Inadequate Funding Research Articles

Higher Education Reforms under NEP 2020: Opportunities and Challenges

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduces comprehensive reforms in India's higher education sector to foster holistic development and global competitiveness. The policy emphasizes multidisciplinary education, flexible curricula, and integration of technology, aiming to create well-rounded individuals equipped with 21st-century skills. Key opportunities include the promotion of research, increased vocational training, and enhanced international collaboration. However, challenges such as implementation complexities, inadequate funding, and resistance to change pose significant hurdles. The success of NEP 2020 relies on effective collaboration among government bodies, educational institutions, and stakeholders to address these issues. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for transforming India's higher education landscape, ensuring accessibility, equity, and quality for all.

РОЛЬ ДОРАДЧИХ ОРГАНІВ У РОЗВИТКУ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ОСВІТИ

The relevance of the article is driven by the need to develop vocational education and adapt it to rapid changes in the labor market and technological innovations. Advisory bodies play a crucial role in this process by facilitating the integration of vocational education with economic demands. They ensure that educational programs align with contemporary professional standards and support the introduction of new technologies and teaching methodologies. Engaging representatives from business and civil society in advisory bodies expands the practical components of vocational training. Moreover, advisory bodies initiate innovative projects that enhance the competitiveness of vocational education graduates in the labor market. This synergy improves the quality of vocational training for future skilled workers, aligning it with employers' requirements. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the role of advisory bodies in the development of vocational education and their impact on improving the quality of skilled workforce training in line with the demands of the modern labor market. Research methods. The study employed an analysis of scientific literature and regulatory documents governing the activities of advisory bodies to examine them as an integral part of the vocational education system. A comparative method was used to analyze international experiences and documents outlining the role of advisory bodies in the development of educational programs and curricula to meet labor market needs. The interpretative method facilitated the formulation of conclusions and recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of advisory bodies in advancing vocational education. Results. The study investigated key advisory bodies influencing the development and quality assurance of vocational education, substantiating their main functions (consultative, expert-analytical, coordination, informational-educational, monitoring, and evaluation). It clarified the composition and purposes of participation in such bodies, characterized the primary challenges they face, and formulated recommendations to improve their effectiveness. Conclusions. Advisory bodies play a pivotal role in establishing connections between vocational education institutions, the labor market, governmental structures, and public organizations. Their main functions include analyzing economic trends, developing recommendations for modernizing vocational education content, participating in the formation of strategies and policies, fostering democratization in decision-making, adapting vocational education to current economic challenges, and integrating it into the international educational space. The influence of advisory bodies is determined by broad representation of various stakeholder groups, their authority, and experience in workforce training. Through their activities, graduates of vocational education institutions acquire competitive skills aligned with the needs of the modern labor market. Particular emphasis is placed on partnerships with businesses, ensuring the integration of practical experience into the educational process and promoting the development of dual education models. However, advisory bodies also face challenges, such as limited resources, inadequate funding, legal uncertainties, and weak communication among partnership participants. Improving their organization requires more precise definitions of their status, powers, and mechanisms of interaction with other educational process participants, enhanced funding, diversified formats of work, increased participation in international projects, and digitalization of communication processes.

Financing practices of labeled startups

The research investigates the formal and informal financing practices utilized by labeled startups in Algeria, emphasizing their essential role in economic development. Despite the recent dynamism observed in the Algerian startup ecosystem, these enterprises face substantial growth challenges due to limited access to financing, a critical factor for their success. To address this issue, a study was conducted involving 129 owners of labeled startups as of June 2023, employing a questionnaire for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. The findings confirm the prevalence of personal financing/love money as the dominant source of funding, with venture capital also identified as a significant financing method. Additionally, 28% of startups resorted to informal financing practices due to inadequate bank financing and difficulties in accessing other funding sources. The study also reveals that support structures have no significant impact on startup financing. This research provides valuable insights into the financing challenges faced by labeled startups and offers directions for future, more comprehensive research.

