In Situ Gels Research Articles

Preparation and Evaluation of Poloxamer/Carbopol In-Situ Gel Loaded with Quercetin: In-Vitro Drug Release and Cell Viability Study.

Periodontitis is a severe chronic inflammatory disease, whose traditional systemic antimicrobial therapy faces great limitations. In-situ gels provide an effective solution as an emerging local drug delivery system. In this study, the novel thermosensitive poloxamer/carbopol in-situ gels loaded with 20μmol/L quercetin for the treatment of periodontitis were prepared by cold method. Thirteen batches of in-situ gels based on two independent factors (X1: poloxamer 407 and X2: carbopol 934P) were designed and optimized by the statistical method of central composite design (CCD). The transparency, pH, injectability, viscosity, gelation temperature, gelation time, elasticity modulus, degradation rate and in-vitro drug release studies of the batches were evaluated, and the percentage of drug release in the first hour, the time required for 90% drug release, gelation temperature, and gelation time were selected as dependent variables. These two independent factors significantly affected the four dependent variables (p < 0.05). The optimization result displayed that the optimized concentration of poloxamer 407 was 20.84% (w/v), and carbopol 934P was 0.5% (w/v). The optimized formulation showed a clear appearance (++), acceptable injectability (Pass), viscosity(151,798mPas), gelation temperature (36°C), gelation time (213s), preferable cell viability and cell proliferation, conformed to first-order release kinetics, and had a significant antibacterial effect. The article demonstrates the great potential of the quercetin in-situ gel as an effective treatment for periodontitis.

Effects of intravaginal curcumin gels combined with electroporation on vulvovaginal candidiasis

ObjectiveTo provide a curcumin-based vaginal gel combined with electroporation for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) caused by Candida albicans. MethodsTemperature-sensitive in situ gels (ISG) were prepared using poloxamers 407 and 188 as matrices. The mass ratio of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 was 7:1 with a gelation temperature of approximately 29°C and gelation time of 2.5 min. ResultsElectroporation increased the transmucosal permeability of the model drug, doxorubicin and improved the antifungal effects of curcumin. In vitro antifungal experiments showed that the number of fungal colonies in curcumin ISG combined with electroporation was lower than that in pure curcumin ISG. In vivo pharmacodynamic experiments showed that, compared to the model group, curcumin ISG with electroporation inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, alleviated vaginal mucosal edema, and reduced the inflammatory response. ConclusionCurcumin ISG combined with electroporation has substantial potential for the efficient clinical treatment of VVC.

A Novel Approch for Nasal Drug Delivery System

The oral route is the most favored technique for administering the drug orally in the body. As a result of certain limitations such as drug absorption, poor bioavailability, first-pass hepatic metabolism and medicine target to particular organs, may cause problems for administration via oral route. Therefore parenteral route, transmucosal route and transdermal route are preferred over oral route. Intranasal route is deemed to be a desirable route because of the time profile of concentration a drug is close to that of the intravenous route. The nasal route has also been successfully used for bypassing the blood-brain barrier and afterword delivering drug molecules to the central nervous system .The in-situ gelling system is a process in which is in a solution form before the administration in the body but it converts in to a gel form after administration . The formation of gel depends on factors like temperature modulation, pH change, presence of ions from which drug get released in sustained and controlled manner. Therefore this review focuses on nasal drug delivery, a variety of aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, nasal absorption mechanism, and In-Situ gels evaluations.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ion-Triggered In situ gel for Effective Ocular Delivery of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Olopatadine HCl in Combination

Background: Ocular in situ gels (ISG) are an adequate substitute to overcome the pitfalls of conventional eye drops as they acquaintance the advantages of solutions, including accuracy, dosing frequency, and ease of administration with prolonged contact with the ocular membrane. Objective: The present investigation aims to develop the ion-triggered in situ gel (ITISG) system for the convenient administration of Ciprofloxacin HCl (CFH) and Olopatadine HCl (OLH) in combination by employing gellan gum to prolong the pre-corneal residence, optic bioavailability and declines dosing frequency. Methods: The ISG material and critical quality attributes (CQA) were identified. Quality by De-sign (QbD) was established to optimize the formulation. Nine experimental formulations were de-signed (F1-F9) and assigned to distinct physicochemical and in vitro examinations. Results: Optimized batch F2 exhibited all the findings within acceptable limits. The Ion-triggered ISG technique exhibits maximum drug release over a 240-min cycle, much more significant than conventional eyedrops (60 min), suggesting sustained drug distribution and superior corneal penetration and absorption. Conclusion: Comprehensive findings of the present investigation conclude that the CFH and OLH would be effectively formulated as an ion-triggered ISG system to manage several draw-backs associated with prolonged release, ocular retention, and better corneal penetration com-pared with conventional eyedrops.

