Incidence Of Allergic Diseases Research Articles

P2X3 Potentiates IgE Mediated Mast Cell Function

Abstract The rising incidence of allergic disease is a public health challenge needing novel interventions. Mast cell activation by IgE is an established feature of allergy, but fundamental aspects of IgE-induced signaling remain unclear. Prior data from our lab testing the effects of fluoxetine on IgE-driven mast cell function indicated a role for the purinergic receptor P2X3. The P2X3 receptor is an ATP-activated cationic channel most often associated with pain that is expressed on the surface of mast cells. IgE cross-linkage elicits a rapid release of ATP from mast cells, suggesting ATP-P2X3 receptor signaling may potentiate IgE-driven responses. We show that diminishing P2X3 function pharmacologically and genetically reduces IgE-mediated cytokine production. P2X3 knockout bone marrow-derived mast cells showed a diminished capability to produce cytokine in vitro when stimulated by IgE cross-linkage. The P2X3 inhibitors BLU-5937 and Gefapixant administered intraperitoneally suppressed cytokine levels measured in the plasma of mice subjected to the mast cell-dependent passive systemic anaphylaxis model (PSA). Furthermore, P2X3 knock-out mice showed reduced IL-6 compared to wild-type mice in the PSA model. Interestingly, inhibition or deletion of the P2X3 receptor showed no effect on mast cell degranulation in vitro and did not reduce hypothermia during PSA. We propose that an ATP-P2X3 autocrine or paracrine loop augments mast cell-mediated inflammation, thus offering a potential new target for the treatment of allergic disease. RO1 AI164710-01, TL1 DK 132771-1

Commensal probiotic provides long-term protection in a murine model of allergic lung disease by altering the host microbiota

Abstract The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing, with house dust mite allergy, afflicting up to 20% of the population in developed countries. House dust mites (HDM) are a common allergen that can be difficult to avoid and triggers allergic reactions, including wheezing and shortness of breath. Bacillus subtilis is a gut-associated commensal probiotic that can prevent murine HDM-induced allergic lung inflammation. We exposed C57Bl/6 mice to B. subtilis via oral gavage and challenged with intranasal HDM for up to 8 weeks. We found that pretreatment with B. subtilis was able to provide protection from eosinophil infiltration, measured in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), for 3 weeks. This loss of protection correlated with an increase in the eosinophil chemoattractant CCL24 levels in the BALF and reduced abundance of the bacterial phylum Verrucomicorbiota in collected feces. Additionally, we found that B. subtilis treatment altered the bacterial composition by increasing the abundance of the bacteria phylum Bacteroidetes. These results support B. subtilis as a prophylactic for preventing allergic lung disease and highlights that protection can last up to 3 weeks. This work also expands our understanding of how B. subtilis mediates protection and that in addition to modifying the immune system, it is also altering the host microbiota. This work is supported by start-up funds and core facility outsourcing funds from Midwestern University.

Lipid-induced transcriptomic changes in blood link to lipid metabolism and allergic response

Immune cell function can be altered by lipids in circulation, a process potentially relevant to lipid-associated inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. To gain further insight in the molecular changes involved, we here perform a transcriptome-wide association analysis of blood triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol in 3229 individuals, followed by a systematic bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to assess the direction of effects and control for pleiotropy. Triglycerides are found to induce transcriptional changes in 55 genes and HDL cholesterol in 5 genes. The function and cell-specific expression pattern of these genes implies that triglycerides downregulate both cellular lipid metabolism and, unexpectedly, allergic response. Indeed, a Mendelian randomization approach based on GWAS summary statistics indicates that several of these genes, including interleukin-4 (IL4) and IgE receptors (FCER1A, MS4A2), affect the incidence of allergic diseases. Our findings highlight the interplay between triglycerides and immune cells in allergic disease.

