Incentives For Cooperation Research Articles

Contact Based School Intervention Program: Enhancing Cooperation Intention and Reducing Prejudice toward Roma

The aim of the paper is to assess the effects of an intervention program derived from contact theory on intergroup attitudes toward the Roma minority. A sample of 150 high school students from two midsized towns were randomly assigned to a control group and an experimental group. Participants in the experimental group attended six sessions of a Junior Project Manager program run by a local organization, which included project management lessons, a lesson on the discriminated minority and positive, cooperative direct contact with the Roma minority in work settings. Participant attitudes were measured prior to and after the intervention program. The intervention program had a positive impact on intergroup attitudes, intergroup trust, approach/avoid tendencies and intended future cooperation. The results indicate this was the first successful attempt to change intergroup attitudes using direct contact in a Slovak context.

Cooperación en modelos de Cournot con información incompleta

Se estudia el oligopolio de Cournot donde el proceso de ajuste de la producción se realiza considerando que las empresas carecen de información completa sobre el comportamiento de sus competidoras. En este contexto, suponiendo la intención cooperativa como factor fundamental, se alcanzan equilibrios cooperativos empleando sistemas dinámicos discretos que tienen en cuenta la interacción repetida de las empresas. El trabajo muestra que la cooperación es posible sin necesidad de acuerdo previo.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL TAXES IN STIMULATING ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

Topicality. Local taxes and fees are a means of filling basic budgets not only in the direct sense, when the fiscal function of such taxes is performed but also when the regulatory function of such taxes is activated and local authorities have the opportunity to improve the business climate of their economic mesosystem and change its structure, giving preference to the most promising types of economic activity. Currently, Ukraine has adopted a general institutional framework that makes it possible to conduct economic cooperation of territorial communities, but the provisions of legislative, methodological, advisory nature on the use of local taxes as stimulators of interregional cooperation and activators of cooperation agreements that are based on added value and effective involvement of local resources in the process of exogenous economic exchange have not yet been developed. Therefore, solving such scientific and applied problem as the development of guidelines for the use of local taxes as tools of stimulation of economic cooperation of communities and increase the added value generated in their territorial and economic systems is actual topic of national and international research on regional systems for developing or developed countries, where the role of local economic and administrative initiatives is incompletely realized. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this paper is to identify the scientific and methodological basis on the use of local taxes as regulators of business activity and activators of economic cooperation and means of increase of added value, establishing of the list of key local taxes through which it is possible to implement regulatory measures and identify types and groups of taxes, which are the most effective means of influencing business activity, from the standpoint of stimulating economic cooperation and the formation of horizontal ties between the participants of cooperation and division of labor in territorial communities. Research results. Theoretical, institutional and scientific-applied bases of economic cooperation of territorial-economic systems in Ukraine and other countries of the world are considered. It is established that the implementation of interregional, intraregional and international cooperation of communities has a positive effect on the level of economic development, as the formation of points of concentration of capital and business activity increases economic growth, uses local resources more efficiently, increases added value and depth of raw materials processing and there is the active involvement of territories in the processes of the international division of labor. Due to the points of economic growth formed based on economic cooperation in the form of agglomerations, clusters, subregions and other forms of territorial economic associations for the developed countries of the world (Austria, Spain, Germany, Great Britain) the predominant of gross product creation (from 50% to 70 %) became characteristic in such territorial and economic associations. Based on the analysis of the regulatory framework and other components of institutional support for economic cooperation in the developed world, it is determined that the general institutional framework and legalization of the instrument of cooperation for effective economic development is not enough, as levers of state regulation and realization the supporting means should be introduced. In this aspect, special attention is paid to local taxes and fees, because the initiatives of local authorities must be supported by certain powers to regulate the economic development of communities. The most effective at the present stage of development of domestic territorial and economic systems in Ukraine as regulators can be used such local taxes as a single tax on entrepreneurs, land fees and real estate tax. A mechanism for stimulating economic cooperation in communities with the use of personal income tax, which is national, but ensures the incomes collection of local budgets by almost 60%, has also been identified and proposed. An approach to the implementation of simplified and reduced taxation of a number of local taxes in promising investment projects is proposed. But such means are provided only for the projects that keep the level of wages 2.5-3 times higher than the average wage in the region, which will increase the welfare of the population and will provide filling local budgets by increasing the base for personal income tax. Conclusion. Scientific and methodological recommendations for tax incentives for economic cooperation of territorial communities in Ukraine are still under development and formation, but the solution to this problem is a promising area of research. The list of basic local taxes that can be used to enhance cooperation between local communities, the key incentives for the application of targeted benefits from local taxes, should be supplemented by regulatory policy means in further research on this topic.

