Input Stage Research Articles

Rapid flood modelling using HAND-FFA-SRC coupled approach and social media-based geodata in a coastal Chinese watershed

Flooding has catastrophic effects worldwide. Rapid flood models, such as the height above nearest drainage (HAND) model, have lower complexity and data requirements than traditional models. However, input stage height data are often lacking because most gauged sites only provide estimates of discharge. In addition, performance is difficult to evaluate because flood extent data during extreme periods are often unavailable. Here, we developed a HAND-flood frequency analysis (FFA)-synthetic rating curve (SRC) approach and applied it to a coastal watershed in China. The HAND-FFA-SRC approach demonstrated effective and efficient flood forecasting, and the C values were 1.19, 1.20, and 1.16, respectively for the floods under moderate rainfall, heavy rainfall, and storm. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the model was highly impacted by the topographic characteristics of the watersheds. The C values were improved as the slope increased from 3° to 20° during the floods under different scenarios. Additionally, the effects of floods were evaluated under different return periods which indicated that the cropland is the most affected land use type but the risk for impervious surfaces is increasing. The proposed approach is viable for forecasting flood susceptibility and can improve resilience planning and flood management.

The Design of a Low-Noise, High-Speed Readout-Integrated Circuit for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

This paper describes the design of a low-noise, high-speed readout-integrated circuit for use in InGaAs infrared focal plane arrays, and analyzes the working principle and noise index of the pixel circuit in detail. The design fully considers the dynamic range, noise, and power consumption of the pixel circuit in which a capacitance transimpedance amplifier structure is adopted as the input stage circuit, and chip fabrication via an XFAB 0.18 µm CMOS process is successfully realized. The ROIC adopts monolithic integration and implements various functions, such as windowing, subsampling, and different integration and readout modes. The ROIC reached an array scale of 32 × 32, a frame rate of 100 Hz, and a readout rate of 20 Mbps with an analog power consumption of less than 52 mW. The measurement results show that the input reference noise can be reduced to 143 e- via the CDS, and the fully customized scheme has certain advantages in the research of high-performance ROICs.

Analysis of the role of the pineapple agribusiness subsector in increasing people's income in Blitar district

This research is descriptive in nature, namely providing an overview and analysis of the current condition of the company's environment both internal and external to the company. This company faces various problems that must be resolved where fast environmental changes require companies to be more responsive in developing products to deal with the increasingly rapid growth of the insurance industry. This study aims to determine the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities owned and faced by PT. Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) Malang Regional Office and determine the right strategy for the company in an effort to develop its business and achieve company goals. So from this research it is hoped that the company can take the right strategic steps in the company's operational activities. The analytical tool used in this study consists of three stages, namely the input stage, matching stage, and decision stage. At the input stage the analysis tools used include Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) analysis and External factor Evaluation (EFE) analysis. At the matching stage, analysis tools are used in the form of Treath-Opportunity-Weakness-Strength (TOWS) analysis and Internal External (IE) analysis and by using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) at the decision stage, various alternative strategies are analyzed and one strategy is prioritized for implementation. Based on the results of environmental analysis and company position , the strategy chosen is the market penetration strategy. The functional strategy in the field of operations or production includes sales promotions, product presentations, and product outreach. In the field of finance, it covers cost effectiveness and efficiency, simplification of bookkeeping procedures, and the proper use of budgets. In the field of marketing includes market penetration, sales of products that provide large profits, as well as payment of commissions and marketers' rights. And in the field of human resources includes implementing training and providing knowledge about new products.

Design of wide-band high-linearity transimpedance amplifier using standard CMOS technology

Abstract In this paper, the design methodology of a high-linearity wide-band transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for cable television (CATV) application is addressed. A simple four-stage topology is proposed to maintain a well-balanced linearity over a wide operating band. The regulated cascode (RGC) input stage is used to match an input impedance of 75 Ω, followed by a gain stage with enhanced bandwidth. The high-linearity output stage is able to drive the 75 Ω load directly with high output swing under a high supply voltage. The prototype is implemented with a standard 0.11μm CMOS process while occupying the silicon area of 0.034 mm2. The measurement results for the prototype show a peak gain of 76.6 dBΩ over a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.1 GHz with a considerably small gain ripple and an OIP 3 of 20.4 dBm. The whole test chip consumes 447 mW DC power and the measured average input-referred noise current spectral density is 7.9 pA Hz−1/2 up to 1 GHz.

