Inappropriate Way Research Articles

Left to their own devices: the significance of mental health apps on the construction of therapy and care

Abstract Mental health (MH) mobile apps offer convenient, low/no-cost automated psychological support. Little is known about what this technology does to the very definition of MH care. Looking through a post-phenomenological lens (Idhe, 1991), we examine how the app's materiality mediates the construction of psychological care. Through interviews with MH app users, analysis revealed that users experienced a detached and abstract kind of care, which ignored their real-life circumstances and particulars, and was not sensitive to the complex, context-dependent nature of their problems. Instead, the apps amplified a mechanistic and individualistic idea of psychological wellbeing. Meanwhile, the apps concealed the importance of interpersonal understanding, healing spaces, and sharing as meaningful parts of care. Some found this to be an impersonal and inappropriate way to deal with emotional problems, while others lamented their own inability to conform to the app’s ideals.

Sosialisasi Pengolahan Sampah dan Ecobrick : Don’t Break Make Ecobrick di Dukuh Mantren

Waste is one of the problems that has yet to be fully addressed. Lack of understanding about the importance of waste segregation and processing, as well as limited management facilities, especially for plastic waste, makes the people of Dukuh Mantren tend to process waste in an inappropriate way. Therefore, education about waste management is needed. The purpose of this work program is to find out the condition of integrated waste management in the community and what factors support and hinder integrated waste management in the Dukuh Mantren community. The data obtained is then used for alternative strategies that can be used in integrated waste management in the Dukuh Mantren community. This education program is carried out through socialization, observation, and interview methods. The results of the Waste Management and Ecobrick Socialization Program carried out by KKN Tematik UNS proved effective in overcoming waste problems in Dukuh Mantren, Klodran Village. The program succeeded in increasing the community's understanding of the types of waste and how to process them properly. This research confirms that the Waste Management and Ecobricking Socialization program has a positive impact on overcoming the waste problem in Dukuh Mantren, Klodran Village.

Longitudinal study of the Drowning Prevention Knowledge Level of schoolchildren in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Drowning is quick, silent and recognized as a serious public health problem worldwide, but it is neglected. Children and adolescents receive insufficient education about drowning prevention. The objective of this study was to monitor changes in the Drowning Prevention Knowledge Level (DPKL) in elementary school children and adolescents at CAp-UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The methodology was a longitudinal study carried out from 2022 to 2024 with students from the (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th years) of CAp-UERJ. 12 classes were monitored until 2024, totaling 336 students, four of which were in the 7th year, four in the 8th year and four in the 9th year, with a total of 112 students per year of schooling. A structured questionnaire divided into three parts containing 20 items about DPKL was answered at the school. In the 1st part, students correlated the universal figures used on signs to prevent drowning with the texts that signify those images (7 questions), in the 2nd part they had to relate the colors of the green, yellow and red flags and their meaning in regarding bathing conditions (3 questions) and in the last part, the student marked yes or no on statements related to the correct behavior to be adopted in the aquatic environment (10 questions). Each class received 3 interventions based on the individual DPKL result. When all years of schooling were analyzed together in three moments (2022, 2023 and 2024), the result showed that there was an improvement in knowledge about the 7 prevention signs, to the point that 99.1% of students now knew the meanings of the signs, and in two of them, sign no. 2, which refers to the emergency telephone and in no. 3, pushing prohibited, there was 100% accuracy. It was also possible to verify that after the intervention, almost all (98%) of the students correctly understood the meaning of the colors of the green, yellow and red flags. Regarding the behavior of playing nearby or putting their hand in the drain that sucks water from the pool, the result showed that the youngest were the ones who improved the most after intervention, going from 77.2% to 99.1% of those who responded correctly in 2024; about entering the pool, diving with a “somersault”, in a dangerous and inappropriate way, it was found that the older they were, the more aware of the danger caused by headfirst dives. Regarding the DPKL categorization, it was noted that 99% of students were classified as DPKL excellent in 2024. Those in the 8th and 9th years obtained 100% in the classification as DPKL excellent. It can be concluded that the school was a good place to carry out preventive interventions on drowning using an approach focused on behavior change, conceptual identification and student awareness in order to improve DPKL. The diagnostic use of DPKL to monitor school-age students can help identify safety values and concepts in certain regions of the country or specific groups that are not familiar with aquatic environments and thus help to formulate preventive interventions if necessary.

