In Vitro Dry Matter Degradability Research Articles

Bioefficiency of microencapsulated hemp leaf phytonutrient-based extracts to enhance in vitro rumen fermentation and mitigate methane production.

The objective was to assess the supplementation with microencapsulation of hemp leaf extract (mHLE) utilized as a rumen enhancer on in vitro rumen fermentation and to enhance the bioavailability of active compounds for antimicrobial action, particularly in protozoa and methanogen populations. The feed treatments were totally randomized in the experimental design, with different levels of mHLE diet supplemented at 0, 4, 6 and 8% of total DM substrate and added to an R:C ratio of 60:40. During fermentation, gas kinetics production, nutrient degradability, ammonia nitrogen concentration, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, methane production, and the microbial population were measured. The supplemented treatment at 6% of total DM substrate affected reductions in gas kinetics, cumulative gas production, and volatile fatty acid profiles, especially the acetate and acetate to propionate ratio. Whereas propionate proportion and total volatile fatty acid concentration were enhanced depending on the increase of nutrients in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) after 12 h of post-fermentation at a R:C ratio of 60:40 (P < 0.05). Consequently, mHLE addition resulted in optimal ruminal pH and increased nutrient degradability, followed by ammonia nitrogen concentrations (P < 0.05), which were enhanced by dominant cellulolytic bacteria, particularly Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, which showed the highest growth rates in the rumen ecology. Therefore, mHLE, a rich phytonutrient feed additive, affected the methanogen population, reduced the calculated methane production and can be a potential supplement in the ruminant diet.

Microencapsulation efficiency of fruit peel phytonutrient-based antimicrobial to mitigate rumen emission using in vitro fermentation technique

This research investigated the protecting properties of polyphenols and flavonoids in phytonutrient pellets formulated from lemongrass powder and mangosteen peel (LEMANGOS pellets) through the microencapsulation and named microencapsulated LEMANGOS (mLEMANGOS). For this purpose, the effects of mLEMANGOS supplementation at various R:C ratios of 60:40 and 20:80 were evaluated and compared with monensin (antibiotic) supplementation under an in vitro study technique. Treatments were randomly assigned in a 2 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design consisting of factors A: R:C ratios (60:40 and 80:20), factor B: mLEMANGOS supplementation (0, 2, 4, and 6% DM), and factor C: monensin supplementation (0 and 20% DM). There was an interaction between the R:C ratio and both mLEMANGOS and monensin supplements on the in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal by-product fermentation, methane production, and rumen microbial population (p < 0.001, 0.01, 0.05). Results indicated that each supplementation influenced the gas production kinetics, while there was decreased cumulative gas production in the mLEMANGOS supplemented. Consequently, the supplemented group buffered ruminal pH and increased the in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations. Moreover, the additional treatment of mLEMANGOS supplementation (6% DM at R:C ratios of 60:40 and 20:80) significantly reduced the number of Methanobacteriales to 53.5% and 50.4% after 24 h, respectively. Results from those supplements can reduce methane production to 99.2% and 97.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. This research suggests that phytonutrient-based antimicrobial in the mLEMANGOS supplement could potentially be used as ruminant feed additives and as antimicrobial substances. HIGHLIGHT Microencapsulated LEMANGOS was formulated by biopolymer using green technique to retain the phytonutrients and their long-term release. The mLEMANGOS supplementation (at 6% of total DM) can be used as a synthetic bio-antibiotic for inhibiting methanogens-archaea population. The mLEMANGOS supplementation (at 6% of total DM) can enhance rumen nutrients degradability, ruminal end-products, and mitigate methane production.

Combination effects of phytonutrient pellet and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient degradability using in vitro technique.