The Virtual Resistor Used in Droop Control of DC Microgrids is a Series Loss-Free Resistor (SLFR)

The recently introduced series loss-free resistor (SLFR) is used to obtain the non-linear differential equations that describe the dynamic response of a DC-DC converter with virtual resistor and input LC filter, employed in the voltage droop control of DC microgrids. The equilibrium point and the stability criteria of the converter are presented. The results of the theoretical analysis are validated via computer simulation of largeamplitude transients for step change of the input voltage, the output current and the voltage reference signal. It is shown that the energy absorbed by the virtual resistor is not converted into heat but returned to the input stage by a power source. Thus, the paradox of the virtual resistor, which causes a voltage drop but does not consume power, is resolved. This is a theoretical study.

Communication audit of BAWASLU participatory monitoring socialisation program in South Buton

Bawaslu's Participatory Supervision Programme is an election supervision carried out by the Election Supervisor, with a Communication Audit this programme can be seen in terms of scientific analysis to plan interventions and design communication improvement initiatives. This study aims to conduct a communication audit on the socialisation program of participatory election supervision at Bawaslu South Buton. This research method uses an Evaluative with Qualitative approach. The results of the Audit Research on the Participatory Supervision Socialisation Program in South Buton showed good results at the input stage, with internal discussions and public debates encouraging the handling of violations. However, there were still shortcomings in the substance of the programme, which led to less-than-optimal teamwork. The output stage showed adequate and targeted messages, with coordination through various activity programmes. The outcome stage showed an interest in information on electoral violations, but useful findings were relatively low due to the results-oriented and outcome-focused design of the programme. Audit results can provide valuable information to improve programme efficiency, credibility, and economy. Audit results can be used as a credible means of information for BAWASLU South Buton to improve the programme and enhance organisational performance.

Formulation of Alternative Islamic Education Through the Multiple Intelligences Approach at Boarding School

Pesantren, as future Islamic education institutions, is based on community needs based on the dynamics of the morality of the developing generation. This study aims to reveal alternative Islamic education's hierarchy, formulas, and formulations in pesantren with a multiple intelligences approach. This research was conducted at Pondok Pesantren Puncak Darussalam Potoan Dajah Palengaan Pamekasan, which is capable of producing graduates with national and international contributions and achievements. The characteristics of this pesantren are able to accommodate the potential of santri through the multiple intelligences approach with varied activities representing the multiple intelligences of the santri. The chosen research technique employs a descriptive qualitative approach, specifically utilising a case study design. The data collection process encompasses various methods, including observation, interviews, and documentation. The study yielded findings about the hierarchical structure of alternative Islamic education, which was analysed through multiple intelligences theory, incorporating integrative, creative, and adaptive principles. The formula is organised in a systematic manner, incorporating many supporting materials that encompass the stages of input, process, output, and outcome. The formulation is evident in the design of learning activities that serve to strengthen and enhance the nine different types of intelligence.

A New Low-Voltage Second Generation Voltage Conveyor Using Merged Voltage Follower and DTMOS Techniques

A very simple, compact and low-power second generation voltage conveyor circuit using only eight transistors is proposed in this work. Voltage follower stage is implemented using merged voltage follower (MVF), offering very low output impedance. A simple current mirror forms the input stage of the proposed voltage conveyor. To further enhance the linearity, another circuit is proposed where input transistor in MVF is replaced with DTMOS (Dynamic Threshold Voltage MOSFET), giving [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mV linearity range as compared to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mV of the first proposal. Proposed-II VCII provides reduced offset voltage due to decreased effective threshold of DTMOS, and gain bandwidth product of the circuit also improves. Simulation results are computed using 180-nmCMOS technology with supply voltage of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V to validate the proposed circuits. Proposed-I and proposed-II VCII consume 85.1[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W and 97.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W, respectively. An application of the proposed conveyors as “current to voltage converter”, is also presented.