Disposal of Drugs in Household Communities in Magetan District

The percentage of household scale drug disposal in Indoseia is quite large. In the general society there is still a disposal of drugs in an inappropriate way. The impact of improper drug disposal can cause environmental damage. Good knowledge of proper disposal of medicines is very important to avoid risks to health and the environment. The purpose of this study was to describe the level of knowledge of the people of Sukowinganun village in Magetan city about the disposal of drugs at home. This research is descriptive analytic cross sectional approach with sampling technique using random sampling. The population of this research in the entire PKK’ mothers, Sukowinangun Village, Magetan City. The data was taken with a validated questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents directly. A total of 45 respondents met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the majority were aged 41-50 years (42.2%), had a college education (60%), and worked as housewives (33.3%). The results of measurements in Sukowinangun Village, Magetan District, Magetan Regency showed that 71% of the community had poor knowledge about drug disposal.

Identify Mens Rea in Language use from a Criminal Law Perspective

This article explains and identifies the existence of mens rea in the dissemination of news packaged into content through various social media platforms, implicitly containing hate speeches, so that it can be viewed as an electronic-based criminal offense uploaded either verbally or non-verbally. An ability to communicate within the scope of society in the use of language is not owned by everyone, especially in the era of social media where there are those who use language in an inappropriate way. For example, it is used for swearing, defamation, making fake news or hoaxes, threats, persecution speech, to hate speeches that can harm the interlocutor. This study aims to determine the existence of mens rea in the use of language about hate speech committed by individuals through social media platforms. Their point of view will be studied through the perspectives of criminal law. The study’s objective was to examine the use of language in individual uploads through several social media platforms that contain hate speech and ‘SARA in the context of criminal law. In sampling, the author uses descriptive qualitative research methods and legal research methods based on the available data. Keywords: mens rea, language, blasphemy, criminal law

Characterization and Antibacterial Potential of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Eradicating Uropathogenic E. coli.

Proper management and control measurements are needed to stop the spread of highly pathogenic E. coli isolates that cause urinary tract infections (UTI) by developing new antibacterial agents to ensure the safety of public health. Therefore, the present investigations were used to achieve the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via a simple coprecipitation method using ferric nitrates Fe (NO3)3 as the precursor and hydrazine solution as the precipitator and to explore the antibacterial activity against eradicating Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The synthesized IONPs were further studied using a UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The maximum surface plasmon resonance peak was observed as absorption at 320 nm in a colloidal solution to validate the synthesis of IONPs. The FT-IR analysis was used to identify different photoactive functional groups that were responsible for the reduction of Fe (NO3)3 to IONPs. The crystalline nature of synthesized IONPs was revealed by XRD patterns with an average particle size ranging as 29 nm. The SEM image was employed to recognize the irregular morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. Moreover, significant antibacterial activity was observed at 1 mg/mL stock solution but after (125, 250, and 500 μg/mL) dilution, the synthesized IONPs showed moderate activity and became inactive at lower concentrations. The morphological and biochemical tests were used to confirm the presence of E. coli in the samples. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) were carried out to determine the inhibitory concentrations for the isolated bacteria. The isolated E. coli were also subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing that showed high resistance to antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin. Thus, the findings of this study were to use IONPs against antibiotic resistance that has been developed in an inappropriate way.