Phytonutrients (PTN) namely saponins (SP) and condensed tannins (CT) have been demonstrated to assess the effect of rumen fermentation and methane mitigation. Phytonutrient pellet containing mangosteen, rambutan, and banana flower (MARABAC) and lemongrass including PTN, hence these plant-phytonutrients supplementation could be an alternative plant with a positive effect on rumen fermentation. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of MARABAC and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) powder on in vitro fermentation modulation and the ability to mitigate methane production. The treatments were arranged according to a 3 × 3 Factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two experimental factors consisted of MARABAC pellet levels (0%, 1%, and 2% of the total substrate) and lemongrass supplementation levels (0%, 1%, and 2% of the total substrate). The results of this study revealed that supplementation with MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder significantly improved gas production kinetics (P < 0.01) and rumen fermentation end-products especially the propionate production (P < 0.01). While rumen methane production was subsequently reduced by both factors. Additionally, the in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were greatly improved (P < 0.05) by the respective treatments. MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder combination showed effective methane mitigation by enhancing rumen fermentation end-products especially the propionate concentration and both the IVDMD and IVOMD, while mitigated methane production. The combined level of both sources at 2% MARABAC pellet and 2% lemongrass powder of total substrates offered the best results. Therefore, MARABAC pellet and lemongrass powder supplementation could be used as an alternative source of phytonutrient in dietary ruminant.

Harvest age of Urochloa hybrids regarding yield, chemical composition, and in vitro biogas production

Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation, and in vitro biogas production of the Cayman and Cobra cultivars, at different cutting ages.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach: Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM), and cellulose (CEL) were determined at 28, 35, 42, and 49 cutting days. In vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD), pH, and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined during fermentation. The biogas volume was estimated at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours; the volume of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Cobra and Cayman forages was determined at 72 hours. A completely randomized design was used for the experiment.&#x0D; Results: There were no differences (P&gt;0.05) in DM production during the different cutting ages. CP was higher (P&lt;0.05) in both cultivars, at 28 and 35 days after the cutting. The NDF, ADF, HEM, and CEL percentages were different in both cultivars. IVDMD was higher (P&lt;0.05) between day 28 and day 42. Finally, CH4 production was lower (P&lt;0.05) at 28 and 35 days after the cutting.&#x0D; Study Limitations/Implications: The chemical composition of pastures is influenced by climate and, therefore, further analysis must be carried out during different periods or seasons of the year.&#x0D; Findings/Conclusions: The optimal cutting age of the Cobra and Cayman cultivars under drought conditions is between day 28 and day 35 of regrowth. During that period, they have the best chemical and fermentation characteristics.

In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Estimated Utilizable Crude Protein and Metabolizable Energy Values of Grass Silages, Concentrate Feeds and Their Mixtures.

Four formulations of concentrate feeds, three contrasting qualities of grass silages, and mixtures of the silages (55%) and concentrates (45%, dry weight) were tested for in vitro fermentation kinetics, in vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD), utilizable crude protein (uCP), and metabolizable energy (ME) values. The concentrates were pelleted control concentrate for dairy cows (CONT-P); pelleted alkaline concentrate with ammoniated cereal grains (ALKA-P); mash form concentrate with ALKA-P main ingredients but with feed-grade urea and barley replacing ammoniated cereal grain (UREA-M); and mash form of ALKA-P ingredients prior to alkalization (ALKA-M). The grass silages were early cut, late cut, and a mixture (1:1) of early and late cut. The objectives were to test if the feeds differed in the tested parameters within each feed category and assess the modulatory effect of concentrate feeds on the grass silage fermentation characteristics in the mixed diets. No interaction effects of the concentrate feeds by silage quality were observed for the tested parameters in the mixed diets. For concentrates, the pelleted diets were higher (p < 0.05) in IVDMD and molar proportion of propionate but lower in butyrate. The ALKA-P produced the highest estimated uCP (p < 0.01). For silages, uCP, ME, total short-chain fatty acids (VFAs), and molar proportions of propionate and branched-chain VFAs decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing stage of maturity. In conclusion, the ALKA-P could match the CONT-P in uCP and ME values and fermentation characteristics. Results for silages and their mixtures with concentrates highlight the importance of silage quality in dietary energy and protein supply for ruminants.