Procedural fairness predicts cooperative behaviour for high-self-esteem individuals but not for low-self-esteem individuals.

Cooperation is vital for modern society. Previous studies showed that procedural fairness promotes cooperation; however, they mainly focused on cooperation intention, which may fail to reveal actual cooperative behaviour. Moreover, little is known regarding the personality boundary of the effect of procedural fairness on cooperation. Guided by previous findings that self-esteem increases sensitivity to procedural unfairness, we attempted to explore the moderating effect of self-esteem on the association between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour. In Experiment 1, 160 participants' self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; procedural fairness was manipulated in two conditions, depending on whether money was allocated in an economic game by rolling the dice twice or an allocator's arbitrary choice. Cooperative behaviour was assessed using the chicken game paradigm. Experiment 2 (148 participants) aimed to replicate and extend the results of Experiment 1 using a more rigorous experimental design, in which the possible effect of outcome favourability was excluded. The results of both experiments consistently showed that procedural fairness positively predicted cooperative behaviour, and this association was significant in high-self-esteem individuals, but not in low-self-esteem individuals. These findings shed light on the vital role of self-esteem in understanding the relationship between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour.

Electoral incentives to coalition formation in multiparty presidential systems

Coalition theories of presidential regimes have frequently assumed that coalition formation is a mostly post-electoral phenomenon. We challenge this view by showing that pre-electoral bargaining shapes to a substantial extent minority presidents’ disposition to cooperate with the legislature by forming a majority cabinet. Examining a dataset of pre- and post-electoral coalitions from 18 Latin American countries, we find that majority coalition cabinets are more likely to occur when elected presidents form pre-electoral coalitions (PECs), to the extent that pre-electoral agreements create stronger incentives for cooperation, by relying on a broader set of rewards than any post-electoral agreement. Moreover, we find that the likelihood of majority coalition formation increases as the share of PEC seats increases, thus reducing the need to engage in post-electoral bargaining. Our findings carry important implications for the study of cabinet formation in presidential regimes by introducing pre-electoral agreements as a key determinant of cabinet formation.

Analysis on Altruism-Based Coopetition Game of Oligarchic Enterprises: A Validation of Generation Companies

For the long-term sustainable development, the modern enterprises should consider both competition and cooperation. In the current studies of corporate competition strategies and games, the quantification of cooperation-competition (coopetition) between enterprises is not deeply investigated. In this paper, we establish a coopetition game model of oligarchic enterprises in the industry by using the quantitative altruistic factor and nonlinear cost function, analyze the influence of altruistic factor on equilibrium variables, and then validate it in the generation side market. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the coopetition of any form will increase the market equilibrium price and the total equilibrium profit of the industry, which induces the motivation and intention of cooperation between oligarchic enterprises. (2) The increased unilateral altruism is instable and unsustainable because it will produce an altruistic threshold that makes the total equilibrium profit of the industry increase and then decrease. The unilateral altruism of high-cost generation companies is more beneficial for increasing the total equilibrium profit of the industry, but it is realized in a difficult way. Due to a higher initial altruism level, there is lack of motivation for the increased unilateral altruism. (3) The mutually altruistic coopetition is the most effective way for improving the total equilibrium profit of the industry, but it is hard to finally achieve the complete monopoly because of cost differentiation. (4) The established game model of generation market is more universal and provides a certain quantitative interpretation for electricity crisis.

Norm compliance, enforcement, and the survival of redistributive institutions

We study the intrinsic incentives that drive behavior in redistributive institutions with various levels of enforcement. We are interested in how the opportunistic incentive to use a redistributive institution for personal gain and the desire to follow norms of a regulated community, populated by similarly obedient individuals, interact and determine the success or failure of an institution. In the experiment, subjects can repeatedly join one of three institutions, which are defined by explicitly stated rules that require them to put all, half, or any amount of income in a tax pool for redistribution. The treatments differ in the level of enforcement of these rules. We find that contributions are sustained only when free riding is not possible. However, subjects with a generally strong propensity to follow norms persist in following the rules of redistribution even after experiencing many periods of losses due to free riding. We find that these subjects also perceive the same level of income inequality as fairer, when it was achieved without breaking the rules, and favor redistributive mechanisms with more stringent rules. This suggests that well-defined redistributive rules can create a powerful incentive for cooperation as many individuals seem to prefer stable regulated egalitarian institutions to unregulated libertarian ones. Some form of enforcement is, nevertheless, required to protect egalitarian institutions from exploitation by free riders.