Comparison of Sentiment Analysis Methods on Topic Haram of Music In Youtube

Sentiment analysis on video lectures on YouTube that discuss the haram of music is an exciting topic to find out public opinion. This study aims to find what factors affect the model's accuracy in sentiment analysis, especially on video lecture content on YouTube. The data used is comment data on three video lectures that discuss the haram of music, which has been labelled into two categories: positive and negative. The data is divided into two categories, namely primary data, as many as 2099 data that have not been normalized, while secondary data has 1001 data that have been normalized. The experiment shows that the validity of the data, labelling the data, the amount of data, and preprocessing are essential points in forming a good sentiment analysis classification model because, from the test results, it was found that imbalance techniques such as SMOTE, word embedding word2Vec and FastText, and SVM and KNN classification algorithms do not provide maximum accuracy if the data used primary data. However, the data imbalance process, such as oversampling and SVM and KNN classification algorithms, will provide better model accuracy if used with secondary data. Based on the trial results, it is found that when using the SVM algorithm, primary data produces the highest accuracy at 58.35%, while secondary data is 72.23%. If using KNN, the primary data provides the highest model accuracy at 53.54%, while the secondary data has the highest accuracy at 72.81%. Based on these results, it was found that the validity of the data or data must be appropriate and related to the case raised and labelling the data must be done carefully because the most crucial is the inappropriate data in preprocessing the data must be done correctly, if data preprocessing is done in an inappropriate way then data imbalance techniques such as oversampling do not have enough influence on increasing accuracy, but if on the contrary then accuracy will increase. The selection of the right word embedding also affects accuracy. It is necessary to do many experiments to select the correct algorithm and follow the data owned because selecting the correct algorithm will provide maximum accuracy model results

Special education's zombies and their consequences

AbstractZombies are defined as ideas or persistent myths that should have died out but have not. Special education's biggest zombie is that only full inclusion brings about true social justice and the most effective education for students with disabilities. Three examples of specific zombies about full inclusion are presented. First, that full inclusion has been internationally accepted policy since the Salamanca Statement in 1994. Second, that the feasibility of full inclusion has been demonstrated in some countries. Third, that there is extensive evidence that inclusion is more effective that special education. Six strategies that have been used to promote these inclusion zombies to the general public and legislators in various countries around the world are discussed. These are: reframing the problem; denying its reality; portraying special education as something of which most people disapprove; presenting full inclusion as something most people want; making the distinction between the two maximally stark; casting all challenges to the zombie as addressing the wrong question or relying on flawed research and demanding unthinking belief in full inclusion. It is concluded that special education's zombies related to full inclusion must be exposed, challenged and finally eradicated so that future education provision for children with disabilities can focus on achievable goals and evidence of effectiveness rather than placement. Key points Special education's biggest zombie is that only full inclusion will bring true social justice to schooling because special education is essentially an inappropriate way of dealing with diversity; is a relic of the last century, unfairly discriminatory and exclusionary. Three inclusion zombies are: that full inclusion was recommended by the Salamanca Framework; that full inclusion has been shown to be a feasible approach to meeting all special needs; and that there is convincing research evidence that inclusion is more effective than special education. All three zombies are false but widely disseminated. Six strategies are used to promote full inclusion zombies: reframe the nature of the problem; deny the reality of the situation; portray special education as something generally disapproved of; present inclusion as something most people want; make a stark distinction between the two; cast all challenges to the zombie as flawed. Full inclusion zombies must be exposed, challenged, and eradicated, so that continued development of theory, research and practice in the education of young people with special needs can once again be the main focus of educators in this field.

Psikophoria Untuk Remaja Rehabilitasi Narkoba di Sumatera Utara

There is a need for life skills in a social rehabilitation center for victims of narcotics, psychotropic and other addictive substances abuse, which so far have only been able to depend on third party funding sources. Victims of abuse of narcotics, psychotropics and other addictive substances are victims who have come close to even consuming narcotics, psychotropics and other addictive substances that are destroying the nation's generation. Drugs (narcotics, psychotropics and other addictive substances) can endanger human life, if consumed with inappropriate way, can even cause death (1) Drugs have a very broad negative impact; both physically, psychologically, economically, socially, culturally, defense and security, and so on (2).. Another Victim Social Rehabilitation Center "Insyaf" North Sumatra, which is approximately 36 km from the Medan LP3I Polytechnic, is a rehabilitation center for those who have consumed the illicit goods. Many methods are used so that drug users can return to normal and recover as usual, namely by keeping them busy so that they forget about the illicit goods. The problem that occurs is, after 9 months of the rehabilitation process, they leave and are returned to their respective families. However, 85% of those who have been sent home to their parents return to the rehabilitation center because they return to using these illicit goods.