Effects of Xylanase and Bacterial Inoculants on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Pattern of Seasonal Pasture Hay and Green Maize Based Silage

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylanase and bacterial inoculants on in vitro rumen fermentation pattern of seasonal pasture hay and green maize based silage. Different silages were prepared by using green maize fodder and seasonal pasture hay in the proportion of 10:0 &amp; 7:3 ratio in plastic jars of 3 kg capacity by adding common salt @ 0.5%, urea @ 1% and molasses @ 1.5% in each silage with seven different treatments, viz., Control (only green maize), PH (green maize and seasonal pasture hay in 7:3 ratio), X (PH added with xylanase), LP (PH added with L. plantarum), LF (PH added with L. fermentum), LPLF (PH added with both bacterial inoculants) and XLPLF (PH added with xylanase and both bacterial inoculants). Xylanase, L. plantarum and L. fermentum were used @ 1500 IU/g, 1 x 106 cfu/g and 2 x 106 cfu/g, respectively. All silages were used for in vitro study after 45 days of ensiling. None of the additives affected rumen pH. IVDMD (in vitro dry matter degradability ) was found significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in X, XLPLF and LPLF silages. All additives significantly (p&lt;0.01) increased IVOMD (in vitro organic matter degradability) except LF silage as compared to PH silage. Values for total gas production and TVFA (Total volatile fatty acids) production were significantly (p&lt;0.001) increased during in vitro rumen fermentation and that of PF (partitioning factor) were significantly (p&lt;0.001) decreased in all additives inoculated silages as compared to PH silage. Content of NH3-N (Ammonia nitrogen) was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in LP silage and that of total N was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in X, LP, XLPLF silages as compared to PH silage during in vitro study. It could be concluded that xylanase and lactic acid bacterial (LAB) inoculants improved rumen fermentation quality of silage. Among all additives, xylanase is the best silage additive to improve in vitro rumen fermentation pattern.

Effect of Source and Level of Dietary Supplementary Copper on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation in Growing Yaks

Copper (Cu) is essential for the health of livestock, however, the optimal source and level of dietary Cu for yaks are uncertain. To fill this important gap, we designed an in vitro study to examine the effects of three Cu sources, namely Cu methionine (Met-Cu), Cu chloride (CuCl2) and tribasic Cu chloride (TBCC), at five levels, namely 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg DM (includes Cu in substrate), on rumen fermentation in yaks. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and amylase activity were greater (p &lt; 0.05) with added Met-Cu than the other two Cu sources, and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP) and propionate contents were greater with Met-Cu and CuCl2 than with TBCC. Total gas production and lipase activity were greater with Met-Cu and TBCC than CuCl2 (p &lt; 0.05), which meant that the metabolizable energy yield was greater in the two former Cu sources than the latter, but CH4 production did not differ (p = 0.92) among Cu sources. IVDMD and lipase activity were greatest (p &lt; 0.05) at 15 mg Cu/kg DM in the substrate and MCP, isobutyrate, butyrate and isovalerate contents, and amylase and trypsin activities were greatest or second greatest at 10 and 15 mg Cu/kg DM. It was concluded that Met-Cu was the best source of Cu and 10 to 15 mg Cu/kg DM was the optimal level for yaks, at least under in vitro conditions.

Evaluation of Gas Production, Fermentation Parameters, and Nutrient Degradability in Different Proportions of Sorghum Straw and Ammoniated Wheat Straw

The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimum proportion of sorghum straw and ammoniated wheat straw in vitro and in vivo to apply in ruminant diets. One-factor and two-factor experimental designs were used in the in vitro tests, with different ratios of sorghum straw to ammoniated wheat straw (S:AWS) of 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2 to measure the in vitro total gas production, CH4 production, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) and in vitro fermentation parameters. Additionally, the nylon bag technique was used to determine the dynamic degradation of these different ratios of mixed feedstuffs for incubating in sheep rumen for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. The results show that IVDMD, IVOMD, and the molar ratio of propionate were the highest when the ratio of S:AWS was 8:2 (p &lt; 0.05) in vitro; however, this ratio released much more CH4 (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the degradability of DM, OM, CP, and ash and the effective degradability of DM and CP were the highest when the ratio of S:AWS was 8:2 cultured in sheep rumen for 48 h (p &lt; 0.05). In the in vitro and in situ nylon bag tests, IVDMD, IVOMD, rumen nutrient degradability, and effective degradability of DM and CP increased with the increase in the sorghum straw proportion. In conclusion, the higher the proportion of sorghum straw, the higher the nutrient degradability in vivo and in vitro, but also the higher the emissions of CH4. Therefore, when the ratio of S:AWS is 8:2, ruminants can effectively utilize nutrients in feed.