In Situ Gel with Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Using Agrimonia eupatoria L. Shows Antibacterial Activity

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with antibacterial activity can be prepared in different ways. In our case, we used ecological green synthesis with Agrimonia eupatoria L. The plant extract was used with Ag NPs for the first time to prepare termosensitive in situ gels (ISGs). Such gels are used to heal human or animal skin and mucous membranes, as they can change from a liquid to solid state after application. Ag NPs were characterized with various techniques (FTIR, TEM, size distribution, zeta potential) and their antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In accordance with the TEM data, we prepared monodispersed spherical Ag NPs with an average size of about 20 nm. Organic active compounds from Agrimonia eupatoria L. were found on their surfaces using FTIR spectroscopy. Surprisingly, only the in situ gel with Ag NPs showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, while Ag NPs alone did not. Ag NPs prepared via green synthesis using plants with medicinal properties and incorporated into ISGs have great potential for wound healing due to the antibacterial activity of Ag NPs and the dermatological activity of organic substances from plants.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ocular In-Situ Gels of Besifloxacin

Formulation and Evaluation of Ocular In-Situ Gels of Besifloxacin

Formulation and Evaluation of Ophthalmic Novel In-Situ Gel Containing Acyclovir for the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Keratitis

Herpes Simplex Keratitis (HSK), which is a major reason of corneal infection. The virus (Herpes simplex virus) enters into a latent phase. It presents primary infection as conjunctiva and eyelids swelling and mild inflammation. According to global research of disease, it is around 1.4 million, including 38,000 new cases of visual impairment or blindness every year. Several oral and topical antiviral drugs for HSK are out there commercially. However, toxicity and low patient compliance hamper use in HSK. Thus, an effective and safe delivery for HSK is required. The conventional ocular delivery systems such as suspension, solutions and ointments show drawbacks like increased low efficiency, pre-corneal elimination and blurred vision respectively, resulting to poor bioavailability. Ophthalmic In-situ gels, which are viscous polymer-based liquids are instilled in eyes as drops that undergoes sol-to-gel transition that improve duration of corneal contact and ocular bioavailability and thereby reducing frequency of administration. Merits of Ophthalmic in-situ gels over conventional dosage forms are possibility of releasing drugs at constant and slow rate with increased ocular residence time, increased shelf life and accurate dosing. This research includes ion induced in-situ-forming polymeric systems using combination of gelling agents to prolong corneal contact time, eradicate drug elimination and increase the bioavailability.

Development, Optimization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Oral Long-Acting Resveratrol Nanocomposite In-Situ Gelling Film in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate sustained-release (SR) long-acting oral nanocomposites in-situ gelling films of resveratrol (Rv) to treat colorectal cancer. In these formulations, Rv-Soy protein (Rv-Sp) wet granules were prepared by the kneading method and then encapsulated in the sodium alginate (NA) dry films. The prepared nanocomposite in-situ gels films were characterized using dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The optimized formulations were further evaluated based on drug encapsulation efficiency, pH-drug release profile, swelling study, and storage time effects. The optimized formulation was tested for its anticancer activity against colorectal cancer cells using the cytotoxicity assessment, apoptosis testing, cell cycle analysis, gene expression analysis, and protein estimation by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, respectively. The optimum film showed encapsulation efficiency of 97.87% ± 0.51 and drug release of 14.45% ± 0.043 after 8 h. All physiochemical characterizations confirmed, reasoned, and supported the drug release experiment’s findings and the encapsulation assay. The Rv nanocomposite formulation showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity enhanced apoptotic activity as compared to free Rv (p < 0.05). In addition, Rv nanocomposite formulation caused a significant increase in Bcl-2-associated protein X (Bax) and a decrease in expression of B-cell lymphoma 2, interleukin 1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Bcl2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α respectively) compared to that of free Rv in HCT-116 cells. These results suggest that long-acting Rv nanocomposite gels could be a promising agent for colorectal cancer treatment.

