Inappropriate Manner Research Articles

Proposal on ELBE and LGD In-Default: Tackling Capital Requirements after the Financial Crisis

Following the financial crisis, the share of non-performing loans has significantly increased, while the regulatory guidelines on the Internal-Ratings Based (IRB) approach for capital adequacy calculation related to defaulted exposures remains too general. As a result, the high-risk nature of these portfolios is clearly in danger of being managed in a heterogeneous and inappropriate manner by those financial institutions permitted to use the IRB system, with the consequent undue variability of Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA). This paper presents a proposal to construct Advanced IRB models for defaulted exposures, in line with current regulations, that preserve the risk sensitivity of capital requirements. To do so, both parameters Expected Loss Best Estimate (ELBE) and Loss Given Default (LGD) in-default are obtained, backed by an innovative indicator (Mixed Adjustment Indicator) that is introduced to ensure an appropriate estimation of expected and unexpected losses. The methodology presented has low complexity and is easily applied to the databases commonly used at these institutions, as illustrated by two examples. JEL Classification: C51, G21, G28, G32

Humor in Advertising

Creating good advertising message is very important segment in the promotion of a company. Companies use different advertising appeals to encourage consumers to buy products and services. Humor is one of those advertising appeals. The first task of humor is to attract the consumers’ attention through an interesting, entertaining, provocative, unexpected, sudden and memorable message. Humor aims to help consumers in decision-buying process. However, humor can cause negative side effects if it insults, is used in inappropriate manner or is too excessive. Recent studies show that companies are successful if they use “intelligent” humor that is related to the products’ nature and function. The purpose of this paper is to present the attitude of consumers towards the humorous advertisements and to explore the concept and usage of humor in advertising to find out its impact on consumer’s purchase decision.

The Griffiths Question Map: A Forensic Tool For Expert Witnesses’ Assessments of Witnesses and Victims’ Statements

Expert witnesses are sometimes asked to assess the reliability of young witnesses and victims' statements because of their high susceptibility to memory biases. This technical note aims to highlight the relevance of the Griffiths Question Map (GQM) as a professional forensic tool to improve expert witnesses' assessments of young witnesses and victims' testimonies. To do so, this innovative question type assessment grid was used to proceed to an in-depth analysis of the interview of an alleged 13-year-old victim of a sexual assault and two rapes. Overall, the GQM stressed how the interview was mainly conducted in an inappropriate manner. The results are examined with regard to scientific knowledge on young witnesses and victims' memory. Finally, it is argued that expert witnesses in inquisitorial systems might use the GQM while encountering difficulties to fulfill the legal standards for expert evidence in adversarial systems because of the lack of studies regarding its reliability.

Ciprofloxacin Use in Hospitalized Children: Approved or Off-label?

Objective:Fluoroquinolones are not routinely used as the first-line antimicrobial therapy in pediatrics. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved fluoroquinolones on certain indications in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate to what extent and how ciprofloxacin is used on approved indication or as off-label. Besides, dose adequacy and treatment duration were assessed.Methods:In a 10-month observational study, all children receiving systemic ciprofloxacin were assessed. We classified ciprofloxacin prescription to an AAP/FDA or off-label indication. The off-label prescriptions were further categorized to justified and unjustified therapy subgroups. The AAP/FDA category and the justified subgroup constituted the appropriate prescriptions.Findings:During the study period, 32 patients were prescribed ciprofloxacin. In general, 37% (12) of prescriptions determined to be appropriate. Of the appropriate prescriptions, 7 were AAP/FDA-approved indications. Children with Crohn's disease with abdominal abscess and children with infectious bloody diarrhea constituted the off-label; justified therapy subgroup. Unjustified prescriptions mainly occurred in the presence of a suitable alternative antibiotic for ciprofloxacin. Mean ± SD of ciprofloxacin dose (mg/kg/day) and duration (days) were 21.25 ± 6.35 and 13.56 ± 8.48, respectively. Of the appropriate prescriptions, 41% were underdosed. Underdosing was more encountered in patients with cystic fibrosis. Duration of treatment of the appropriate prescriptions was determined to be appropriate.Conclusion:The majority of children were receiving ciprofloxacin off-label and in an inappropriate manner. This issue emphasizes that antimicrobial stewardship program on ciprofloxacin use in pediatric hospitals should be implemented. Further studies evaluating clinical and microbiological outcomes of these programs in children are needed.