Sustainable Use of Legume Residues: Effect on Nutritive Value and Ensiling Characteristics of Maize Straw Silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritive value, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), and ensiling characteristics of legume foliage–maize straw silages. For silage, the proportion of legume to maize was 20%:80% (maize–lablab (ML), maize–indigenous cowpea (MI), maize–Betswit (MB), and maize–Dr Saunders (MD)). Maize alone (M) was used as a control, making up five treatments. Silages were opened after 45 days, and samples were taken for chemical composition, IVDMD, and fermentation characteristics analysis. Other samples were put through a seven-day aerobic stability test. All data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance, in a completely randomized design (CRD). For the nutritive value of the silage, the ML had the highest (p &lt; 0.05) crude protein (CP) content, when compared with other silages. Maize–Betswit had the lowest (p &lt; 0.05) neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content, when compared with other silages. The lowest (p &lt; 0.05) ether-extract (EE) and hemicellulose content was recorded for MI silage. The lowest (p &lt; 0.05) pH was recorded for maize silage. All silages had similar (p &gt; 0.05) amounts of lactic acid (LA), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), yeast, and mould counts. The MI had the lowest (p &lt; 0.05) carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, when compared with other silages. The highest (p &lt; 0.05) IVDMD was recorded for ML silage, from 24 h up to 72 h. The addition of legumes in maize straw resulted in improved silage quality and fermentation characteristics.

Proximate Analysis, in vitro Dry Matter Degradability and Palatability Index of Legume Residues and Maize Straws for Ruminants

Background: Legume residues such as leaves from cowpea and lablab plants can be accumulated in large quantities after fruits harvesting. These legumes can be incorporated in ruminants’ diets due to their high feeding value. They are rich in crude protein, vitamins and minerals when compared to grasses that normally deteriorate during dry seasons. This paper is focusing on determining effect of legume residues and maize straws on in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and palatability indices in ruminants. Methods: For palatability experiment, each of five male boer goats was provided with four feeding troughs carrying four different feeds (maize straws and 3 legumes = Lablab purpureus - lablab and 2 Vigna unguiculata - cowpeas - Dr Saunders and Betswit). The legume residues and maize straws were also analyzed for chemical composition and IVDMD. All data was subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Result: Dr Saunders (230.7 g/kg DM) had the highest (P less than 0.05) crude protein content when compared to all diets. Lablab (126.3 g/kg DM) had the lowest (P less than 0.05) acid detergent lignin. The highest (P less than 0.05) condensed tannins concentrations (50.1 g/kg DM) was recorded for Betswit. The highest (P less than 0.05) in vitro dry matter degradability was recorded for lablab at 24 up to 72 hrs. Lablab had a higher palatability index (P less than 0.05) when compared to other diets. Intake (r2 = 0.955) and palatability index (r2 = 0.971) were positively and significantly (P less than 0.05) predicted from total phenolics on goats. Though lablab had better values in most parameters measured, all legumes can be highly recommended to supplement low-quality roughages such as maize straws and grasses.

Mitragyna speciosa Korth Leaves Supplementation on Feed Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Efficiency, Microbial Population, and Methane Production In Vitro

The objective of the research was to evaluate the different levels of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves powder (MSLP) added to rations with 60:40 or 40:60 roughage to a concentrate (R:C ratio) on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial population, and methane (CH4) production. The treatments were arranged according to a 2 × 8 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two factors contain the R:C ratio (60:40 and 40:60) and the levels of MSLP addition (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7% of the total substrate). There was no interaction between the R:C ratio and MSLP supplementation on gas production kinetics, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and microbial populations. The gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at (40:60), whilst there was no difference obtained among treatments for cumulative gas production, whilst the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at 40:60. The concentration of NH3-N was influenced by the R:C ratio and MSLP addition both at 4 and 8 h after incubation. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were significantly improved by the R:C ratio and supplementation of MSLP at 12 h. Increasing the R:C ratio and MSLP concentrations increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and propionic acid (C3) concentrations while decreasing acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) concentrations; thus, the C2:C3 ratio was reduced. MSLP addition reduced protozoa and methanogen populations (p &lt; 0.05). The calculated CH4 production was decreased (p &lt; 0.05) by the R:C ratios at 40:60 and supplementation of MSLP. Finally, the addition of MSLP as a phytonutrient may improve nutrient degradability and rumen fermentation properties while decreasing protozoa, methanogen population, and CH4 production.