Rancangan Sistem Informasi Penilaian Kinerja Karyawan Berbasis Proses Bisnis

Employee performance appraisal is one that must be considered by a company in order to support employee performance evaluation and business processes that occur within the company. The process of identifying and evaluating the level of HR excellence can be obtained through a performance appraisal process. One of them is in a company engaged in the financial planning service industry, PT. My finances, which are still guided by manual Self Appraisal assessment for complete the performance appraisal process. This is the background of the author so that a business process-based employee performance appraisal design is made to make performance appraisals more effective and efficient. This research is a descriptive qualitative research that provides an overview of the company's internal conditions and describes the design of an employee performance appraisal system in accordance with the current performance appraisal process. The data validity technique used is triangulation technique to test credibility. In designing a business process-based performance appraisal system, there are three main processes, namely the input stage, the process stage and the output stage. The result of this research is the design of an employee performance appraisal system based on a business process that is objective, effective, efficient and avoids repetition of work. So that the HRD team can focus on maximizing the design of training programs for the development of my Financial HR in order to advance and support the company's growth.

A novel constant-g<sub>m</sub> rail-to-rail input stage for operational amplifiers

A novel constant-g<sub>m</sub> rail-to-rail input stage for operational amplifiers

A Compact Low-Loss Reflection-Type Harmonic Transponder for Battery-Less RFID Sensors Based on Harmonic Backscattering

This study presents a compact reflection-type harmonic transponder with a wide input power range for battery-less radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors based on harmonic backscattering. Miniaturizing the circuit size of conventional harmonic transponders is difficult because the input and output matching stages are configured separately, and two antennas are used for each port. The proposed harmonic transponder based on a dual-band matching network matches the load simultaneously at the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies over a wide input power range, thus enhancing the conversion gain (CG) with a compact size. For verification, the proposed transponder is implemented in a compact size with dimensions of 19 mm × 17.8 mm. The measured CG of the implemented transponder is maintained at over −10 dB in the wide input power range of −6.4 dBm to 10.6 dBm at 2.45 GHz. Th e harmonic transponder is configured with a dual-band chip antenna and measured in free space to verify whether it is suitable for battery-less RFID sensors. The measured detectable effective distance to the proposed circuit is 6.3 m in free space, with an equivalent isotropically radiated power of 42.6 dBm.

Excitation and Inhibition Delays within a Feedforward Inhibitory Pathway Modulate Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Output in Mice.

The cerebellar cortex computes sensorimotor information from many brain areas through a feedforward inhibitory (FFI) microcircuit between the input stage, the granule cell (GC) layer, and the output stage, the Purkinje cells (PCs). Although in other brain areas FFI underlies a precise excitation versus inhibition temporal correlation, recent findings in the cerebellum highlighted more complex behaviors at GC-molecular layer interneuron (MLI)-PC pathway. To dissect the temporal organization of this cerebellar FFI pathway, we combined ex vivo patch-clamp recordings of PCs in male mice with a viral-based strategy to express Channelrhodopsin2 in a subset of mossy fibers (MFs), the major excitatory inputs to GCs. We show that although light-mediated MF activation elicited pairs of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents in PCs, excitation (E) from GCs and inhibition (I) from MLIs reached PCs with a wide range of different temporal delays. However, when GCs were directly stimulated, a low variability in E/I delays was observed. Our results demonstrate that in many recordings MF stimulation recruited different groups of GCs that trigger E and/or I, and expanded PC temporal synaptic integration. Finally, using a computational model of the FFI pathway, we showed that this temporal expansion could strongly influence how PCs integrate GC inputs. Our findings show that specific E/I delays may help PCs encoding specific MF inputs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensorimotor information is conveyed to the cerebellar cortex by mossy fibers. Mossy fiber inputs activate granule cells that excite molecular interneurons and Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, leading to a sequence of synaptic excitation and inhibition in Purkinje cells, thus defining a feedforward inhibitory pathway. Using electrophysiological recordings, optogenetic stimulation, and mathematical modeling, we demonstrated that different groups of granule cells can elicit synaptic excitation and inhibition with various latencies onto Purkinje cells. This temporal variability controls how granule cells influence Purkinje cell discharge and may support temporal coding in the cerebellar cortex.

Design, implementation, and preliminary in-vivo assessment of a high-CMRR low-NEF wireless EEG miniaturized platform.

This work presents the design, manufacture, test, and preliminary in-vivo assessment of the proof-of-concept of a miniaturized wireless platform for acquiring electroencephalography signals, where the input stage is a high-CMRR current-efficiency custom-made integrated neural preamplifier.Clinical relevance- Small, low-power consumption, wireless, wearable devices for chronically monitoring EEG recordings may contribute to the diagnosis of transient neurological events, the characterization and potential forecasting of epileptic seizures, and provide signals for controlling prosthetic and aid devices.