ENGLISH

Quality and degradation of education affects more on upcoming youth consequently society as well on nation. Overall these consequences are come in to existing from childhood, thus new generation become inactive and unworthy. All this happen due to education system and inappropriate selection of school for their child. Parents are also not aware about that where and in which school they have to be admitting their child. In India, more than 50% parents admitted their child in nearest school, according to their availability of school. Every year hundreds of people shift their geographical location for their child education and by other service issue too. In India, thousands of parents are worrying about their child education. It is very crucial to have an application to guide and to determine that where to take admission for their child. School mapping may help to such users to determine suitable school and their requirements and priority. Schools in India are located and spread in inappropriate manner by breaking the rules of education board. So, to avoid future conflicts in new establishments of schools and proper management school mapping is an important issue for analysis to Govt. body of education. Mapping of schools according to geographical location GIS plays an important role. This paper gives peoples to an idea to choose best school around the area within the range, which is helpful for society to increase the education standard as well as to make appropriate choices accordingly.

The Metaphors of Causation or a Conflict of Concepts in International Criminal Justice

This draft paper addresses the problematic relationship between the concept of causation and the use of tropes, that is, metaphors, metonymies and other figures of speech in international criminal trials and jurisprudence. The use of metaphors, for instance, shows that specific instruments of language can be employed in an inappropriate manner as part of the process of analytical and deliberative reasoning. Based on specific legal requirements, such as those found in speech-related crimes, metaphors used in judgments do not clarify or explain the various forms of causal relations between the evidence and the criminal acts. As a matter of fact, the use of metaphors, as found in judicial records, only indicates an evidentiary and logical vacuum in legal analysis and deliberations. This author demonstrates that the currently available jurisprudence and trial records of the International Military Tribunal (IMT), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), all testify to that effect. The analytical models presented in this working paper, based on both theory and practice in international criminal trials, offer a novel step toward an improved, philosophical and pronouncedly cognitive scientific interpretation of the forms of evidence involving the element of causation in primarily speech-related international criminal cases.

Effect of Methylphenidate on Impulsivity in a Child with Pica and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

"Effect of Methylphenidate on Impulsivity in a Child with Pica and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(1), pp. 87–88Keywords: picaADHDchildmethylphenidate

Utilization of Medicines Available at Home by General Population of Rural and Urban Set Up of Western India.

In India, medicines are procured with prescription or without prescription by patients, which are kept at home and often are utilized in inappropriate manner. It may remain unused, get expired or may be repeated in the way of self medication. So there remains an increase chance of self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. This study was aimed to explore the utilization pattern of medicines available at home with special attention to the types of medicine (with or without prescription) and their appropriate utilization (dosage compliance) and intended self-medication. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat, India during the year 2012- 2014 after Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) approval. Data were collected from 800 houses, 400 each from urban and rural areas and then analysed for the details of medicines available in the house as: (i) number of homes having medicines; (ii) number of formulations with and without prescriptions; (iii) number of formulations with package inserts & expired formulations; (iv) Dosage forms of medicines; (v) pharmacological class wise distribution of medicines; (vi) status of the medicine use whether for current use, future use or leftover; and (vii) Appropriateness of medicines with and without prescription in relation to dose and duration of treatment. Medicines were available in 93.75% houses. More medicine formulations (16.76%) were found without prescription in urban area than in rural (11.82%). Highest number of dosage forms found, were that of tablets (62%). Among the prescribed medicines, majority of medicines were from cardiovascular disease (19.88%) and from without prescription medicines, Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) were the major group available at houses (35.13%). The leftover medicines with prescription were 20.39% and without prescription medicines were 13.37%. Appropriate dose and duration of medicines were followed more significantly by urban people than the rural. Only 2.91% medicines were found along with package inserts and 2.94% crossed the expiry dates. The evaluation of utilization of medicines, in urban and rural population describes high drug storage, higher leftover medicines and inappropriate use of medicines and many self medicated by patients which suggests the need to educate the patients about proper and rational use of medicines.