Effects of elevated CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and extreme climatic events on forage quality and in vitro rumen fermentation in permanent grassland

Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in botanical and chemical composition, as well as in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of an upland grassland exposed to climate changes in controlled CO2 concentration, air temperature and precipitation conditions. Grassland was exposed to a future climate scenario coupled with CO2 treatments (390 and 520 ppm) from the beginning of spring. During summer, an extreme climatic event (ECE; 2 weeks of a +6 ∘C increase in temperature, together with severe drought) was applied and then followed by a recovery period. Three cutting dates were considered, i.e. in April, June and November. The results indicate that increases in greenness, nitrogen (N) content and changes in water-soluble carbohydrate profile in association with botanical composition changes for the November cut lead to higher in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) in the rumen. The neutral detergent fiber : nitrogen (NDF:N) ratio appeared to be a key driver of forage quality, which was affected in opposite ways by elevated CO2 and ECE, with a strong impact on rumen fermentation. Atmospheric CO2 concentration in interaction with ECE tended to affect IVDMD, indicating that the effects of elevated CO2 and ECE may partly offset each other. Our findings indicate that the various factors of climate change need to be considered together in order to properly characterize their effects on forage quality and use by ruminants.

Utilization of dragon fruit waste by-products and non-protein nitrogen source: Effects on in vitro rumen fermentation, nutrients degradability and methane production

ABSTRACT Tropical plant phytonutrients have impacts on rumen fermentation and methane production. Dragon fruit peel powder (DFPP) including condensed tannins (CT) and saponins (SP). The objective was to conduct the effects of phytonutrients and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source on in vitro rumen fermentation, nutrients degradability and methane production. The treatments were randomly assigned in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement in a Completely randomized design. The three factors contains the R:C ratio (60:40 and 40:60), the doses of NPN addition (0, 1 and 2% of the total substrate) and the doses of DFPP addition (0, 2 and 4% of total substrate). The results indicated that the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was highly significant as the results of the R:C ratio, DFPP and NPN supplementation, whilst there was no difference obtained among treatments for cumulative gas production. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was influenced by the R:C ratio, NPN and DFPP addition both 4 and 8 h after incubation. In part of microbial population, protozoa was significantly reduced with DFPP addition. Importantly, the production of methane was remarkably affected by the R:C ratios and it was decreased due to increasing level of DFPP. Furthermore, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was significantly improved by combination between R:C ratio and supplementation of DFPP at 12 h. In conclusion, addition of DFPP and NPN source could improve rumen fermentation, nutrients degradability and DFPP would be a potential dietary rumen enhancer.

The effect of the inclusion of pea in lamb fattening concentrate on in vitro and in situ rumen fermentation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the proportion of pea (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%), as a partial replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in the fattening concentrate, on ruminal fermentation in lambs. Gas and methane (CH4 ) production, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), ammonia (NH3 -N), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production after 24 h of incubation were evaluated. The concentrates were also incubated in the rumen of the wethers for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h to evaluate the effects of pea inclusion on in situ dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter degradability (OMD), nitrogen degradability (ND), NH3 -N, and VFA production. In the in vitro assay, the inclusion of pea only affected gas production (mL day-1 degraded dry matter), CH4 production (mL day-1 degraded dry matter), and IVDMD (P < 0.05), and tended to affect NH3 -N content (P < 0.10) without affecting VFA production. In the in situ assay, the inclusion of pea increased DMD, OMD, and ND linearly (P < 0.001), whereas pea inclusion decreased NH3 -N content linearly (P < 0.05). Neither total VFA production nor the proportion of acetic acid were affected by pea inclusion (P > 0.05), but the propionic proportion increased with the proportion of pea included. The best level of pea inclusion in the concentrate could not be established based on the results of this study. However, the results showed that the inclusion of pea provides a good alternative protein source. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Producción de metano y bióxido de carbono in vitro de pastos tropicales de la costa de Oaxaca, México