The quest of fiscal autonomy for judicial independence: the case of the Nigerian judiciary and its challenges

ABSTRACT The executive arm of the government in Nigeria has been underfunding the judiciary due to its lack of fiscal (financial) autonomy. However, despite the Nigerian judiciary being granted fiscal self-autonomy by the court in 2014, it continues to fall short of one of the main criteria for judicial independence due to inadequate budgetary support. Thus, the article examines the judiciary’s independence and its challenges from poor funding. It employs a qualitative methodology and desk research sources to examine several provisions of the Nigerian constitution, analyze the practicalities of fiscal autonomy from a comparative perspective between Nigeria and other countries, and determine the inadequate funding of the Nigerian judiciary by placing its percentage of budgetary allocation against the nation’s total annual budget over the years. The article suggests the need for implementation structures of fiscal autonomy involving a time frame of budgetary allocation directly to the judiciary to assure its independence and efficient funding for the provision of court services.

Issues in the Adoption of Land Administration Domain Model in a Developing Country

Land administration systems globally are transitioning to the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) as a flexible, interoperable framework for standardizing procedures and strengthening land governance. However, developing countries face unique adoption challenges due to institutional deficiencies, outdated land laws, and lack of technical resources. This study empirically diagnoses barriers to LADM implementation in Anambra State, Nigeria through a mixed methods case study approach. A literature review and semi-structured questionnaires with 384 stakeholders were conducted to identify institutional, legal and technical issues. Quantitative data analysis was conducted using Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results indicate major institutional barriers include limited inter-agency coordination, inadequate funding and capacity constraints. Key legal issues are inconsistencies between statutory and customary land rights recognition. Foremost technical challenges are outdated paper records and lack of power and digitized infrastructure. The study offers empirically-grounded recommendations prioritizing legal harmonization, targeted capacity building, infrastructure upgrades and coordinated implementation. Findings advance theoretical understanding of LADM adoption in diverse contexts while informing land policy and targeted reforms. With strategic mitigation of barriers identified, Anambra can optimize capabilities applying flexible, rights-based international standards to strengthen land governance.

Health Workers Perceived Hindrances to Implementation of National Programme on Immunization among People in Kwara State, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Childhood preventable illnesses that cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria include poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, measles, and hepatitis. Some factors prevent the effective implementation of the national immunization program among Kwara State residents, despite numerous interventions aimed at preventing them through routine immunization. This study investigated inadequate funding, lack of community involvement, and low public awareness as factors that prevented the implementation of the Kwara State’s national immunization program. Methods: A descriptive survey research design with 460 respondents was used in this study. Results: The results showed inadequate funding, low community involvement, and low public awareness impede the successful execution of the national immunization program in Kwara State, Nigeria. Conclusion: In Kwara State, Nigeria, inadequate funding, lack of community involvement, and lack of public awareness impede successful execution of the national immunization program.

Addressing urban social and spatial stratification: testing the potential for integration of public housing

The legacy of public housing in the American city is dominated by a condition of social and spatial stratification. In New York City, inadequate funding exacerbates the conditions of isolated public housing residents, raising questions about the stability and sustainability of public housing. At a time when a severe housing crisis is impacting on the affordability of and access to urban housing generally, addressing this legacy of public housing can be the impetus for a long-term vision that integrates public housing into the fabric of the city, providing new housing options for public housing residents while merging them into mixed-income neighbourhoods with redefined public spaces and increased services and amenities. This approach to a long-term vision, built around high-density mid-rise development, contrasts with the incremental approach currently expedient due to the social and political climate surrounding public housing. However, current resistance to an aggressive strategy belies another part of the legacy of public housing: the major demolition of city streets and blocks that made possible the anti-urban planning that undergirds this isolation and stratification. Empirical evidence supports urban design that builds on the nineteenth-century city’s urban form of small blocks and active streets as the foundation for vital urban neighbourhoods. This study of the political and urban design efforts to address the severe challenges facing public housing tests the potential for a path, when the political and social climate allows, for an aggressive strategy to preserve public housing that centres on social and spatial integration.

