Abstract
The objective of the research was to evaluate the different levels of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves powder (MSLP) added to rations with 60:40 or 40:60 roughage to a concentrate (R:C ratio) on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial population, and methane (CH4) production. The treatments were arranged according to a 2 × 8 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two factors contain the R:C ratio (60:40 and 40:60) and the levels of MSLP addition (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7% of the total substrate). There was no interaction between the R:C ratio and MSLP supplementation on gas production kinetics, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and microbial populations. The gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at (40:60), whilst there was no difference obtained among treatments for cumulative gas production, whilst the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at 40:60. The concentration of NH3-N was influenced by the R:C ratio and MSLP addition both at 4 and 8 h after incubation. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were significantly improved by the R:C ratio and supplementation of MSLP at 12 h. Increasing the R:C ratio and MSLP concentrations increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and propionic acid (C3) concentrations while decreasing acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) concentrations; thus, the C2:C3 ratio was reduced. MSLP addition reduced protozoa and methanogen populations (p < 0.05). The calculated CH4 production was decreased (p < 0.05) by the R:C ratios at 40:60 and supplementation of MSLP. Finally, the addition of MSLP as a phytonutrient may improve nutrient degradability and rumen fermentation properties while decreasing protozoa, methanogen population, and CH4 production.
Highlights
Ruminants contribute to global warming by producing methane (CH4 ), a significant greenhouse gas, as a byproduct of rumen microbial fermentation
Tropical plants are rich in phytonutrient compounds such as condensed tannins (CT) and saponins (SP), which might have antibacterial action, in protozoal and methanogen populations
The ULTRS and concentrate diet were dried at 60 ◦ C and passed through a 1 mm screen to determine the chemical analysis of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) [15]
Summary
Ruminants contribute to global warming by producing methane (CH4 ), a significant greenhouse gas, as a byproduct of rumen microbial fermentation. Methane emissions cause energy loss in ruminants as well as contribute to greenhouse gas emissions [1,2]. Tropical plants are rich in phytonutrient compounds such as condensed tannins (CT) and saponins (SP), which might have antibacterial action, in protozoal and methanogen populations. Phytonutrients influence gas production by altering microbial activities due to their ability to coat with fiber and protein content [3,4]. Matra et al [6] discovered that Hylocereus undatus peel powder, which contained CT and SP, reduced CH4 production and protozoal population.
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