A novel two-stage method for matching the technology suppliers and demanders based on prospect theory and evidence theory under intuitionistic fuzzy environment

Matching the technology suppliers and demanders in the market is essential because such a matching facilitates the technology commercialization. Under the intuitionistic fuzzy environment, this paper proposes a novel two-stage matching method to match the technology suppliers and demanders by fully considering the characteristics of the real matching process. In the first stage, following the prospect theory and evidence theory, the satisfactions of the two parties with the attributes’ performances are calculated. These satisfactions are further used as the basis for the ranking of cooperation preferences. In the second stage, the price satisfaction under the influence of the cooperation preferences is considered, and the final matching pairs are obtained by maximizing the price satisfaction. We also conduct a numerical example to show the application of the novel two-stage method and compare its performance with the single-stage method The results show that the two-stage method can better identify both sides’ cooperation intentions and enhance their transaction satisfactions.

Exploring the antecedents of organizational resilience practices – A transactive memory systems approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to explore individual- and firm-level antecedents of the ability of a manufacturing firm's personnel to collaborate and integrate knowledge for organizational resilience practices.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply hierarchical regression analysis to study a sample of 192 European industrial equipment manufacturers. Data for each firm are collected from surveys of two key informants in each firm, as well as from public sources.FindingsFirms' personnel’s ability to integrate information and knowledge for organizational resilience practices was positively related with the extent of the head of manufacturing's network of personal contacts inside the firm. This effect was stronger in firms with more formalized job descriptions and clearly defined roles. The head of manufacturing's orientation to teamwork and cooperation impacted this ability only in firms that did not financially incentivize cooperation. The authors also found that cooperation incentives and role formalization directly relate to firms' personnel’s ability to integrate information and knowledge for organizational resilience practices.Originality/valueThe study proposes to study organizational resilience practices through a transactive memory systems lens. The study is also the first to link characteristics of individual managers to firm-level resilience practices by examining the antecedents of firms' ability to integrate information and knowledge to recover from operational disruptions. Furthermore, the study serves to enhance the knowledge of resilience practices by examining the role of firm-level antecedents and their interplay with characteristics of individual managers.

Sectoral interface-an opportunity for health services research?

The request for increased outpatient care is currently widely discussed in healthcare debates. With that, the sectoral interface (outpatient/hospital) is receiving greater attention, which provides an incentive for better cooperation and coordination of all healthcare providers. This also marks an opportunity to establish new cross-sectoral structures-also for research. The definitions of cross-sectoral care and the research content need to be in astandardized and consolidated manner. The provision of treatment data along the entire patent's path remains essential for health services research. In this context, the cross-sectoral interface could be regarded as fragile in that it is particularly sensitive to disruptions. The current increasing digitalization can also be seen as an opportunity to minimize the loss of information through the further development of cross-sectoral structures and to improve patient care, while simultaneously making acontribution to research across sectoral borders.

ECONOMIC MOTIVES OF COOPERATION OF CMEA COUNTRIES IN RAW MATERIAL PRODUCTION (1950s - 1980s)

On the basis of archival materials of the Russian State Geological Property and Economics, the article analyzes the economic incentives for cooperation between the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the extraction of mineral resources. The course of the discussion on the possibility of standardizing the mutual investments of the socialist countries was reconstructed. Investment mechanisms are considered in the logic of the functioning of planned systems based on the Janos Kornai model. It was revealed that one of the key conditions for the successful implementation of projects was the possibility of increasing the inflow of hard currency for all parties involved. The individual nature of most of the implemented projects predetermined the failure of attempts to standardize this form of cooperation within the framework of the CMEA regulatory framework. Given the prevalence of bilateral relations over multilateral forms of cooperation of socialist countries, attempts to institutionalize individual forms within the CMEA framework only recorded the current situation.

The Individual Aspect of Interorganizational Cooperation: Favor-Based Cooperation

Interorganizational (IO) cooperation has been examined primarily as a role-based concept. This research seeks to extend this concept by examining a distinct mode of IO cooperation: favor-based coop...

Motivation Analysis of Online Green Users: Evidence From Chinese "Ant Forest".