Assessing Barriers to Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has greatly increased. Previously dominated by infectious diseases, LMICs are the new epicentre of CVDs. CVD is a common problem amongst the population in theAfrican continent; however, many countries in LMICs lack the resources to stem the rise of CVDs. A systematic review was conducted between March and July 2023 to assess barriers to the primary prevention of CVDs in studies conducted in LMICs. Online databases, such as Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and MEDLINE, were consulted. Keywords included primary prevention, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, weight loss, and physical fitness, all of which focused on LMICs. To enrich the literature review, efforts were made to check other listed references and more papers were retrieved. The inclusion criteria were countries in LMICs, CVD, full-text, and peer-reviewed journals. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included. Exclusion criteria included high-income countries, secondary prevention, and research unrelated to CVDs, such as barriers in oncology or mental health. A total of 1089 papers were retrieved from the search engines. After applying the exclusion criteria for LMICs, only 186 papers were retained. A further search for quality, relevance, and duplicity reduced the qualifying number to 50 papers. Further efforts to retrieve the data and examine the quality of the studies resulted in 18 final selected studies. Three categories emerged based on the type of barriers: physician barriers, patient barriers, and health system barriers. Evidently, in several LMICs, guidelines for CVD prevention were lacking, and too much emphasis was placed on secondary prevention at the expense of primary prevention, a lack of human resources, and inadequate infrastructure. Overworked healthcare providers were unable to allocate adequate time to the patients. There was no shared decision-making process. Patient barriers included lack of motivation, no symptoms, low level of education, no insurance, long physical distances to the facilities, and inadequate medicationor stock out. Some of the major barriers included closing and opening hours, poor operating space, inadequate funding from the government or donors, and lack of electronic medical services. There are many barriers to accessing primary prevention services for CVDs. These barriers can be divided into patient, physician, or health system barriers. More research needs to be conducted in LMICs to address the increasing risk factors for CVDs. Greater investment is required by national governments to provide more resources. Task shifting and shared decision-making are some of the quick wins.

Operation and Maintenance Challenges in Building Life Cycle Management: A Literature Review with Insights from Nigeria

Building life cycle management is crucial for ensuring the longevity and efficiency of buildings. However, operation and maintenance challenges hinder the effective management of buildings, leading to dilapidation and reduced lifespan. This literature review explores the reasons for building dilapidation, the impact of professionalism and finance on building life cycle, and the essential aspects of operations and maintenance. The study reveals that poor maintenance, lack of professionalism, and inadequate funding are significant contributors to building dilapidation. Furthermore, effective operations and maintenance involve regular inspections, preventive maintenance, and timely repairs. The findings have implications for building managers, policymakers, and stakeholders in the Nigerian building industry.

EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTENSION SERVICES AMONG ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN ITU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

This study assessed the effectiveness of extension services, among arable crop farmers in Itu Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The specific objectives included the determination of the socio-economic characteristics of the arable crop farmers, identifying the farmers' sources of information on improved arable crop production, determination of the farm practices adopted by the arable crop farmers; and identification of factors which limit effective adoption of agricultural extension services towards the improvement of practices by arable crop farmers. Data were obtained from primary sources. A random sampling technique was used in the selection of farmers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for analysis. Findings had it that 16.7 percent of the respondents were less than 20 years, and the mean age was 42. Also, 34.2 percent of the respondents were male while 65.8 percent were female. Again, 8.3 percent of the respondents had no formal education, 32.5 percent attended primary school, and most of the respondents were literates as shown by 50percent that had attended secondary school, 9.2 percents attended tertiary. The available information sources to the farmers in the study area were, radio and television with mean score of 3.0 each, neighbours 2.80, co farmers (3.0), cooperative meetings and extension agents with mean scores of 2.0 each. Above all, internet and town hall meetings were not available for the farmers. The adopted practices by farmers in the study area were, regular weeding (3.5), proper harvesting (3.3), mixed Cropping (3.2), mulching (3.1), bush fallowing (3.1), sole (2.9), mixed farming (2.7) and regular pest and diseases control (2.7). The services rendered by the extension agents in the study area was moderately effectiveness. The constraints faced by the farmers were marketing challenges, lack of coordination among agents, poor infrastructure, inadequate and irregular funding, inadequate and poor quality of staff, poor targeting of vulnerable groups and top-down approach. From the afore-going, it is pertinent to recommend that, farmers should be encouraged through adequate training, with increased incentives to extension agents, coupled with budgetary supervisions to ensure effective extension service delivery to the arable crop farmers in the study area.