Optimising methods for the preservation, capture and identification of ubiquitin chains and ubiquitylated proteins by immunoblotting

Immunoblotting is a powerful technique for the semi-quantitative analysis of ubiquitylation events, and remains the most commonly used method to study this process due to its high specificity, speed, sensitivity and relatively low cost. However, the ubiquitylation of proteins is complex and, when the analysis is performed in an inappropriate manner, it can lead to the misinterpretation of results and to erroneous conclusions being reached. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods currently in use to analyse ubiquitin chains and protein ubiquitylation, and describe the procedures that we have found to be most useful for optimising the quality and reliability of the data that we have generated. We also highlight commonly encountered problems and the pitfalls inherent in some of these methods. Finally, we introduce a set of recommendations to help researchers obtain high quality data, especially those new to the field of ubiquitin signalling. The specific topics addressed in this article include sample preparation, the separation, detection and identification of particular ubiquitin chains by immunoblotting, and the analysis of ubiquitin chain topology through the combined use of ubiquitin-binding proteins and ubiquitin linkage-specific deubiquitylases.

Association between bag weight, carrying style and low back pain and spinal curvatures among school children in Ablekuma South

Background:Carrying school bags forms part of the daily routine of school children in the Accra Metropolis. Carrying of these heavy school bags especially in an inappropriate manner has been found to have negative musculoskeletal effects on developing children. Ascertaining the direct and indirect effects of the weight and way of carriage of school bags on school children could save the child the trouble of possible secondary effects such as scoliosis, kyphosis and even chronic pain. It also creates awareness for parents, teachers and all others who are directly or indirectly involved in the welfare of the developing child. Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the association between school bag weights, style of carrying and the deviations in the frontal and sagittal curvature and selfreported low back pain among school children. Methods:School childrenwere selected from 20 different public and private schools in Ablekuma South district of the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. A weighing scale was used to measure the weight of the participants and the school bags separately. The vertical inelastic plumbline was then used to screen the sagittal and frontal spinal curvatures and the backpack questionnaire was also used to obtain data on selfreported low back pain. One-way ANOVA and Chi-Square was used to analyze the data obtained using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 624 participants were recruited for this cross sectional study. Of this, 90.2% used backpacks as bags for transporting school items. Furthermore, 54.7% of private school participants reported that their bags were heavy, whilst 59.6% of their counterparts in public schools reported same. There was a significant association between carrying style and sagittal (p= 0.003) and frontal (p= 0.005) curvatures respectively but not low back pain (p= 0.926). The weights of the bags also had a significant association with sagittal curvature (p< 0.0001) but no association was reported for the frontal curvature (p= 0.784) as well as low back pain (p= 0.914). Conclusion(s): A few backpacks had the correct features of an ideal bag for school children. This study also revealed that deviations in the spinal curvature were as a result of carrying style. The carrying style and weights of the school bags did not account for their low back pain. Many children however complained of pain in others areas besides their lower back, hence further studies is recommended to ascertain the veracity of such occurrences. Implications: The findings of this study serve as a basis for education on proper school bag ergonomics among school children. The Ministry of Education in collaboration with Ghana Education Service may use findings to formulate and implement policies regarding the appropriate school bag and the minimum weight school children could carry to school.

#Schizophrenia: Use and misuse on Twitter

BackgroundThe role and prevention of stigma in mental illness is an area of evolving research. AimsThe present study is the first to examine the use and misuse of the word ‘schizophrenia’ on Twitter.com in comparison with another illness (diabetes) by analyzing Tweets that use the adjective and noun forms of schizophrenia and diabetes. MethodTweets containing one of four search terms (#schizophrenia, #schizophrenic, #diabetes, #diabetic) were collected over a forty-day time period. After establishing inter-rater reliability, Tweets were rated along three dimensions: medical appropriateness, negativity, and sarcasm. Chi square tests were conducted to examine differences in the distributions of each parameter across illnesses and across each word form (noun versus adjective). ResultsSignificant differences were seen between the two illnesses (i.e., among “schizophrenia”, “schizophrenic”, “diabetes”, and “diabetic”) along each parameter. Tweets about schizophrenia were more likely to be negative, medically inappropriate, sarcastic, and used non-medically. The adjective (“schizophrenic”) was more often negative, medically inappropriate, sarcastic, and used non-medically than the noun “schizophrenia.” Schizophrenia tweets were more likely to be negative and sarcastic when used non-medically and in a medically inappropriate manner. ConclusionsOur findings confirm the presence of a great deal of misuse of the term schizophrenia on Twitter, and that this misuse is considerably more pronounced by the adjectival use of the illness. These findings have considerable implications for efforts to combat stigma, particularly for youth anti-stigma efforts.