Preparation and Characterization of in-Situ Gelling Systems Containing Curcumin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Periodontitis

Local delivery of curcumin (Cmn) in the form of site-specific periodontal formulations can open up newer option for the management of periodontal diseases. Efficacy of such delivery systems is dependent on the sustained release of Cmn from the device in a soluble form and its penetration into the base of the periodontal pocket and adjacent connective tissue. However, Cmn finds limited clinical applications in oral environment due to its poor aqueous solubility, poor permeability, high metabolism, and instability (hydrolytic, enzymatic and photodegradation). Nanotechnology could address these shortfalls of Cmn by allowing its delivery in a solubilized, bioavailable and photostable formulation amenable for periodontal application. Encapsulation of Cmn within solid lipid nanoparticles; SLNs (C-SLNs) in our previous work has shown an increase in its water dispersibility, chemical stability and bioactivity. In the current study, we have prepared in-situ gelling system incorporating C-SLNs using poloxamer 407 as in-situ gelling agent and Carbopol 934 as mucoadhesive agent. The in-situ gelling systems showed a prolonged and sustained release up to 8 days (192h). We also tested antioxidant potential of C-SLNs and compared it with ascorbic acid and raw Cmn using DPPH in-vitro antioxidant assay kinetics. C-SLNs showed higher IC50 with respect to free Cmn solution and also ascorbic acid. At the end of 5 days, IC50 of C-SLNS was 152.12 ± 0.20 mM which was lesser than that of ascorbic acid and Cmn. Kinetic analysis of ascorbic acid, Cmn and C-SLNS also established the superior antioxidant potential of C-SLNS in comparison to ascorbic acid and Cmn. Thus, the present investigation reports the development of a sustained release Cmn loaded solid lipid nanoparticles containing formulation with good antioxidant potential which can be employed as an effective treatment option for periodontitis.

Pharmaceutical Considerations of Nasal In-Situ Gel As A Drug Delivery System

In situ gelling drug delivery systems have gained enormous attention over the last decade. They are in a sol-state before administration, and they are capable of forming gels in response to different endogenous stimuli, such as temperature increase, pH change and the presence of ions. Such systems can be administered through different routes, to achieve local or systemic drug delivery and can also be successfully used as vehicles for drug-loaded nano- and microparticles. Natural, synthetic and/or semi-synthetic polymers with in situ gelling behaviour can be used alone, or in combination, for the preparation of such systems; the association with mucoadhesive polymers is highly desirable in order to further prolong the residence time at the site of action/absorption. Nasal drug delivery is a better alternative of oral and parental route due to high permeability of Nasal epithelium, rapid drug absorption, avoid Hepatic first pass metabolism, increased bioavailability of drug, minimized local and systemic side effects, Low dose required, Direct transport into systemic circulation and CNS is also possible (passing blood brain barrier), Improved patient compliance, Self-Medication is Possible, prevent Gastro intestinal tract Ulceration. Recently, it has been shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than the oral route. Thus, this review focuses on nasal drug delivery, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, nasal absorption mechanism, advantages &amp; disadvantage composition of in situ gel, application and In-situ gels evaluations.&#x0D;

Mucoadhesive Insitu nasal Gel: A Promising Approach

To overcome the problems like absorption of drug, hepatic first pass metabolism, drug targeting to specific organ, a novel approach is developed for delivery of drug i.e Insitu Nasal drug delivery system. Insitu based gel delivery system can bypass the blood brain barrier and deliver the drug to the desired site. Insitu gelling systems are liquid at room temperature however experience gelation when in contact with body fluids. Mucoadhesive insitu nasal gel have increase the residence time in the nasal cavity. Insitu gel development happens because of one or mix of various upgrades like pH change, temperature modulation and solvent exchange. The insitu gel formulations have several advantages like sustained and prolonged action as compare to conventional drug delivery system. This review will be focused on insitu based gels, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, mechanism of nasal drug absorption, different components that impact nasal medication ingestion, assessment of nasal gel.