Information and Communication Technology Usage in School Management: A Case of Selected Hwange District Schools in Matabeleland North Province, Zimbabwe

Apart from the fundamental function of teaching and learning, schools also ensure the realisation of the institutions' aims and vision. This is possible through use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which has been identified as an essential global phenomenon for efficient and effective schools. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine usage of ICT in school management in Hwange District. A qualitative approach driven by the interpretivism paradigm was adopted. A case study design focusing on selected schools was employed. Thematically analysed data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Findings indicated that the selected school heads mainly used ICT platforms such as WhatsApp, emails and printed documents for communication. Parents, through School Development Committee, provided internet connectivity for easy communication while the school heads used their personal smart phones. The study found that school heads faced various hurdles in using ICT in their management duties. These challenges included lack of resources, inadequate knowledge and skills to use ICT tools, work overload, inadequate funds to acquire ICT hardware and software equipment, lack of appropriate ICT infrastructure, limited internet access and sporadic power supplies. Despite the difficulties encountered, the study concluded that there were visible pockets of good practices in the use of ICT by selected school heads. The study recommended that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education should capacitate school heads through ICT training. This will result in efficiency and effectiveness of school heads in execution of their management functions.

Causes of Deterioration of Elementary Education and Potential Solutions

This research study aimed to find out the causes of the deterioration of elementary education and potential solutions perceived by teachers. The major objective of this study was to examine the causes of deterioration in elementary education and potential solutions perceived by teachers. All male and female elementary teachers in both public and private schools in the district Muzaffargarh were the population. The sample consisted of 274 school teachers (150 male and 124 female), who were selected through a stratified sampling technique. For data collection, a 40-item self-structured questionnaire was designed for teachers. Findings showed that causes of deterioration of Elementary education as perceived by teachers include insufficient resources, inadequate funding, large class sizes, lack of teacher training, outdated curriculum, and lack of parental involvement. The solutions included increased funding for education, reducing class sizes, providing opportunities for professional development for teachers, updating the curriculum to be more relevant and engaging, improving access to resources and technology, parental involvement, and fostering stronger collaboration between teachers, parents, and administration.

AN INVESTIGATION ON TRANSFORMING PAKISTAN'S EDUCATION SYSTEM: A PATH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The education system in Pakistan has not been able to cater for the needs of its immense population. Through interviews with the national and state stakeholders, this study examines current efforts to reform system-building in place including unique successes and challenges encountered along the way as well as lessons learned for policy going forward. The research offers a consideration of current state and initiatives within educational reform, providing prospects for sustainable development in education. Curriculum improvement, teacher training policies & infrastructure building are some of notable attainments. Yet, enduring problems like inadequate funding, political instability and cultural resistance continue to slow advancements. The cartoon from my name is forgetful recommends cooperative approach involving all stakeholders along with the greater investment in education if long-term success and equity are to be assured for Pakistan's education system. In this linking, findings indicates that persistent effort of financial improvement should be perpetuated, ensuring cooperation and an equity-oriented approach must be continued to bring desired change towards an appropriate way.