Environmental protection activities based on digital technology have cultivated many online green users (OGUs) and may become a critical means to combat global climate change. This paper explores individuals’ motivation to participate in online environmental protection activities and whether the activities have significantly increased individuals’ intention to participate in global collaboration on climate change. Taking Ant Forest as an example, this paper first summarized 14 trigger reasons for users’ participation in online environmental protection activities through interviews, then surveyed 600 OGUs through questionnaires, and studied the behavioral motivation from the four dimensions of environmental awareness, social motivation, online immersion, and global cooperation intention by using a structural equation model. The study found that both environmental awareness and social motivation had significant positive promotional effects on OGUs’ online immersion, and environmental awareness was higher than social motivation. Environmental awareness as a long-term motivation is conducive to the achievement of long-term climate goals, and social motivation is focused on short-term entertainment functions. There is a significant positive interactive relationship between environmental awareness and social motivation under the effect of digital technology, which jointly promote the improvement of OGUs’ online immersion, and online immersion is conducive to enhancing OGUs’ global cooperation intention. This study demonstrated that digital technology can effectively improve individuals’ intention to protect the environment and found a means to quickly identify the best OGUs (most willing to participate in global cooperation), which provided a new opportunity to inspire greater public participation in the global action against climate change.

A Study of the Impact of Internet-Based Instruction Integrated Innovation Education on University Student Entrepreneurial Team Collaboration and Strategic Innovation

With the advent of knowledge economy, the competition of comprehensive national power gradually has shifted to talent competition. The cultivation of innovative talents and the incubation of student entrepreneurial teams are the primary educational goals of universities, which is an important part of the national innovation system. University student entrepreneurial teams present the attribute of high technology and unique knowledge advantage. The persistent innovation of student entrepreneurial teams is attributed to knowledge playing a critical role. In particular, in the knowledge-based economic era, student entrepreneurial teams with speed, connection, and intangible value creation have transformed the partly labor-intensive model into a knowledge-intensive competition model. Taking university student entrepreneurial teams as the research object, a total of 500 copies of questionnaire were distributed and 386 valid copies were retrieved, with a retrieval rate of 77%. Through the questionnaire survey, students’ awareness, emotion, and will of innovation in innovation education are understood, and their cognition and intention of team cooperation and strategic innovation are investigated. The research results are concluded as follows: (1) Innovation education presents significantly positive correlations with collaboration. (2) Collaboration shows remarkably positive correlations with strategic innovation. (3) Innovation education reveals notably positive correlations with strategic innovation. According to the research result, suggestions are proposed, expecting that China’s university student entrepreneurial teams could acquire the advantage of technological innovation by applying the opportunities of broadband and wireless network infrastructure and developing innovative applications and entrepreneurial models.

An examination of interactive effects of employees’ warmth and competence and service failure types on customer’s service recovery cooperation intention

PurposeDrawing from the compensation effects in social cognition theory, this study aims to investigate the interactive effects of employees’ warmth and competence and service failure types on customer’s service recovery cooperation intention after a service failure and before service recovery is completed.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a scenario-based experiment with a 2 (high vs low) warmth × 2 (high vs low) competence × 2 (outcome failure vs process failure) service failure between-subjects design. Data were collected using an online panel.FindingsThis study finds that employees’ low warmth and high competence in outcome failure situations and high warmth and low competence in process failure situations are most effective at increasing customers’ service recovery cooperation intention. The findings further suggest that customers’ cooperation intention is prone to tradeoffs between customers’ perceptions of employees’ warmth and competence as suggested by compensation effects in social cognition theory, such that the effectiveness of employees’ warmth (competence) is curtailed by employees’ competence (warmth).Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide insights to hospitality managers for effective service recovery management. Hospitality companies can enhance customers’ behavioral intentions by training employees to demonstrate appropriate warmth and competence combination that meet customers’ expectations for a specific failure type.Originality/valueThis study argues that customer’s service recovery cooperation intention depends on the combination of warmth and competence displayed by employees after a service failure. The expected combination of warmth and competence varies depending on the service failure context.

Greener Than Thou: People who protect the environment are more cooperative, compete to be environmental, and benefit from reputation

Protecting the environment is a social dilemma: environmental protection benefits everyone but is individually costly. We propose that protecting the environment is similar to other types of cooperation, in that environmentalism functions as a signal of one’s willingness to cooperate with others. We test several novel predictions from this hypothesis. We used a mathematical model to show that environmentalism can indicate one’s valuation of others and thus one’s cooperative intent. We found support for this prediction in two online studies, and then conducted two laboratory studies to extend the idea that environmentalism signals one’s willingness to cooperate. Participants donated more to an environmental charity when donations were public than when anonymous, but they donated the most when competing to be chosen by an observer for a subsequent cooperative game. In other words, people competed to donate more to the environment. Bigger donors benefited, as they were subsequently chosen more often and received more cooperation from their partners. Partners benefited from choosing environmental donors: bigger donors cooperated more with subsequent partners, such that environmental donations were reliably informative about participants’ future cooperativeness. We compare multiple theories about why people behave environmentally (indirect reciprocity, signal of wealth, signal of cooperative intent), and find most support for our proposed theory of signaling cooperative intent. By understanding the function of environmental behaviour and stimulating competitive giving, we can increase people’s support for environmental and other charitable causes.