Onto-semiotic analysis of one teacher’s and university students’ mathematical connections when problem-solving about launching a projectile

An onto-semiotic analysis of the mathematical connections established by one in-service mathematics teachers and university students when solving a problem about launching a projectile using the derivative was carried out. Theoretically, this research was based on the articulation between the Extended Theory of Mathematical Connections and the Onto-semiotic Approach. The methodology was qualitative-descriptive where data was collected through interviews based on a task. Subsequently, following the joint analysis method of both theories, the mathematical activity of the participants when they solved the task was analyzed. The results show that, teacher and students established a system of connections of feature type, different representations, meanings, part-whole, procedural and implications in terms of practices, processes, objects, and semiotic functions that relate them. However, some students presented difficulties caused by some incorrect mathematical connection such as stating that the maximum height of the projectile is the time obtained with the critical number, errors in performing arithmetic calculations when evaluating the function, graphically representing the quadratic function as a straight line and use the general formula in an inappropriate way that prevents the procedural connection from being made.

Peningkatan Keterampilan Kader Posyandu dalam Pengukuran Antropometri di Desa Meteseh, Boja, Kendal

Meteseh Village is a village with 8 Posyandu. Various posyandu activities have been carried out, one of the routine activities carried out is anthropometric measurements, but there are still cadres who take measurements in an inappropriate way. This can produce erroneous measurement results, resulting in inaccurate interpretation. The accuracy of anthropometric measurements depends on the ability of cadres to make measurements, so training and assistance is needed in anthropometric measurements with the aim of increasing the knowledge and abilities of cadres in taking anthropometric measurements. The methods used in training and mentoring anthropometric measurements are lecture, discussion, simulation and demonstration methods using Ms. Power Point and various anthropometric measurement tools. Assistance is carried out within two months. Measurement of knowledge is done by giving pre-test and post-test. The activity was carried out with 50 Meteseh Village cadres, Boja, Kendal from June to September 2022. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test, 60% of the cadres experienced an increase in knowledge. The results of the observations during the mentoring and evaluation of the participants also showed good results in the training and mentoring activities. suggestions that training and mentoring can be carried out on an ongoing basis to refresh the knowledge and consistency of cadres in making anthropometric measurements.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LESSON STUDY TO PROMOTE LECTURERS’ SKILL IN TEACHING ACADEMIC WRITING

Lecturers find it challenging to teach writing especially academic writing, since students face difficulties in learning during the study process. This situation may happen because of the inappropriate way of lecturers in covering the material; of all the lecturers should have a good mastery of the materials to be given. Lesson study seems to fit the lecturers' method of practice teaching to improve the skill of teaching writing skills. The study aims to describe the implementation of lesson study by five lecturers to promote the skill of teaching writing. A descriptive qualitative research design was employed with observation and interviews, which were used as the instruments to gather the data. Five lecturers joined the lesson study along with the 45 students in the class. The result shows that using lesson study can promote the lecturers' skill in teaching academic writing by guiding the students in learning, explaining the material of academic writing and varying teaching methods.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KEJADIAN STUNTING DI DESA TEMUROSO KECAMATAN GUNTUR KABUPATEN DEMAK

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in toddlers or children as a result of long-term malnutrition where having a height of less than -2SD for children of their age is also said to be abnormal in the growth process. The stunting incident in Temuroso Village, Kec. Guntur Kab. Demak has experienced an increase from 137 cases in 2020 to 156 cases in 2022. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in Temuroso Village, Kec. Guntur Kab. Demak. This type of research is analytic observational using a case-control design with a total sample of 46 in the case group and 46 in the control group selected by purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used was univariate and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between the accuracy of giving complementary foods to the incidence of stunting with a significance value of p=0.018, not related to the incidence of stunting, namely a history of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.692) and economic status (p=0.195). The conclusion of this study is that toddlers in Temuroso Village, Guntur District, Demak Regency tend to be given complementary foods in an inappropriate way. It is hoped that health workers will pay more attention to the method and accuracy in giving complementary foods through counseling and education from an early age to mothers so that they can reduce the risk of stunting in Temuroso Village, Kec. Guntur Kab. Demak.