Delivery of Mental Health Services in Bhutan: Challenges and Way Forward

ABSTRACTBhutan is known for its developmental philosophy of Gross National Happiness. Bhutan introduced mental health services in 1997 with the launch of Mental Health Program. Mental health includes psychological, emotional, and social well‐being. The Department of Psychiatry, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in the capital city Thimphu is the only psychiatric unit providing specialized mental health services in Bhutan. The psychiatric unit consists of multidisciplinary team rendering both out‐ and in‐patient mental health services. However, mental health services were gradually integrated in district hospitals, Primary Healthcare Centres and in schools. Although mental health services are an essential component of the healthcare system, the system faces numerous difficulties. Inaccessibility to mental health services due to geographical location and inadequate mental health professionals poses challenges in addressing mental health issues. Mental health issues are perceived differently, and the people with mental health issues often suffer from stigmatization creating barriers in seeking mental health services. Therefore, misconception and stigma associated to mental illness also cause greater challenges in delivering mental health services. Mental health funding has been substantially lower than the World Health Organization recommended mental health budget, amounting to 1% of health budget. Inadequate mental health funding remained a serious concern for the last few decades. Adequate mental health funding is vital in expanding the overall Mental Health Program and improving both the quality and quantity of mental health professionals. Additionally, enhancing community mental health initiatives will reinforce mental health services. Furthermore, there is a need for advancements in evidence and mental health research to support evidence‐based practices and enhance mental health literacy.

Geospatial Analysis of Urban Metamorphosis and implication on Development Control in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

Cities in developing countries experience rapid expansion, which has a negative effect on the aesthetic value of the city. This paper thus examined urban metamorphosis and development control with the specific objectives of assessing the physical development between 1986 and 2018 and assessing residents’ perceptions of development control regulation and challenges of development control enforcement as regards to road setbacks in Ile-Ife, Osun State. Landsat images were used to examine changes in the physical development (built-up) in Ile-Ife. A questionnaire and key informant interview were used to examine residents’ perceptions of development control regulation and the challenges of development control enforcement. The result showed that built-up area increased from 2760.05ha (94.81%) between 1986 and 2002 to 6843.41ha (120.67%) between 2002 and 2018, and 9603.46ha (329.87%) between 1986 and 2018. Between 1986 and 2018, a recorded annual magnitude and frequency of 9603.46ha and 600.22 ha were built up. The study revealed that 60% of the informants confirmed that the planning authorities were grappling with inadequate funds and inadequate technical and manpower, which had resulted in their inability to undertake planning activities. The study concluded that rapid development had negatively affected development control in the study area. It is therefore recommended that the government strengthen the planning authority, subsidize the cost of plan approval, and provide easy access to building permits.

The Future of Kidney Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges, Triumphs, and Opportunities.

CKD affects about 850 million people worldwide and is projected to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2040. Individuals from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the bulk of CKD. They face challenges including lack of awareness among the general population, as well as health care providers, unique risk factors such as genetic predispositions, infectious diseases, and environmental toxins, limited availability and affordability of diagnostic tests and medications, and limited access to KRTs. The inadequate health system infrastructure, human resources, and financing mechanisms to support comprehensive and integrated kidney care worsen the situation. Overcoming these challenges needs concerted efforts toward early detection, intervention, and multidisciplinary follow-up, policy, collaboration, advocacy, and financing. To achieve this, there is need for individual governments to include kidney health among the key health priorities and build capacity toward resilient health care systems. Integrating kidney care using the roadmaps of well-established management systems for other chronic diseases, such as HIV, has the potential to expedite the widespread adoption of kidney health. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current state and future prospects of kidney care in LMICs, highlighting the main challenges, ongoing efforts, and opportunities for improvement. We present case studies of exemplary efforts from three continents of the world with the highest densities of LMICs and propose potential strategies for a sustainable solution.

Striving for global excellence in research: challenges in world rankings for Pakistani medical Universities

<p>University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore stands as the sole representative from Punjab province alongside Sindh (Agha Khan Medical University, and Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi) to secure its position among the top 800 medical universities of the world in 2024 QS World Subject Rankings. The absence of most Pakistani medical universities from these rankings underscores a broader issue within the country's higher education system. Factors contributing to this include insufficient research output, lack of international collaboration, inadequate funding, and limited focus on innovation and academic reputation. To address this issue, the research and development (R&D) in medical sciences require substantial investment, which is currently lacking especially within the public sector medical universities. Without significant funding, universities cannot support high-quality research projects or attract top-tier faculty. Secondly, there is a dire need for enhancing the quality and quantity of research publications. Pakistani universities often lag in producing high-impact research papers, a crucial criterion for international rankings. Thirdly, international collaboration and partnerships are limited, reducing the global visibility and impact of Pakistani research. Furthermore, improving the overall academic environment by attracting and retaining high-caliber faculty, modernizing curricula, and fostering a culture of alumni exchange and engagements will contribute to better rankings.</p>