In-vivo Evaluation and Characterization of Novel In-Situ Gelling System as Controlled Delivery System Containing Ciprofloxacin for Ocular Drug Delivery

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to develop the micro emulsion-based in situ gelling systems containing Ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis and treatment of the posterior segment diseases like endophthalmitis.&#x0D; Methods: Ciprofloxacin was encapsulated in small droplets owing to form microemulsion, and then the formed droplets were dispersed in a polymer solution that converted into a gel upon triggered by the electrolyte present in the tear fluid.&#x0D; Results: The formulation approach provides better absorption, penetration, retention, and improves the bioavailability of the drug. The average concentration reached into vitreous humor from topical microemulsion in situ gelling formulation was ~0.4 µg/ml, which is far more than the concentration required for therapeutic effect (i.e. &gt;0.047 µg/ml or &gt;MIC90 for S. Epidermidis, a pathogen commonly responsible to cause endophthalmitis).&#x0D; Conclusion: Thus, novel micro emulsion-based in situ gelling formulation could be a potential drug delivery system for the treatment of posterior segment diseases like endophthalmitis.&#x0D; Keywords: Microemulsion, ciprofloxacin, endophthalmitis, ocular, infection, in situ

Insitu Opthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Eyes are considered as one of the most important organs of the body. The main hurdle for achieving effective ocular treatment is the maintenance of adequate quantity of drug at the site of action within the eye. Maintaining the concentration of drug in the eye is a difficult task as the anatomy and physiology of the eye leads to the draining of the drug from the eye. This leads to poor ocular bio availability and there by poor ocular therapy. The ocular bio availability can be improved by increasing the ocular retention time of the formulation. Insitu gel formation technology is a promising technique to prevent the lacrimal drainage of the drug rapidly from the eyes. Insitu gel preparation will be in liquid from when prepared, they are administered into the Cul-de-sac of the eye. Due to the environmental characteristics of the eye such as temperature, pH, Ionic concentration etc. the liquid formulation changes to gel form. This will increase the residence time and contact time of the drug with the mucosa of the eye. Insitu gels can increase the ocular bioavailability of the drug .The primary requirement of a successful control release product focuses on increasing patient compliance, good stability and bio compatibility. Insitu gels are used now a days as vehicles for both local and systemic drug therapies. This review deals with the study of a novel insitu gel approaches as a means to localize and prolong drug activity at its site of action.

Comparison of Doxycycline Hyclate Release from Beta-Cyclodextrin Based &lt;i&gt;In Situ&lt;/i&gt; Forming Systems for Periodontal Pocket Targeting

The release behavior of doxycycline hyclate (DH) from beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in situ gels (ISG) and in situ microparticles (ISM) was investigated using dialysis tube method and direct contact method compared to that from DH solution. From dialysis tube method, DH released completely from solution within 8 h, while it released with more sustainable from ISM and ISG completely at 12 h and 28 h, respectively. The release pattern of them was similar when tested using direct contact method (released completely at 9 days). The DH release from dialysis tube method of all systems was a first order kinetic. DH release from ISM using direct contact method fitted well with a Higuchi’s equation. The dialysis tube method was suitable for determining formula factors affecting the drug release behavior. However, to simulate the pocket condition with contact area is limited, the drug release test with direct contact method was preferred than dialysis tube method.

Ciprofloxacin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Incorporated into In-Situ Gels to Improve Management of Bacterial Endophthalmitis.

Bacterial endophthalmitis (BE) is a potentially sight-threatening inflammatory reaction of the intraocular fluids or tissues caused by bacteria. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) eye drops are prescribed as first-line therapy in BE. However, frequent administration is necessary due to precorneal loss and poor ocular bioavailability. The objective of the current research was to prepare CIP containing nanostructured lipid carriers (CIP-NLCs) loaded an in situ gel system (CIP-NLC-IG) for topical ocular administration for enhanced and sustained antibacterial activity in BE treatment. CIP-NLCs were prepared by the hot homogenization method and optimized based on physicochemical characteristics and physical stability. The optimized CIP-NLC formulation was converted into CIP-NLC-IG with the addition of gellan gum as a gelling agent. Furthermore, optimized CIP-NLC and CIP-NLC-IG were evaluated for in vitro release and ex vivo transcorneal permeation studies, using commercial CIP ophthalmic solution (CIP-C) as the control. The optimized CIP-NLC formulation showed particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, assay and entrapment efficiency of 193.1 ± 5.1 nm, 0.43 ± 0.01, −32.5 ± 1.5 mV, 99.5 ± 5.5 and 96.3 ± 2.5%, respectively. CIP-NLC-IG with 0.2% w/v gellan gum showed optimal viscoelastic characteristics. The in vitro release studies demonstrated sustained release of CIP from CIP-NLC and CIP-NLC-IG formulations over a 24 h period. Transcorneal flux and permeability increased 4 and 3.5-fold, and 2.2 and 1.9-fold from CIP-NLC and CIP-NLC-IG formulations, respectively, when compared to CIP-C. The results demonstrate that CIP-NLC-IG could be considered as an alternate delivery system to prolong the residence time on the ocular surface after topical administration. Thus, the current CIP ophthalmic formulations may exhibit improved ocular bioavailability and prolonged antibacterial activity, which may improve therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of BE.