Investigations on incidence and relevant factors of allergies in 5725 urban pregnant women: a cohort study in China

BackgroundAllergic diseases are highly prevalent in the women of childbearing age. As we know, the immune system could change when pregnancy, which may affect the course of allergic diseases. Meanwhile, they also can affect the course and outcome of pregnancy. The data on incidence of allergies during pregnancy is lacking and conducting clinical trials in pregnant women was limited, therefore, we observed a prebirth cohort to supplement the relevant data and strengthen concerned research conductions.ObjectiveWe aim to obtain the incidence of allergies in urban pregnancy and explore the relevant factors of allergic diseases in urban pregnancy.MethodsWe design a multicenter and prospective cohort in 20 institutions above municipal level which were eligible according to the study design from 14 provinces covering all-side of China. This cohort was conducted from 13+6 weeks of gestation to 12 months postpartum and in our study, we chose the prenatal part to analyze. The outcome was developing allergies during pregnancy, which were diagnosed by clinicians according to the uniform criterion from National Health Commission. All the data was collected by electronic questionnaires through tablet computers.ResultsThe incidence of allergic diseases in urban pregnant women was 21.0% (95%CI 20.0% ~ 22.0%). From social demography data, the history of allergies of pregnant women and their parents had statistical significance(p < 0.01); For exposure to living or working environment, house decoration for less than half a year, exposure to plush toys, disinfectants, insecticides, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, antipyretic analgesics, tocolytic agent and probiotics had statistical significance (all p < 0.05); For psychological status, self-rated depression and anxiety had statistical significance (p = 0.026;p = 0.006).ConclusionThe incidence of allergic diseases in urban pregnant women was similar to the former study and kept a medium–high level. The history of allergies of pregnant women and their parents, house decoration time, exposure to plush toys, disinfectants, insecticides, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, antipyretic analgesics, tocolytic agents, probiotics, self-rated depression, and anxiety were relevant factors of allergic diseases during pregnancy.

The antiallergy activity of docosahexaenoic acid: A brief review

The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing worldwide. Allergy is known to be linked to lifestyle and diet. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid found in oily fish and microalgae. DHA is of great interest due to its various beneficial effects on the well-being and health of humans. Furthermore, a number of studies indicate a link between DHA and allergy. This review aims to describe the involvement of DHA in allergy development and allergic responses. Evidence-based research in humans indicates a potential protective effect of DHA consumption on allergy development although it is still controversial. Additionally, DHA has been demonstrated to possess antiallergy activity in laboratory animals and cell-based assays. Recent mechanistic investigations have suggested that not only DHA but its metabolites can be promising agents to prevent the incidence of allergic disease and attenuate allergic symptoms in the near future.

Bacillus subtilis Provides Long-Term Protection in a Murine Model of Allergic Lung Disease by Influencing Bacterial Composition

Probiotics are an attractive target for reducing the incidence of allergic disease. Bacillus subtilis is a gut-associated probiotic bacteria that can suppress allergic lung disease; however, it is not clear for how long this protection lasts. We exposed C57Bl/6 mice to B. subtilis via oral gavage and challenged them with intranasal house-dust mite for up to 8 weeks. We found that B. subtilis treatment was able to provide protection from eosinophil infiltration of the airways for 3 weeks. This loss of protection correlated with an increase in the eosinophil chemoattractant CCL24. Additionally, we demonstrate that B. subtilis treatment altered the bacterial composition by increasing the phylum Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicorbiota. The phylum Verrucomicorbiota was reduced in B. subtilis-treated mice at 8 weeks when protection was lost. These results support B. subtilis as a prophylactic for preventing the production of allergic lung disease and highlights that protection can last up to 3 weeks. This work also expands our understanding of how B. subtilis mediates protection and that in addition to modifying the immune system it is also altering the host microbiota.

The role of dendritic cells in allergic diseases.

Allergic diseases are important diseases that affect many patients worldwide. Over the past few decades, the incidence of allergic diseases has increased significantly due to social development and increased environmental degradation, which has placed a huge economic burden on public health and even led to an increase in mortality. Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of allergic diseases, and past studies have shown that the occurrence and development of allergic diseases are closely related to changes in the state of the immune system. With the study and in-depth understanding of innate immune lymphocytes, researchers have gradually discovered that dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in many allergic diseases. DC are the body's main antigen-presenting cells, which ingest, process, and hand allergens, and then secrete chemokines such as chemokine ligands 17(CCL17), CCL22, and upregulate their own surface co-stimulating molecules. Then DC present the antigen peptide to the initial T cells and further differentiate them into helper T cells 2(Th2). As an important part of humoral immunity, Th2 participates in the regulation of type 2 immune response through the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 4(IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 and plays a leading role. However, our current research on DC is limited and its status in allergic diseases is unclear.Among them, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy are DC-mediated Th2 immune-related factor disorder-related allergic diseases, and some progress has been made in recent years in the study of the pathogenesis of these diseases. This paper outlines the common phenotypes and activation pathways of DC in different allergic diseases as well as potential research directions to improve the understanding of its immunomodulatory role in different allergic diseases and ultimately find new ways to treat these diseases.