Technique evolvement and improvement for better fracture characterization using prestack P-wave seismic data

Anisotropic migration has become a routine practice for fracture prediction because of its remarkable capability of suppressing effects of geologic structures while preserving anisotropy induced by fractures. The quality of input seismic gathers is of the first priority among other factors for fracture prediction. Azimuth-sectored migration loses considerable accuracy and reliability because of its coarse and inappropriate manner in dealing with seismic data. A full-azimuth anisotropic migration in surface offset domain provides better efficiency in using data information. Furthermore, full-azimuth anisotropic migration in local angle domain (subsurface angle domain) allows for accurate and reliable exploitation of seismic wavefield information. Finally, influences of the above three anisotropic migration methods on fracture prediction are prescribed with a field example in which validations with formation micro-imager (FMI) information demonstrate that full-azimuth anisotropic migration in local angle domain is the state-of-the-art technique for recovering true properties of subsurface fractures.

Nieważność małżeństwa z tytułu przeszkody węzła małżeńskiego. Analiza przypadku w oparciu o deklarację Sygnatury Apostolskiej z 18 czerwca 1987 r.

According to can. 1085 § 1 Code of Canon Law “A person bound by the bond of a prior marriage, even if it was not consummated, invalidly attempts marriage”. Establish the existence of impediment to the marriage bond, however, requires knowledge of not only the doctrine, but appropriate rules proceedings. The presented study is an analysis of impediment to the marriage bond, made on the basis of the case file for nullity of marriage, which was considered one of the ecclesiastical tribunals in Poland. The foundation of the considerations is the declaration of the Apostolic Signatura dated June 18, 1987, where was defined the manner of proceeding reported in declaring the nullity of marriages successively entered. It is a response to the complaints received this Supreme Tribunal concerning the inappropriate manner of proceeding in the case of declaring the nullity of many marriages which have been successively entered into by the same person.

Prioritization among ethical issues of dental practice in Iran. A modified nominal group study

This study was designed in order to generate a priority list of dentistperceived important ethical issues in dental practice in Iran. A two-stage modified nominal group study was conducted. At first, the main ques tion of the study was presented to 24 dental specialists through direct interview (16) or e-mail (8, response rate was 75%). After analyzing the interview transcripts and email responses, a list of issues was extracted. The list was presented to a nominal group of 10 dental specialists to prioritize ethical issues according to their frequency and ethical signifi cance. Each participant selected and ranked the five most important is sues and then, the sum of ranks for each issue was calculated. The first stage of the study resulted in a list of 26 ethical issues. After grouping and combining related items, the list was condensed into 18 issues. The nominal group session resulted in a prioritised list. The first six issues of the list included: performing procedures without adequate competency, not taking responsibility for one’s errors, over-treatment (or unnecessary treatment), inappropriate manners towards patients, unprofessional discussion of a colleague’s work, and unprincipled behaviors towards disadvantaged patients. Conclusions: The results suggest that the problems occurring in the therapeutic relationship between dentists and their patients are the major ethical issues of dentistry in Iran. Issues such as respecting patient’s autonomy, confidentiality, taking informed consent, third-party issues, and dentists’ duties toward society don’t seem to be considered of high priority by dentists in Iran as a developing country.

Hepatocellular carcinoma and food contamination: Ochratoxin A as a great prompter

Prolonged exposure to mycotoxins in the diet is related to cancer, among other diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 70%-90% of primary liver cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Secondary metabolites, like aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA), produced by some fungi species stocked in an inappropriate manner are considered an important way to increase HCC incidence. Future epidemiologic studies of HCC should focus on good practices in food preparation, food storage and the consumption of OTA-containing foods.