Peningkatan Kreativitas Masyarakat dalam Mengolah Limbah Sedotan Plastik Menjadi Tempat Tissue

The use of plastic straws to make tissue box crafts that are worth selling. The purpose of the student creativity program - entrepreneurship (PKM-K) is to motivate students to become entrepreneurs in processing waste, especially into crafts that have market value, such as tissue box crafts. Plastic straw waste in the Palopo City environment is one of the elements that causes pollution which is not easy to decompose because it is made from plastic and is inorganic. Utilizing plastic straw waste into valuable products is a creative effort to reuse waste to preserve the environment and increase the economic value of waste that is no longer used. The methods used are the input, process (production), output and evaluation stages. The results of this program are input, conducting market surveys to determine market conditions. Next is a feasibility study of the business to be run. The last stage is the selection of materials and the provision of places as well as facilities and infrastructure to support the production process. Process (production), the process of making a tissue box starts from the preparation of materials and tools. Output, namely the craft of tissue holders that are ready to be used and marketed to consumers. The last is evaluation. At this stage, we will review any deficiencies that make consumers uncomfortable using our products. The conclusion of the PKM-K program is that the use of plastic straws to make tissue box crafts that are worth selling can provide skills to students, especially at the Muhammadiyah University of Palopo, to remain innovative and creative in processing plastic straw waste, providing opportunities for students to practice entrepreneurship with a comprehensive understanding of the concept of entrepreneurship, and build students' enthusiasm to stay in business.

Application-Specific Integrated Circuit of an Inter-IC Sound Digital Filter for Audio Systems

In digital audio systems, filters and equalizers are essential modules for audio improvement at the input and output stages. Due to their computational complexity, most audio tasks are processed with digital signal processors. Due to the fact that latency in audio systems is a critical specification and audio trends require higher sample rates, noise canceling, and bigger data sizes, having an independent high-resolution equalizer would reduce the computational power needed for audio systems. This research had the goal of designing and implementing a hardware architecture for a configurable filter bank based on finite impulse response (FIR) filters and a noise-cancellation stage with an inter-integrated circuit (I2C) communication interface, which allows the filter configuration. The system was implemented as a standalone integrated circuit (IC) for which its inputs were the inter-IC sound (I2S) bus control signals. The digital audio system was optimized to perform one-cycle convolutional operations by implementing a vector–vector arithmetic logic unit. Furthermore, this applied research provides the register transfer level description and the functional verification of the digital design, the system-on-chip (SoC) implementation in TSMC 180 nm technology, and the post-silicon validation with a printed circuit board for testing the output digital signals of the system.

YOLO-Xray: A Bubble Defect Detection Algorithm for Chip X-ray Images Based on Improved YOLOv5

In the manufacturing of chips, the accurate and effective detection of internal bubble defects of chips is essential to maintain product reliability. In general, the inspection is performed manually by viewing X-ray images, which is time-consuming and less reliable. To solve the above problems, an improved bubble defect detection model YOLO-Xray based on the YOLOv5 algorithm for chip X-ray images is proposed. First, the chip X-ray images are preprocessed by image segmentation to construct the chip X-ray defect dataset, namely, CXray. Then, in the input stage, the K-means++ algorithm is used to re-cluster the CXray dataset to generate the anchors suitable for our dataset. In the backbone network, a micro-scale detection head is added to improve the capabilities for small defect detection. In the neck network, the bi-direction feature fusion idea of BiFPN is used to construct a new feature fusion network based on the improved backbone to fuse the semantic features of different layers. In addition, the Quality Focal Loss function is used to replace the cross-entropy loss function to solve the imbalance of positive and negative samples. The experimental results show that the mean average precision (mAP) of the YOLO-Xray algorithm on the CXray dataset reaches 93.5%, which is 5.1% higher than the original YOLOv5. Meanwhile, the YOLO-Xray algorithm achieves state-of-the-art detection accuracy and speed compared with other mainstream object detection models. This shows the proposed YOLO-Xray algorithm can provide technical support for bubble defect detection in chip X-ray images. The CXray dataset is also open and available at CXray.

Optical truss interferometer for the LISA telescope.