Dietary parameters in patients with drug allergy: Assessing dietary inflammatory index.

Research on the increasing incidence of allergic diseases evidenced the role of diet as a potential key factor. Diet can modulate the low-grade systemic inflammation related to obesity and several diseases. There are no published data on drug allergy. To investigate a potential association between diet, including dietary inflammatory index (DII), and drug allergy. Also, to evaluate correlations between diet and obesity, inflammatory and metabolic parameters in patients with drug allergy. Ninety consecutive patients studied for suspected drug allergy were evaluated in terms of dietary parameters, anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance and biochemical analysis. DII was calculated based on information collected from a food frequency questionnaire. After diagnostic work-up, 39 patients had confirmed drug allergy and 45 excluded, representing the study group and the control group, respectively. The majority (79%) were female, with mean age of 39.58±13.3 years. The 84 subjects revealed an anti-inflammatory diet pattern. No significative difference was found in DII scores between drug allergic patients and controls (-3.37±0.95 vs -3.39±0.86, p = 0.985). However, the patients with drug allergy revealed higher obesity and inflammatory parameters. A significative negative correlation was found between DII and adiponectin levels, in the control group (r = -0.311, p = 0.040). In the patient group, a significative positive correlation was observed between DII and triglycerides (r = 0.359, p = 0.032). No other correlations were found between DII and the assessed parameters. Patients with drug allergy presented a significative higher intake of mono-unsaturated fatty-acids comparing to controls (19.8±3.7 vs 17.8 ± 4.0, p = 0.021). No other statistically significant differences were achieved in dietary parameters, between patients and controls. The population assessed in this study revealed an anti-inflammatory diet profile. Although we have found in a previous work that the same patients with drug allergy revealed higher obesity and inflammatory parameters, the DII did not allow to distinguish between patients with drug allergy or controls. The DII scores correlated with triglycerides levels in the drug allergy patients and inversely with adiponectin levels in the control group. Larger studies are needed to clarify the potential role of the diet in drug allergy and its outcomes.

Incidence of Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis, and Allergic Rhinitis in Korean Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing globally prior to COVID-19. The pandemic resulted in changes in lifestyle and personal habits such as universal mask-wearing and social distancing. However, there is insufficient information on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of allergic conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. We analyzed the incidence rate for self-reported and doctor-diagnosed cases of allergic diseases of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. A total of 15,469 subjects were registered from a national cohort dataset of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we calculated the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each disease in 2020 compared to 2019. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age and sex. There were no statistically significant differences between the incidence of doctor-diagnosed and current allergic diseases in 2019 and 2020 (asthma, p = 0.667 and p = 0.268; atopic dermatitis, p = 0.268 and p = 0.973; allergic rhinitis, p = 0.691 and p = 0.942, respectively), and subgroup analysis showed consistent results. Among the Korean population from 2019 to 2020, the incidence of the allergic diseases asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis did not decrease as expected.

Early life environmental antibiotic exposure and preschool allergic diseases: A biomonitoring-based prospective study in eastern China.

Globally, the prevalence of allergic diseases remains high, as does the level of environmental antibiotics. It has been found that clinical antibiotic application may increase preschool allergy risk. However, few biomonitoring studies have been conducted about the association between early life environmental trace dose antibiotic exposure and preschool allergy. To analyze the association between prenatal environmental antibiotic levels and allergic diseases using logistic regression models. A total of 743 pregnant women and their offspring from the Shanghai Allergy Birth Cohort completed five years follow-up, and 251 mother-infant pairs were finally included. Maternal urine samples were collected for 15 antibiotic quantitative measurements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The high-antibiotic group was defined as having at least half of antibiotics exceeding the median concentration. Allergic diseases were assessed by clinicians through clinical history, standardized questionnaires, and annual physical examinations until the age of five. Skin-prick-test (SPT) was performed at 5 years old. The incidence of allergic diseases was generally higher in the high-antibiotic than that in the low-antibiotic group. Compared to the low-comprehensive antibiotic group, children in the high-antibiotic group were weakly associated with allergic diseases but had a 6-fold increased risk of food allergens sensitivity (OR: 7.09, 95% CI: 1.59, 31.74). Association of above-median single prenatal antibiotic concentration exposure and allergic diseases was also observed (azithromycin and asthma, OR: 2.72, 95% CI: 1.15, 6.42; enrofloxacin and wheeze, OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.22, 4.05; trimethoprim and atopic dermatitis, OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.08, 3.71). Moreover, children with higher prenatal norfloxacin levels were more sensitive to food allergens (OR: 5.52, 95%CI: 1.54, 19.71). Early-life environmental antibiotic exposure may be correlated with an increased risk of asthma, wheeze, atopic dermatitis, and SPT positivity for food allergens in 5-year-old children.