Los pastos tropicales poseen baja concentración de proteína cruda y mayor fibra detergente neutra. Los pastos fermentados en el rumen, presentan diferentes valores de digestibilidad, concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV), producción de metano (CH4) y bióxido de carbono (CO2). Objetivo: determinar la composición química, caracterizar la fermentación y estimar la producción de CH4 y CO2 in vitro en pastos tropicales de Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos. Los pastos (0.5 g de materia seca): Cynodon nlemfuensis, Andropogon gayanus, Penissetum purpureum cv. Taiwán Morado, Penissetum purpureum cv. Maralfalfa y Panicum maximum, fueron incubados con 45 mL de medio para microorganismos anaerobios, y depositados en viales de vidrio de 100 mL mantenidos en condiciones anaerobias con CO2. Los pastos fueron inoculados con cinco mL de fluido ruminal de bovino e incubados a 39 °C durante 72 h. A las 6, 12, 24, 48 72 h se determinó la producción de biogás y la población de microorganismos. La concentración de AGV, pH y degradación de la materia seca in vitro (DIVMS) se determinaron a 72 h. A 24, 48 y 72 h se midió la producción de CH4 y CO2. Las variables se evaluaron mediante un diseño completamente aleatorizado utilizando cinco repeticiones por tratamiento, la comparación de medias se realizó mediante la prueba de Tukey. Cynodon nlemfuensis tuvo el mayor contenido de proteína cruda (P = 0.05). Las poblaciones de bacterias celulolíticas presentaron menor conteo en Andropogon gayanus así como en Panicum máximum (P &lt; 0.05). Cynodon nlemfuensis, Andropogon gayanus y Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwán Morado presentaron menores concentraciones de acetato (P &lt; 0.05), Pannicum maximum tuvo mayor concentración de propionato (P &lt; 0.05). Pennisetum purpureum cv. Maralfalfa presentó la mayor DIVMS y produjo menor volumen de CH4 (P &lt; 0.05), Cynodon nlemfuensis y Pannicum maximum produjeron menores volúmenes de CO2 (P &lt; 0.05).

Dietary lysophospholipids supplementation inhibited the activity of lipolytic bacteria in forage with high oil diet: an in vitro study.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, degradability, and microbial diversity in forage with high oil diet in an in vitro system.MethodsFour experimental treatments were used: i) annual ryegrass (CON), ii) 93% annual ryegrass +7% corn oil on a dry matter (DM) basis (OiL), iii) OiL with a low level (0.08% of dietary DM) of LPL (LLPL), and iv) OiL with a high level (0.16% of dietary DM) of LPL (HLPL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using strained rumen fluid for 48 h incubations. In vitro DM degradability (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and microbial diversity were estimated.ResultsThere was no significant change in IVDMD, pH, NH3-N, and total VFA production among treatments. The LPL supplementation significantly increased the proportion of butyrate and valerate (Linear effect [Lin], p = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). The LPL supplementation tended to increase the total bacteria in a linear manner (p = 0.089). There were significant decreases in the relative proportions of cellulolytic (Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) and lipolytic (Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus) bacteria with increasing levels of LPL supplementation (Lin, p = 0.028, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively).ConclusionThe LPL supplementation had antimicrobial effects on several cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria, with no significant difference in nutrient degradability (DM and neutral detergent fiber) and general bacterial counts, suggesting that LPL supplementation might increase the enzymatic activity of rumen bacteria. Therefore, LPL supplementation may be more effective as an antimicrobial agent rather than as an emulsifier in the rumen.