The Effect of the Social Mismatch between Staff Auditors and Client Management on the Collection of Audit Evidence

ABSTRACT: This study provides both survey and experimental evidence to consider how social interactions between staff-level auditors and client management may affect staff auditors' perceptions and influence their decisions regarding the collection of audit evidence. During fieldwork, staff-level auditors have extensive interaction with client management. Survey evidence suggests that these staff-level auditors are often “mismatched” with client management, in terms of their experience, age, and accounting knowledge. Experimental results indicate that staff-level auditors may reduce the extent to which they collect evidence to avoid these interactions. Finally, the use of email communication with client management helped to mitigate the reduction in evidence collected caused by avoiding in-person interactions. Interestingly, when not collecting all the evidence, approximately half of the participants documented their findings in a vague or inappropriate manner, which would likely reduce the likelihood that reviewing auditors would identify a problem. Given the extent of audit evidence collected by young staff auditors, these findings have direct implications for workpaper and audit quality. Data Availability: Data and materials used in this study are available upon request.

Getting Caught in the Legal Net of Social Networking

To some nurses of a certain age and/or aptitude, terms such as Twitter, blog, and Facebook are part of their native tongue. For others, these terms are part of a foreign language that they struggle to comprehend. However, no matter how familiar or foreign the Internet and social networking sites are for nurses, many are making bad professional judgment calls that are leading to termination from employment, discipline by their licensing boards, and even embarrassment in the witness seats at trials. There are several common legal complaints that may be made against a nurse who uses social networking sites in an inappropriate manner. These include defamation, violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and violation of a state’s nursing practice act or a licensing board’s rules or regulations. Whereas many employers now have policies and procedures to guide their nurse employees as to what the employer considers acceptable use of social networking and the Internet in the workplace, these policies can vary widely as to what is viewed as appropriate. In one facility, a nurse-employee may be instructed that while at work he/she may not have any access to his/her personal smartphone, at another facility the proscription may only involve not using personal phones while at the patient’s bedside or in the patient’s room. Similarly, Internet access may be very restricted for employees in one facility and virtually without restriction at another facility.

The androgenic anabolic steroid tetrahydrogestrinone produces dioxin-like effects via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

For a long time, athletes have used androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) in an inappropriate and veiled manner with the aim of improving exercise performance or for cosmetic purposes. Abuse of AASs triggers adverse effects such as hepatocarcinogenesis, heart attacks, and aggressive behavior. However, AAS-induced toxicity is not completely understood at the molecular level. In the present study, we showed, by performing a dioxin response element (DRE)-luciferase reporter gene assay, that tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), a popular and potent androgen receptor agonist, has dioxin-like effects. In addition, we showed that THG increased cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) mRNA and protein levels, and enzyme activity. The gene encoding CYP1A1 is involved in phase 1 xenobiotic metabolism and a target gene of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Using the AhR antagonist CH-223191, we also examined whether the effects of THG on DRE activation depended on AhR. Our results suggest that synthetic anabolic steroids may have dioxin-like side effects that can disturb endocrine systems and may cause other side effects including cancer through AhR.

Environmental Assessment: Land Use and Conservation of Natural Resources

A considerable number of studies to evaluate the land use capacity and conservation of natural resources from integration methods for spatial data have shown the importance of integrated knowledge about the biophysical environment to enable land use planning coherent with the natural potential of the ecosystems. The purpose of the research was defined conservation areas and areas for agriculture and livestock, by investigating the land use capacity through the use of geographical information system and remote sensing. The results of the research show that more than 40% of the Capivara watershed is under conflict over land use based on land use capacity and Brazilian environmental law. Consequences of this inappropriate manner of management are observed in the number of erosions, streams becoming wide and shallow, flood peaks and the confinement of wildlife to a few fragments of native vegetation.

Patient autonomy and choice in healthcare: self-testing devices as a case in point

This paper aims to critique the phenomenon of advanced patient autonomy and choice in healthcare within the specific context of self-testing devices. A growing number of self-testing medical devices are currently available for home use. The premise underpinning many of these devices is that they assist individuals to be more autonomous in the assessment and management of their health. Increased patient autonomy is assumed to be a good thing. We take issue with this assumption and argue that self-testing provides a specific example how increased patient autonomy and choice within healthcare might not best serve the patient population. We propose that current interpretations of autonomy in healthcare are based on negative accounts of liberty to the detriment of a more relational understanding. We also propose that Kantian philosophy is often applied to the healthcare arena in an inappropriate manner. We draw on the philosophical literature and examples from the self-testing process to support these claims. We conclude by offering an alternative account of autonomy based on the interrelated concepts of relationality, care and responsibility.