Allergic Inflammation: Effect of Propolis and Its Flavonoids.

The incidence of allergic diseases and their complications are increasing worldwide. Today, people increasingly use natural products, which has been termed a “return to nature”. Natural products with healing properties, especially those obtained from plants and bees, have been used in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic diseases, including allergy and/or inflammation. Propolis is a multi-component resin rich in flavonoids, collected and transformed by honeybees from buds and plant wounds for the construction and adaptation of their nests. This article describes the current views regarding the possible mechanisms and multiple benefits of flavonoids in combating allergy and allergy-related complications. These benefits arise from flavonoid anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and wound healing activities and their effects on microbe-immune system interactions in developing host responses to different allergens. Finally, this article presents various aspects of allergy pathobiology and possible molecular approaches in their treatment. Possible mechanisms regarding the antiallergic action of propolis on the microbiota of the digestive and respiratory tracts and skin diseases as a method to selectively remove allergenic molecules by the process of bacterial biotransformation are also reported.

Immunogenetic characteristics of the clinical course of allergic rhinitis in the UZBEK population depending on the polymorphism of the IL-17A RS2275913 gene

Summary Topicality. Over the past decade, according to WHO, there has been an increase in the incidence of allergic diseases. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is being closely studied, in particular, the role of Th17 cells involved in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and characterized by the predominant synthesis of cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F has been proven. Aim: to study the polymorphism of the IL-17A rs2275913 gene in the Uzbek population and the role in the clinical course, the effectiveness opharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis with antihistamines. Material and methods. The study included 118 patients with allergic rhinitis. In 112 patients, seasonal allergic rhinitis was diagnosed with an exacerbation in summer (94.9%) and in the spring-summer period of pallination (82.2%). The control group included 200 practically healthy individuals. Genotyping of the IL17A rs2275913 polymorphism was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time) "SNP-EXPRESS"-RV method. Results. Patients with allergic rhinitis complained of seasonal and year-round symptoms, which included rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezing, itching, burning sensation in the nose, sniffling, snoring, apnea, voice change and nasality. I

Targeting Mast Cells in Allergic Disease: Current Therapies and Drug Repurposing.

The incidence of allergic disease has grown tremendously in the past three generations. While current treatments are effective for some, there is considerable unmet need. Mast cells are critical effectors of allergic inflammation. Their secreted mediators and the receptors for these mediators have long been the target of allergy therapy. Recent drugs have moved a step earlier in mast cell activation, blocking IgE, IL-4, and IL-13 interactions with their receptors. In this review, we summarize the latest therapies targeting mast cells as well as new drugs in clinical trials. In addition, we offer support for repurposing FDA-approved drugs to target mast cells in new ways. With a multitude of highly selective drugs available for cancer, autoimmunity, and metabolic disorders, drug repurposing offers optimism for the future of allergy therapy.

The Role of Infant Formulas in the Primary Prevention of Allergies in Non-Breastfed Infants at Risk of Developing Allergies-Recommendations from a Multidisciplinary Group of Experts.

The worldwide incidence of allergic diseases has been continuously increasing, and up to one in every five people are currently affected by these medical conditions. Although seldom fatal, allergies have a profound impact on children’s growth, development, and quality of life, besides being associated with heavy healthcare costs and resource utilisation. In this context, a group of experts in nutrition, paediatric gastroenterology, allergology, and neonatology joined forces to discuss the role of infant formulas in the primary prevention of allergies in infants for whom breastfeeding is not an option and who are at risk of developing allergies. The topics discussed included the assessment of risk, the impact of the microbiota on the modulation of immune tolerance, and the added value of certain formula characteristics, namely, protein integrity (hydrolysed protein vs. intact protein) and the addition of prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics. This article describes the latest evidence on each of the above-mentioned points, as well as a number of recommendations made by the experts to guide counselling of parents in the choice of a formula for infants at risk of allergy. Overall, the experts highlighted family history and dysbiosis-promoting factors (namely, caesarean delivery and antibiotic use) as two of the most important risk factors for allergy development. Moreover, in line with international guidelines, the panel advocated that intact protein formula should be offered to all bottle-fed healthy infants, irrespective of their allergic risk (with the exception of short-term bottle feeding of otherwise breastfed babies in their first week of life, for whom a hydrolysed formula may be advisable). Finally, the experts agreed that the use of prebiotic-, probiotic-, or synbiotic-enriched formulas should be considered in infants at risk of developing allergies.