Development of in situ gels of nano calcium oxide for healing of burns

Abstract Background Wound closure is the prime objective in the treatment of deep and extensive burns, where the dermis layer is partially or completely destroyed and the inherent capability of spontaneous re-epithelialization is greatly reduced or absent leading to high mortality rate. Scar formation as a result of burn wounds results in aesthetic and functional impairment, causing emotional distress in patients. Induced regeneration of skin could be a solution to improve the quality of life of burned patients. Materials and methods Nano calcium oxide (NCO) was prepared by thermal decomposition method. In situ gels (ISG) were formulated using micronized xanthan gum and NCO in different concentrations by geometric mixing. The formulations were evaluated for their particle size, surface morphology, elemental composition, clarity, pH, gelling and in vivo burn wound healing properties. Results The average particle size and polydispersity index of NCO was found to be 345.3 nm and 0.23 respectively. Three formulations were prepared, each containing varied concentrations of NCO (12.5, 25 and 50 ppm). The SEM analysis of the formulation exhibited particle sizes ranging from 1 nm to 468 nm and EDX characterization showed intense peaks of calcium and oxygen. The percentage of wound size reduction was significantly increased in wounds treated with prepared in situ gels in contrast to commercial product (calcium alginate dressing) and control (untreated) group. With an increase in concentration of NCO, the rate of healing also increased. In situ gels containing 50 ppm of NCO exhibited a better rate of wound healing in comparison to other formulations, within a period of 15 days. Histopathological analysis indicated that in situ gels had better wound healing properties. Conclusion In situ gels of NCO were developed as a formulation for effective treatment of burns and to aid in skin regeneration.

Superiority of TPGS-loaded micelles in the brain delivery of vinpocetine via administration of thermosensitive intranasal gel.

Background: Vinpocetine (VPN) is a synthetic derivative of the Vinca minor alkaloids. The drug is characterized by a short half-life, limited water solubility and high hepatic first-pass effect. The objective was to develop different lipid-based nanocarriers (NCs) loaded into a thermosensitive in situ gelling (ISG) system to improve VPN bioavailability and brain targeting via intranasal (IN) delivery.Methods: Different lipid-based NCs were developed and characterized for vesicle size, zeta potential, VPN entrapment efficiency (EE) and morphological characterization using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The prepared NCs were loaded into ISG formulations and characterized for their mucoadhesive properties. Ex-vivo permeation and histological study of the nasal mucosa were conducted. Pharmacokinetic and brain tissue distribution were investigated and compared to a marketed VPN product following administration of a single dose to rats.Results: VPN-D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) micelles nano-formulation showed the smallest particle size, highest EE among the studied NCs. TEM images revealed an almost spherical shape for all the prepared NCs. Among the NCs studied, VPN-loaded TPGS micelles demonstrated the highest percent cumulative VPN ex vivo permeation. All the prepared ISG formulations revealed the presence of mucoadhesive properties and showed no signs of inflammation or necrosis upon histological examination. Rats administered IN VPN-loaded TPGS-micelles ISG showed superior VPN concentration in the brain tissue and significant high relative bioavailability when compared to that received raw VPN-loaded ISG and marketed drug oral tablets. VPN-D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) micelles nano-formulation showed the smallest particle size, highest EE among the studied NCs. TEM images revealed an almost spherical shape for all the prepared NCs. Among the NCs studied, VPN-loaded TPGS micelles demonstrated the highest percent cumulative VPN ex vivo permeation. All the prepared ISG formulations revealed the presence of mucoadhesive properties and showed no signs of inflammation or necrosis upon histological examination. Rats administered IN VPN-loaded TPGS-micelles ISG showed superior VPN concentration in the brain tissue and significant high relative bioavailability when compared to that received raw VPN-loaded ISG and marketed drug oral tablets.Conclusion: VPN-loaded TPGS-micelles ISG formulation is a successful brain drug delivery system with enhanced bioavailability for drugs with poor bioavailability and those that are frequently administered.