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna telescopes must exhibit an optical path length stability of p m/H z in the mHz observation band to meet mission requirements. The optical truss interferometer is a proposed method to aid in the ground testing of the telescopes, as well as a risk-mitigation plan for flight units. This consists of three Fabry-Perot cavities mounted to the telescope, which are used to monitor structural displacements. We have designed and developed a fiber-based cavity injection system that integrates fiber components, mode matching optics, and a cavity input mirror into a compact input stage. The input stages, paired with return mirror stages, can be mounted to the telescope to form optical truss cavities. We performed a thorough sensitivity analysis using various simulation methods to support the fabrication and assembly of three first-generation prototype cavities, each of which exhibited satisfactory performance based on our models.

Convolutional neural networks for vision neuroscience: significance, developments, and outstanding issues.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are a class of machine learning models predominately used in computer vision tasks and can achieve human-like performance through learning from experience. Their striking similarities to the structural and functional principles of the primate visual system allow for comparisons between these artificial networks and their biological counterparts, enabling exploration of how visual functions and neural representations may emerge in the real brain from a limited set of computational principles. After considering the basic features of CNNs, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of endorsing CNNs as in silico models of the primate visual system. Specifically, we highlight several emerging notions about the anatomical and physiological properties of the visual system that still need to be systematically integrated into current CNN models. These tenets include the implementation of parallel processing pathways from the early stages of retinal input and the reconsideration of several assumptions concerning the serial progression of information flow. We suggest design choices and architectural constraints that could facilitate a closer alignment with biology provide causal evidence of the predictive link between the artificial and biological visual systems. Adopting this principled perspective could potentially lead to new research questions and applications of CNNs beyond modeling object recognition.

Trade drives leakage of life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions from plastics in China over 2010–2021

Trade drives increased life-cycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and carbon leakage from plastics, increasing the environmental burden on the supply chain. Therefore, assessing the characteristics and drivers of plastic carbon emissions will help develop emission reduction strategies from a supply chain perspective. In this study, we present a model framework for life-cycle assessment, optimized input-output analysis, and structural decomposition analysis. Specifically, for the first time, we assess the life-cycle CO2 emissions of plastics in China, the world's largest producer and consumer, and consider the input, production, consumption, and income stages of the plastic supply chain. China's plastic CO2 emissions increased by 38.07% from 2010 to 2021 and, under a business-as-usual path, will consume 4.2–5.4% of the global carbon budget by 2050. From a supply chain perspective, each economic sector assumes different responsibilities for emissions at different stages. Despite increasing emissions, China's economic structure has potentially improved the embodied carbon leakage from the intersectoral and international trade in plastics. Furthermore, regarding socioeconomic factors, the levels of final demand (63%) and primary input (61%) dominated the increase in plastic CO2 emissions from 2012 to 2020, and the intensity of emissions was the key to reducing emissions. The novelty of this study is that the model we proposed can solve the data limitations of the global plastics supply chain and focuses for the first time on the input and income stages and their drivers.

STUDI KUALITATIF SISTEM INFORMASI MANAJEMEN RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH BATARA GURU BELOPA KABUPATEN LUWU

Many activities currently rely heavily on information systems, whether in hospitals, health centres, or clinics. A quality system cannot be separated from the role of a system analyst who has great influence and is the backbone of developing a device. The purpose of this study was to find out how the hospital management information system was implemented at Batara Guru Belopa Hospital. The research method used in this study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to describe the management information system of the Batara Guru Belopa hospital at the input, process and output stages. The results of this study found that at the input stage regarding the availability of staff, there was still a lack of staff processing the complete final data according to the format of the Ministry of Health, at the process stage regarding data collection carried out in all outpatient units and inpatient units by filling out the patient register book then entering it into the census form The patient's daily allowance is then paid to the medical record department every month. Before data processing, data correction is carried out first so that incomplete files are sometimes found. Meanwhile, in the output stage, only 3 types of reports were produced (RL 1, RL 2a, RL 2b) which were not by the provisions of the Ministry of Health (RL 1, RL 2a, RL 2b, RL 3, RL 4, RL 5 and RL 6 ). Based on the conclusions, this study suggests that it is necessary to consider additional personnel. Hospitals should be able to include in the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget the concept of developing human resources according to their qualifications so that skilled workers can be obtained in their fields. We recommend that the online information network can be optimally enabled immediately. A damaged computer should be repaired immediately.