Asthma and the Missing Heritability Problem: Necessity for Multiomics Approaches in Determining Accurate Risk Profiles.

Asthma is ranked among the most common chronic conditions and has become a significant public health issue due to the recent and rapid increase in its prevalence. Investigations into the underlying genetic factors predict a heritable component for its incidence, estimated between 35% and 90% of causation. Despite the application of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and admixture mapping approaches, the proportion of variants identified accounts for less than 15% of the observed heritability of the disease. The discrepancy between the predicted heritable component of disease and the proportion of heritability mapped to the currently identified susceptibility loci has been termed the ‘missing heritability problem.’ Here, we examine recent studies involving both the analysis of genetically encoded features that contribute to asthma and also the role of non-encoded heritable characteristics, including epigenetic, environmental, and developmental aspects of disease. The importance of vertical maternal microbiome transfer and the influence of maternal immune factors on fetal conditioning in the inheritance of disease are also discussed. In order to highlight the broad array of biological inputs that contribute to the sum of heritable risk factors associated with allergic disease incidence that, together, contribute to the induction of a pro-atopic state. Currently, there is a need to develop in-depth models of asthma risk factors to overcome the limitations encountered in the interpretation of GWAS results in isolation, which have resulted in the missing heritability problem. Hence, multiomics analyses need to be established considering genetic, epigenetic, and functional data to create a true systems biology-based approach for analyzing the regulatory pathways that underlie the inheritance of asthma and to develop accurate risk profiles for disease.

Do Probiotics in Pregnancy Reduce Allergies and Asthma in Infancy and Childhood? A Systematic Review.

The maternal immune system is very important in the development of the foetal immune system. Probiotics have been shown to help regulate immune responses. Therefore, it is possible that the administration of probiotics to pregnant women could influence the development of the foetal immune system, reducing the likelihood of infants and children developing an allergic condition. The aim of this research was to conduct a systematic review to determine whether administering probiotics to pregnant women can reduce the incidence of allergic disease in their children. Medline, CINAHL and Embase databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared supplementation of probiotics to pregnant women to a placebo control and recorded the presentation of allergic conditions in their children. Data extracted from the study reports included their characteristics and findings. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed. From a total of 850 articles identified in the search, 6 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Two studies found no effect of maternal probiotics on the outcomes measured, two studies found that the incidence of eczema or atopic dermatitis (AD) was reduced by maternal probiotics, one study found no effect on the overall incidence of atopic sensitisation, but a reduction in a subgroup of children at high hereditary risk of allergic disease, and one study found no effect in an intention to treat analysis, but a reduction in AD in complete case analysis. The results of these studies are inconsistent but demonstrate that probiotics may have the potential to reduce infant allergies when administered prenatally, particularly in children at high risk of allergy development. There is a need for further larger-scale studies to be performed in order to provide a more definitive answer. Such studies should focus on at-risk groups.

Bilastine - Novel anti histamine drug for allergic rhinitis

The immune system is a fundamental part of human protection against infection and disease.The immune system can occasionally lead to unfavourable reactions in the host which are known as hypersensitivity reactions. The exaggerated immune reactivity (hypersensitivity) to certain environmental substances (allergens) like airborne pollens, dust, mites, pet dander, and reactions to certain foods that normally have little effect on most people is known as allergy. The incidence of allergic disease like allergic rhinitis (AR), food borne allergy, asthma and anaphylactic reactions are prevalent in 25% of populations predominately in adolescents and adults in industrialised countries. Bilastine is a novel second-generation non-sedative, highly selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist that suppresses some allergic inflammatory processes that inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells and is approved in the treatment allergic rhinitis, urticaria and pruritus associated with skin diseases. This review covers the safety, efficacy and pharmacological aspects of Bilastine as an important product for treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Trends in the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases of the Airways in Children Growing Up in an Urban Agglomeration.

