed on the basal diet (AIN-76A) as non-treated controls. Animals of groups 2 and 3 were given DAS- containing diets (in doses of 100 and 300 ppm, respectively). All mice were sacrificed at the end of week 10 of the experiment. Histopathological investigation revealed that the incidence of colonic polyps was decreased dose-dependently by 19% (13/16) in group 2 and by 32% (13/20) in group 3 compared to the 100% incidence (10/10) in group 1. The multiplicity of colonic polyps per mouse was also slightly decreased by DAS treatment (1.88 ± 0.35 in group 2 and 1.63 ± 0.36 in group 3) compared to 2.00 ± 0.39 in group 1. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the numbers of total polyps per mouse in the small intestine between the groups. Taken together, we suggest that DAS may exert promising inhibitory effects on colon carcinogenesis in the transgenic ApcMin/⁺ mice.

Polyp detection rate of ct colonography, how does this compare to conventional colonoscopy?

IntroductionThe national bowel cancer screening programme in the UK advocates colonoscopy to screen individuals with positive faecal occult blood tests. Alternative modalities include CT colonography (CTC).CTC has become the non-invasive...

Suppression of Colonic Polyposis by Homeoprotein CDX2 through its Nontranscriptional Function that Stabilizes p27Kip1

Caudal-related homeoprotein CDX2 is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, in which it is essential for their development and differentiation. A tumor suppressor function is suggested by evidence that CDX2 levels are decreased in human colon cancer specimens and that an inactivating mutation of Cdx2 in Apc(Δ716) mice markedly increases the incidence of colonic polyps. In this study, we investigated roles for transcriptional and nontranscriptional functions of CDX2 in suppression of colonic tumorigenesis. Mutagenic analysis of CDX2 revealed that loss of function stabilizes CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 by a nontranscriptional but homeodomain-dependent mechanism that inhibits cyclin E-CDK2 activity and blocks G0/G1-S progression in colon cancer cells. p27Kip1 stabilization was mediated by an inhibition of ubiquitylation-dependent proteolysis associated with decreased phosphorylation of Thr187 in p27Kip1. siRNA-mediated knockdown of p27Kip1 relieved the decrease in cyclin E-CDK2 activity and S-phase cell fraction elicited by CDX2 expression. Together, these results implicate a nontranscriptional function of CDX2 in tumor suppression mediated by p27Kip1 stabilization. Up to approximately 75% of low-CDX2 human colon cancer lesions show reduced levels of p27Kip1, whereas approximately 68% of high-CDX2 lesions retain expression of p27Kip1. These results show that low levels of CDX2 accelerate colon tumorigenesis by reducing p27Kip1 levels.