Designing international environmental agreements under participation uncertainty

Traditional international environmental agreement (IEA) models usually use some specific contribution rules, which either fail to provide sufficient incentives for cooperation, or ignore the loss from participation uncertainty. Can more general rules overcome these problems and improve the performance of IEAs? This paper analyzes the endogenous determination of contribution rules from a class of general rules through a three-stage coalition formation game under participation uncertainty. In stage one, a designer chooses a contribution rule, which, depending on the size of the signatories’ coalition formed in stage two, specifies the action each signatory should take in stage three. A contribution rule is said to be optimal when it maximizes the expected payoff of signatories. We provide an algorithm to determine an optimal rule. When uncertainty is either sufficiently large or equal to zero, the optimal rule coincides with some existing rules in the literature. However, when the uncertainty is neither large nor small, the optimal rule outperforms other rules in terms of signatories’ payoff.

Honest signaling of cooperative intentions

Abstract Trust can transform conflicting interests into cooperation. But how can individuals know when to trust others? Here, I develop the theory that reputation building may signal cooperative intent, or “trustworthiness.” I model a simple representation of this theory in which individuals 1) optionally invest in a reputation by performing costly helpful behavior (“signaling”); 2) optionally use others’ reputations when choosing a partner; and 3) optionally cooperate with that partner. In evolutionary simulations, high levels of reputation building, of choosing partners based on reputation, and of cooperation within partnerships emerged. Costly helping behavior evolved into an honest signal of trustworthiness when it was adaptive for cooperators, relative to defectors, to invest in the long-term benefits of a reputation for helping. I show using game theory that this occurs when cooperators gain larger marginal benefits from investing in signaling than do defectors. This happens without the usual costly signaling assumption that individuals are of two “types,” which differ in quality. Signaling of trustworthiness may help explain phenomena such as philanthropy, pro-sociality, collective action, punishment, and advertising in humans and may be particularly applicable to courtship in other animals.

How bodily expressions of emotion after norm violation influence perceivers' moral judgments and prevent social exclusion: A socio-functional approach to nonverbal shame display.

According to a socio-functional perspective on emotions, displaying shame with averted gaze and a slumped posture following a norm violation signals that the person is ready to conform to the group’s moral standards, which in turn protects the person from social isolation and punishment. Although the assumption is intuitive, direct empirical evidence for it remains surprisingly limited and the mediating social-psychological mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, three experimental studies were conducted to investigate the social function of nonverbal displays of shame in the context of everyday norm violations. In Study 1, participants evaluated ten different expressions of emotion in regard to their affective valence, arousal, dominance, as well as social meaning in the context of norm violations. Displays of shame and sadness were seen as the most similar expressions with respect to the three affective dimensions and were perceived to communicate the perpetrator’s understanding of the group’s moral standards most effectively. In Study 2, participants read vignettes concerning norm violations and afterward saw a photograph of the perpetrator displaying nonverbal shame, sadness or a neutral expression. Perpetrators’ displays of shame and sadness increased perceived moral sense and amplified the observers’ willingness to cooperate with the perpetrators. However, neither display weakened the observer’s willingness to punish the perpetrator. In Study 3, the perpetrator was shown to display shame, sadness, anger or a neutral expression after getting caught at mild or severe norm violation. The results replicated previous findings but revealed also that the social effects of shame and sadness displays on punitive and cooperative intentions were mediated by different social appraisals. For example, display of shame uniquely reduced punitive intentions by increasing the perpetrator’s perceived moral sense, whereas expressions of both shame and sadness evoked empathy in the observers, which in turn reduced the punitive intentions. These results give support to the assumption that nonverbal shame displays serve a unique social function in preventing moral punishment and social exclusion. However, this support is only partial as the social functions of displaying shame are largely parallel to those of expressing sadness in the situation.

Does Industry Cooperation Policy Matter? Evidence from Five Prefectures in Japan

Taiwan and Japan initiated an industrial cooperation policy and incentive measures in 2011. Five Japanese prefectures in the Tokai Region actively communicated and cooperated with Taiwan after 2011. This motivated us first to address the economic and trade ties between Taiwan and Japan. Second, we compared and analyzed effects of the industrial cooperation policy on the five prefectures, their willingness to cooperate with Taiwan, and the topics brought up by the industry cooperation. Main results indicate that the policy offers positive incentives for industries and enterprises, and the cooperation between enterprises creates mutual benefits. In sum, the bilateral industrial cooperation brings about a win–win situation. With the findings, we make suggestions on future development direction and for the Taiwan–Japan industrial cooperation.