In vitro rumen fermentation of diets with different types of condensed tannins derived from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) pellets and hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) pericarps

Information is lacking on the specific biological activity of feeds containing different types of condensed tannin (CT) on rumen fermentation characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of diets including sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) pellets (PS) and/or hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) pericarps (HP) using a batch culture system for 24 h. The treatments were a basal diet consisting of (dry matter (DM) basis) 800 g/kg hay from permanent grassland and 200 g/kg concentrate mix (control), the basal diet + 30.4% PS, the basal diet + 8.2% freeze-dried HP, and the basal diet + 15.2% PS + 4.1% HP. The diets were adjusted to be isotannic (20 g/kg DM, except for the control) and isoproteic (132 g/kg DM). Total gas and methane (CH4) productions were measured after 3.5 h and 24 h of incubation in buffered rumen fluid from sheep. At the end of incubation, pH, in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) and the concentration of fermentation end-products in the medium were also measured. The CT structures in PS and HP, determined by the thiolysis method, were very different: PS had mostly prodelphinidins and HP mostly procyanidins. After 24 h of incubation, the total gas and CH4 productions and IVDMD were greater for the basal diet than for the CT-containing diets (P < 0.001). The CH4 production increased significantly with the diet + HP in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG, 4000 Da molecular weight), a CT-inactivating compound (P < 0.001), and tended to increase for the diet + PS (P = 0.062). The volatile fatty acid (VFA: acetate, propionate, butyrate, minor and iso-VFA) net productions were similar among treatments except for valerate (the lowest for PS-containing diets, P = 0.003), while the NH3 concentration was lower for the diet + PS (with a significant PEG effect) than for the diets including HP, and was highest for the basal diet. It was concluded that the inclusion of PS and HP in a basal diet for ruminants results in lower rumen fermentability and that their CT decreased CH4 production and protein degradability. The PS were more effective than HP for reducing rumen protein degradability with a potential increase of duodenal nitrogen (N) flow.

BIOCONVERSIÓN DE DESPERDICIOS VEGETALES A BIOGÁS A PARTIR DE MICROORGANISMOS RUMINALES

La creciente demanda de alimentos en areas urbanas genera cada vez mayor cantidad de desperdicios organicos, incluyendo residuos vegetales. El manejo de estos residuos vegetales causa emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) por su recoleccion, transporte, y deposito en vertederos. Para identificar su potencial de GEI, en un mercado de alimentos se recolectaron residuos de hojas de lechuga (LS), de col (BOV), de coliflor (BOB), de maiz (HZM), de espinaca (SO) y de nopal (OF), se fermentaron in vitro usando liquido ruminal como inoculo y se compararon con heno de avena (AS), heno de alfalfa (AH) y ensilado de maiz (EZM), forrajes utilizados con frecuencia en la alimentacion de rumiantes. Las variables fueron degradacion in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), pH, cinetica de produccion de gas y concentracion de metano (CH 4 ). La fermentacion se realizo durante 96 h a 39 oC y las muestras de gas para medir la concentracion de CH 4 se tomaron a 9, 12, 24, 34 y 48 h de incubacion. La DIVMS de LS, BOV, BOB, HZM y OF fue 12.8 % mayor a AS, AH y EZM. Entre las 9 y 12 h de incubacion la emision de CH 4 a partir de BOV, BOB and HZM fue 44.8 % superior a los tres forrajes. La principal conclusion es que estos residuos vegetales son degradados adecuadamente por los microorganismos ruminales y, por lo tanto, se pueden usar para la produccion de biogas en areas urbanas para disminuir su deposito en vertederos.