The prevalence of asthma and allergies among children has become an increasing problem in the last few decades. Data on the population of children and adolescents, especially living in polluted cities, are limited and based on studies carried out in small groups. In our study, we analyzed the incidence of asthma and allergic rhinitis between 2014 and 2018. We analyzed data collected from nearly 30,000 children aged seven to eight and adolescents aged 16–17, which allowed us to assess the frequency of allergic diseases in the population of children and youth in Krakow. More than 40% of respondents reported allergic symptoms, and nearly 50% of them were not diagnosed and treated. In the group of seven- and eight-year-olds with a positive history of allergies, 52% had allergic rhinitis and 9.1% had asthma. In the group of 16–17-year-olds, allergic rhinitis was diagnosed in 35.8%, while asthma was found in 4.9% of cases. The results obtained over the course of 10 years has shown the reduction in the frequency of asthma (from 22% in the case of asthma in both age groups) and allergic rhinitis cases (from 63.9% in adolescents). In our opinion, this can be considered a positive effect of the preventive measures taken in Kraków after 2010. Although there is still a higher incidence of allergic diseases among children and young people living in urban areas compared to rural areas, the trend apparently has reversed for some diseases.

Gut microbial influences on the adaptive immune system and the development of cow milk allergy.

Allergic diseases constitute significant health and economic issues in both developed and developing nations, with epidemiological studies demonstrating a rapid increase in the global prevalence of food allergy among the pediatric population. Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA), one of the most common forms of food allergies observed in early childhood, affects between 2%–6% of infants and children under 3 years of age. CMPA can present as either an IgE-mediated atopic allergy or a non-IgE mediated allergic response. Antigen-specific T cells play a pivotal role in directing the type of inflammatory immune response that occurs as well as in the formation of immunological memory. IgE-mediated CMPA is thought to develop because of an abnormal expansion of allergen-specific type-2 helper T (Th2) cells and a corresponding deficiency in immune regulation by regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby altering the Th2/Treg balance. The gut microbiota, established very early during childhood through host-microbe interactions, can influence the incidence of allergic diseases. In this study, we aimed to analyze both the microbiome composition and CD4+T cell differentiation patterns in pediatric patients with and without cow milk allergy to establish the association between these factors. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we analyzed the microbiome composition in stool samples of allergic and non-allergic pediatric patients aged between 1–4 years and identified the microbial species abundant in IgE and non-IgE mediated cow milk allergies. To assess the CD4+T cell differentiation patterns, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients were re-stimulated with cow milk antigen, and T cell subsets were assessed using flow cytometry. Antigen-specific CD4+T cells were identified and sorted for high throughput sequencing and subsequent gene expression analysis. The CD4+T cell differentiation patterns of the total and antigen-specific T cells were analyzed and statistically compared with controls. The identification of the correlation between the CD4+T cell differentiation patterns and species-specific microbial abundance in IgE and non-IgE mediated cow milk allergies can help in determining how the gut microbiome influences the CD4+T cell immune compartment development, ultimately leading to the development of cow milk allergy in pediatric patients.

USE OF OLOPAN (OLOPATADIN 0.1%) IN ALLERGIC OPTHALMOPATHOLOGY

A statistical summary of epidemiological studies conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) over the past 10 years has noted a global increase in the incidence of allergic diseases [1,7]. According to an official statement from the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the number of total allergens has now tripled, particularly the incidence of allergic ophthalmopathologies has increased by 25% [2,4]. Immunopathogenetic basis of allergic eye diseases is the activation of histamine receptors (H) and degranulation of mast cells [5,9,12]. The main purpose of this article is to review and analyze the existing scientific literature on olopatadine hydrochloride (Olopan 0.1% eye drop ), which is a relatively new topical antiallergic drug in ophthalmological practice, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of Olopan drug by means of clinical research. According to the results of laboratory experimentations in rabbits, almost all conjunctival allergic symptoms (conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, swelling of the eyelids, redness and chemosis) caused by specific allergens (eg, histamine allergic mediator) were eliminated in a short time. [1,3,6,14]. In this type of animal research or animal experimentation, olopatadine hydrochloride solution has been shown to have both antihistamine and membrane cell stabilizer properties [8, 10,11].