Circular economy integration in traditional business models: Strategies and outcomes

This study embarks on a critical examination of the integration of circular economy (CE) strategies into traditional business models, a pivotal transition in the quest for sustainable development. The purpose of the study is to elucidate the barriers hindering the effective adoption of CE principles and to propose actionable recommendations for overcoming these obstacles. Employing a comprehensive methodological framework, the study synthesizes findings from a broad array of literature, augmented by empirical data, to provide a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities inherent in CE implementation. Key findings reveal that insufficient resources, resistance to change, and the complexity of integrating CE into existing business structures are major impediments. These barriers are dissected to uncover underlying causes, such as inadequate funding, stakeholder inertia, and logistical challenges in material recovery and recycling. The study concludes that addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including the development of unified conceptual frameworks, increased financial and technical support, and enhanced stakeholder engagement. Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of consumer behavior in the success of CE initiatives, advocating for more research into consumer attitudes and the promotion of sustainable consumption practices. The recommendations presented aim to guide businesses and policymakers in fostering an environment conducive to CE, thereby accelerating the transition towards a sustainable and resilient economic model. Keywords: Circular Economy, Business Models, Sustainable Development, Resource Efficiency, Consumer Behavior, Implementation Barriers.

A REVIEW PAPER ON ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF AGE CARE ADMINISTRATION IN MANGALORE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT

The literature review on the efficiency of age care administration in Mangalore highlights current practices, challenges, and cultural influences. It reveals persistent issues like inadequate funding, lack of trained personnel, and cultural insensitivity despite existing innovative efforts. Integrating modern management techniques with traditional caregiving is crucial for improvement. The review calls for comprehensive policy reforms, enhanced caregiver training, and greater community involvement to enhance age care services in Mangalore. This analysis also identifies significant opportunities across management, education, business, real estate, finance, coaching, and social work sectors to contribute to effective age care strategies. KEY WORDS : Age Care Administration, Elderly Care, Cultural Sensitivity, Financial Management in Age Care, Caregiver Training, Policy Impact.

Examining Public Sector Availability and Supply Chain Management Practices for Malaria Commodities: Findings From Northern Nigeria.

Nigeria accounts for substantial proportions of global malaria infections and deaths, with children aged younger than 5 years being the most affected group. This suggests that access to lifesaving malaria interventions could be suboptimal, especially at public health facilities where most rural dwellers seek health care. We conducted this study to ascertain if public health facilities have the commodities and the robust supply chain management (SCM) system required to deliver malaria interventions to children younger than 5 years. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 1,858 health facilities across 7 states in Nigeria. Using structured questionnaires, we assessed the availability of selected malaria commodities required by children aged younger than 5 years. We also interviewed health workers to evaluate other core SCM activities. More than 50% of health facilities in 5 states were stocked out of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs), and stock-out rates for artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) were over 50% for almost all assessed ACTs across all states. The percentage of health facilities that received malaria commodities within the recommended lead time was below average across most states (71%). States with a higher percentage of health workers who were aware of and placed orders following the national reporting timeline and those that delivered commodities to the last mile predominantly through third-party logistics service providers tended to have higher availability of mRDTs and artemether/lumefantrine combinations. The top 2 logistics challenges were insecurity and inadequate funding. The availability of lifesaving malaria commodities across the health facilities visited was suboptimal, possibly due to several SCM challenges. The results from this study underscore the urgent need to implement effective interventions to address the observed gaps. This will contribute to reducing malaria morbidity and mortality among children aged younger than 5 years in Nigeria.