Meta-analysis: effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets

ABSTRACTThere are unknown interactions between supplements of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and the cell walls of feedstuff in ruminal conditions. The quantitative effects of using EFE in ruminant diets were evaluated using meta-analysis. Records (586) were extracted from 74 journal articles from a list of published papers (2000–2012). Statistical analyses were performed considering fixed [type of forage-based diet, forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C ratio) and primarily enzyme activities in the EFE], and random effects [Experiment(Article)]. In dairy cows fed high-forage (F:C ≥50%), the supplementation of primarily mixtures of cellulases and xylanases (Cel:Xyl: 1:4–1:1) increased milk production and milk composition of legume-based diets, and primarily xylanases (Xyl) EFE improved those variables of grass-based diets. In F:C <50% grass-based diets, Cel:Xyl improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion [FC:DM intake (DMI)/ADG] of beef cattle. DMI of dairy cows was not affected by EFE supplementation, but EFE improved the DMI of beef cattle. EFE effects were inconsistent in sheep productive performance variables. Cellulases (Cel) and Xyl enhanced in vivo dry matter (DM) digestibility (DMD) in low-forage (F:C <50%) grass-based diets. In F:C ≥50% legume-based diets, EFE enhanced the in situ DM disappearance (ISDMD), and mainly Cel:Xyl improved the in situ neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance (ISNDFD), but there were no effects in those variables in F:C ≥50% grass-based diets. Regardless of the type of ruminal liquid (RL) or forage, in F:C ≥50% diets, in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) was improved mainly by Cel, but fibre degradability only was improved by Cel:Xyl when sheep RL was used for in vitro evaluations. Overall, EFE could improve the productive performance of dairy cows and beef cattle, but the response depends upon the proper mixture of Cel and Xyl according to the diet composition.Abbreviations: ADF: acid detergent fiber; ADG: average daily gain; A:P: acetate:propionate ratio; BW: initial body weight; Cel:Xyl: cellulases:xylanases; DM: dry matter; DMD: in vivo dry matter digestibility; DMI: dry matter intake; EA: enzyme activities; EFE: exogenous fibrolytic enzymes; F: type of forage; FC: feed conversion; F:C: forage-to-concentrate ratio; ISDMD: in situ dry matter disappearance; ISNDFD: in situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance; IVADFD: in vitro acid detergent degradability; IVDMD: in vitro dry matter degradability; IVNDFD: in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; VFA: in vitro volatile fat acids

The effect of Sunphenon 30S-O on methane emission, nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation

Sunphenon 30S-O is obtained from the leaves of traceable green tea (Camellia sinensis) and standardized for its catechin content (205g/kg DM). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different concentrations of Sunphenon 30S-O on methane emissions, nutrient intake, digestibility, protozoa abundance and the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N (NH3-N) in sheep. Four Corriedale wethers with an average body weight of 64.25±3.86kg were arranged in a 4×4 Latin square and fed a basal diet of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) hay at the maintenance level with four different concentrations of Sunphenon 30S-O (0, 10, 25 and 40g/KgDM intake). The experiment was conducted over 84 days in four 21-day periods that consisted of 14 days of acclimatization, five days of measurement and two 24-h runs in open-circuit respiration chambers to measure gas exchange. A second study was also conducted using an in vitro continuous gas quantification system and in vitro digestion techniques. All of the data were subjected to polynomial regression analysis. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and gross energy (GE) intake all declined linearly (P<0.01) and quadratically (P<0.05) with increasing concentrations of Sunphenon 30S-O. Conversely, the apparent nutrient digestibility remained similar among treatments regardless of the concentration of Sunphenon 30S-O in the ration. In vivo methane emission (l/kg digestible OM intake) declined linearly (P<0.05) by 7.4–13.5% with increasing concentrations of Sunphenon 30S-O, and a similar trend was observed in in vitro methane emissions. Urinary and methane energy decreased linearly (P<0.01) from 17.4% to 11.2% and from 7.3% to 6.2% of the gross energy intake, respectively, with increasing supplement concentrations, and the in vitro VFA (mmol/L) and NH3-N concentrations (mg/ml) were also reduced (linear P<0.01; quadratic P<0.01). The total abundance of the protozoa population also declined linearly and quadratically (P<0.01), and the in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) was reduced (linear P<0.01; quadratic P<0.01) with increasing concentrations of Sunphenon 30S-O. The findings of this study indicated that the addition of Sunphenon 30S-O reduced in vivo methane emissions without affecting total tract nutrient digestibility, and energy and protein retention were not affected despite the reduction in total nutrient intake. Thus, to achieve optimum reduction of methane emissions and the concomitant saving of dietary energy without any negative impacts on total-tract digestibility and nutrient balance, Sunphenon 30S-O supplementation up to 40g/kg DM could be an option.