Analisis pola asuh orangtua pada anak korban kekerasan dalam rumah tangga

<p>Parents are the main place for children to get the things they need, starting from affection, a sense of security, a place for children to know about the world for the first time, but the reality is that not all parents are able to fulfill this, it is found that there are parents who are building family in an inappropriate way, such as physical or psychological violence that they do. This makes children victims of violence by parents. So the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze parenting styles for children who are victims of domestic violence. Regarding the population in this study were children who were victims of domestic violence with a sample of 40 children using simple random sampling technique. The findings of this study found that the type of parenting style of<br />authoritarian parents became the parenting style carried out by parents who carried out acts of domestic violence with a percentage level of 50.62% which tended to be authoritarian parenting styles which were dominant parents and there was an element of violence in the development of children, so that services Guidance and counseling is expected to help child victims of domestic violence in overcoming difficult times or obstacles they feel as a result of the violence that has occurred.</p>

THE STUDENT’S ACCURACY IN USING DISCOURSE MARKERS FOR ACADEMIC WRITING (A CASE STUDY OF STUDENTS IN ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

This research focused on the accuracy of discourse markers used by the students in their academic writing, especially in the thesis background. This research used a qualitative method, analyzed by Bruce Fraser (1999) to identify the elaborative markers. The result of data analysis in this research found the types of discourse markers used in students’ thesis background, which are: the first is contrastive markers such as whereas, otherwise, even though, in contrast, and yet. The second is elaborative markers such as besides, in other words, also, for example, furthermore, and. The last is inferential markers such as so, because, in this case, hence, therefore, then, and in this case. On that basis, the dominant type of discourse markers used in students’ thesis background was elaborative markers which were applied about 11 times. In addition, the researcher found there were 20 discourse markers that were used in the student’s thesis background. The result of this research showed that only 16 of the discourse markers were used in an appropriate way and 4 of them were used in an inappropriate way

Advanced Diagnosis Method Analysis of the Dry Eye Disease: A Bibliographic Study (2012-2022)

Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common eye diseases. There is at least one DED patient in almost every five people. Especially in the era of COVID-19, the rate of DED is inevitably increasing. The reason falls on the frequency of screen use, the inappropriate way of mask-wearing, etc. Thus, based on the international and national literature databases, this study utilizes a systematic review method on DED diagnosis. 2131 unduplicated records are extracted from Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases. The most contributed countries, authors, journals, references, disciplines, and keywords are recognized. Findings show that DED research has burst in 2018. China is the second contributing country in this field. Interdisciplinary is involved in this topic, including ophthalmology, medicine, healthcare, and neurology. According to the publications of the most cited authors, the most contribution falls on the DED diagnosis standard. According to the hot topics, DED has a deep relation to human daily habits, ages, chronic disease, eye infection, and trauma. Furthermore, the major diagnosing methods are clustered as 12 clusters, which are Tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test (SIT), cornea fluorescein staining (CFS), Interferometry and slit-lamp images, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) images, Meibometry images, Tear osmolarity, Proteomic analysis, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis, subjective diagnosis, and demographic factors. Finally, challenges and future perspectives are discussed.