In-Situ Nasal Gel-A Review

Over the few decades, advances in the in-situ gel technologies have spurred development in many medical and biomedical applications including controlled drug delivery. Many Novel In-Situ gel based delivery matrices have been designed and fabricated to fulfill the ever increasing needs of the pharmaceutical and medical fields. In-Situ gel drug delivery systems are sol form before administration in the body, but once administered, undergo gelation in-situ, to form gel. The formation of gel depends on factors like temperature modulation, pH change, presence of ions from which drug get released in sustained and controlled manner. In-Situ gels exhibit the properties of linear polymer solutions outside the body (allowing easy injection) but gel In-Situ within the body, providing prolonged drug release profiles. Recently, it has been shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than the oral route. This has been attributed to reach vasculature and highly permeable structure of nasal mucosa coupled with avoidance of Hepatic-first pass metabolism. Thus this review focuses on nasal drug delivery, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, nasal absorption mechanism, and In-Situ gels evaluations.

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF FLOATING MICROBALLOONS OF STAVUDINE

Objectives: Objective of present study involves preparation and evaluation of floating microballoons of Stavudine. It is a potent antiviral agent, used for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In present study Stavudine is used as a model drug, to increase its residence time in the stomach without contact with the mucosa. Methods: Eight floating microballoons formulations of Stavudine were prepared by using different polymers i.e. Eudragit S100, EC and PVP K30, in different ratio by emulsion solvent diffusion method. The microballoons were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion technique using different ratio of polymers (Eudragit S100, Ethyl cellulose and PVP K 30) as carriers. Results: The mean particle diameter of the microballoons was between 230.23-238.33µm.The yield of microballoons was up to 68.32-80.22%. The cumulative percent drug release after 24 hrs of the Stavudine microballoons was in the range of 53.62 to 87.45%. The mean percentage buoyancy of the microballoons was between 69.23-82.53%. The cumulative percent drug release after 24 hrs of the Stavudine microballoons was 53.62 to 87.45%. Conclusion: Stavudine floating microballoons formulations of batch MB4 was concluded as the optimum formulations among the all 8 formulations based on different parameters.Study concludes that stavudine can be delivered through floating microballoons dosage form in an effective way. Peer Review History: Article received on- 29 September; Revised on- 20 October; Accepted on- 5 November , Available online 15 November 2016 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 4.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Michael Otakhor Erhunmwunse, St. Philomena Catholic Hospital, Nigeria, dedoctor4life@gmail.com Prof. Dr. Kapil Kumar, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, US Nagar, Uttarakhand, India, kapil5november@gmail.com Similar Articles: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF IN SITU GELLING GASTRORETENTIVE FORMULATIONS OF MELOXICAM FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IBUPROFEN GASTRO-RETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RITONAVIR HOLLOW MICROBALLOONS FOR FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF FLOATING MICROBALLOONS OF STAVUDINE

Evaluation Study of in-situ Gel Using Catanionic Surfactant Mixtures

The present study described the gelation temperature, gelation time, viscosity study, pH, properties of thermosensitive gel prepared of poloxamer 407 and carbopol 934P which are not affected by the concentration of each component. i.e. addition of Drugs or reference catanionic mixture. The use of Catanionic drug-surfactant mixtures was proven to be an efficient novel method of obtaining sustained drug release from Insitu gels. The effects of changes in the pH and ionic strength on the catanionic aggregates was also investigated, and this method of sustaining the release was found to be quite resilient to variations in both. Although the phase behavior was somewhat affected, large micelles and vesicles were still readily found. The drug release was significantly sustained even under NaCl. Comparing the diffusion coefficients for drugs being released from gels with those for drugs from catanionic mixtures in gels revealed differences in the order of magnitude of 10 to 100. This means that the release of a drug can be extended over time, for example, from 30 minutes to 12 hours, potentially improving both the efficiency of the formulation and the patient compliance.