Smartphone overuse, depression & anxiety in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Medical students have made particular use of smartphones during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although higher smartphone overuse has been observed, its effect on mental disorders is unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between smartphone overuse and mental disorders in Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 370 students aged between 16 and 41 years (median age: 20) in three universities from July to October 2020. A survey including Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 was applied. Prevalence ratios were estimated using generalized linear models. Smartphone overuse was a common feature among students (n = 291, 79%). Depressive symptoms were present in 290 (78%) students and anxiety symptoms in 255 (69%). Adjusted for confounders, addictive/dependent smartphone use was significantly associated with presence of depressive symptoms (PR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.20-1.38 for dependent use; PR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.12-1.50 for addictive use). Also, addictive/dependent smartphone use was significantly associated with presence of anxiety symptoms (PR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.14-2.23 for dependent use; PR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07-2.41 for addictive use). Our findings suggest that medical students exposed to smartphone overuse are vulnerable to mental disorders. Overuse may reflect an inappropriate way of finding emotional relief, which may significantly affect quality of life and academic performance. Findings would assist faculties to establish effective measures for prevention of smartphone overuse.

The Prague Nuncios and Their Relationship to Non-Catholics at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries

In the second half of the sixteenth century, Emperor Rudolf II moved the imperial court to Prague, thus transforming the city into a centre of international diplomacy and the seat of representatives of various powers. Among these were permanent papal nuncios appointed to the imperial court to act on behalf of the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and the sovereign ruler of the Papal States. During their long and continuous presence in the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia, nuncios were constantly reminded of the predominantly non-Catholic character of the city, where, moreover, one of the confessions even enjoyed full legal protection of the state. Based on correspondence of the nunciature and other related sources within the context of the development of the Czech lands, the study analyses the ways in which these papal diplomats reflected their immediate surroundings with respect to confessional differences. Primarily, however, it examines whether or not there were certain acceptable attitudes towards non-Catholics and to what degree it was possible to maintain contacts with them. Contrarily, it also identifies areas of their diplomatic activities in which, on principle, confessional boundaries could not be crossed. The study thus shows that, on the one hand, it was not realistically possible to eliminate contacts with non-Catholics altogether, and in some cases negotiations with them were even considered necessary, important or at least acceptable. On the other hand, we have witnessed efforts to clearly define and separate oneself from different confessional trends and their adherents, especially if the surrounding society could possibly interpret the contacts in an incorrect or inappropriate way, thus jeopardizing the credibility of the papal nuncio’s position as the pope’s diplomatic representative.

Using a Computer-Based Virtual Environment to Assess Social Cognition in Aging: An Exploratory Study of the REALSoCog Task.

Although previous studies have suggested that some component processes of social cognition decline in normal aging, several methodological limitations can be pointed out. Traditional sociocognitive tasks assess processes separately and lack ecological validity. In the present study, the main aim was to propose an integrative social cognition assessment in normal aging using an original computer-based task developed in non-immersive virtual reality. Forty-five young adults (YA) and 50 older adults (OA) were asked to navigate in a simulated city environment and to judge several situations that they encountered. These situations investigated social norms by displaying control or (conventional/moral) transgressions. Following each situation, the participants were asked several questions in order to assess their ability to make moral judgments, affective and cognitive theory of mind, emotional reactivity and empathy, and the propensity to act in a socially appropriate or inappropriate way. The main results showed (i) a preserved ability to detect moral and conventional transgressions with advancing age; (ii) participants’ preserved cognitive ToM abilities; (iii) an age-related decline in affective ToM, that disappeared when the victim was a senior; (iv) preserved emotional reactivity and emotional empathy in normal aging; (v) an increase in inappropriate behavioral intentions in normal aging. Offering more naturalistic conditions, this new task is an interesting integrative measure of sociocognitive functioning to better reflect social behavior in daily living.

The new approach of the production technique of discontinuous Cu-C composite

The samples of the Cu-C composite were produced by two different techniques: (i) the sintering of powders, and (ii) the internal carbonisation of rapidly solidified pure copper. The aim of the present research was to produce a discontinuous Cu-C composite with the submicron dispersion of graphite particles. The results of our microstructural investigation show that the use of the mechanical alloying and sintering of consolidated powders is an inappropriate way to achieve a submicron dispersion of the graphite particles. On the other hand, the combination of rapid solidification and internal carbonisation was found to be an efficient technique to obtain the requested microstructure.