In-line Skating Research Articles

Das Verletzungsrisiko beim Aggressive Inlineskating

In order to evaluate the special injury pattern of aggressive inline skating, a field study was conducted in a local, non-commercial skate park equipped with all the typical features like ramps, halfpipes, gully areas. 66 unselected aggressive inline skaters were randomly enrolled and interviewed concerning their skating habits and their skating injury history. Average age was 15 (10 to 41) years, skating was performed since 2.1 (0.1 to 6) years, as aggressive skating since 1.3 (0.1 to 4) years. Medical treatment in a doctor's practice or in a hospital had been necessary in 66 cases, averaging 1.4 times per skater and year, averaging one injury per 586 hours of aggressive skating. The injury pattern reflected the regions typically injured in fitness skating, too, with a higher percentage of injuries concerning knee, tibia and ankle region. The use of protective devices varied from 41 % (wrist guards) to 94 % (knee pads), with an average of 69 %. Only 32 % of skaters wore all protective devices. As the personal thrill is an important motivation for aggressive skating, safer skating campaigns are quite unlikely to decrease the risk of injury in aggressive skaters.

인라인스케이트 참여자들의 참여만족도 분석

인라인스케이트 참여자들의 참여만족도 분석

Incidence and Description of Scooter-Related Injuries Among Children

To describe trends in scooter-related injuries among US youth and compare scooter injuries to those related to in-line skates and skateboards. Retrospective review of data for children 1-19 years old from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission for 1997-2002. There were an estimated 190,878 scooter-related injuries (95% confidence interval: 145,984-235,773) among children treated in US emergency departments; 90% were in those 15 years old or younger. There was a marked increase in scooter-related injuries in 2000, injuries peaked in 2001, and declined. In 2002, the number of scooter-related injuries was similar to in-line skates and lower than skateboard-related injuries. Scooter- and in-line skate-associated injuries primarily involved children 5-12 years old: rates of scooter-related injuries were higher than rates of in-line skate-associated injuries among those 1-9 years old. Skateboard-related injuries more often involved teens. Forearm fractures accounted for 56% of fractures related to scooters (vs 74% in-line skates and 49% skateboards, chi-square, P < .01). Five percent of children injured using scooters had a closed head injury or skull fracture, similar to in-line skates and skateboards. The annual number of injuries related to scooters, which peaked in 2001, is now similar to the number of injuries related to in-line skates. Injuries related to scooters primarily involve children 5-12 years old, and forearm fractures are common. These data suggest helmets should be used, and protective equipment should be developed to reduce forearm fractures.

Meningitis following basal skull fracture in two in-line skaters

In-line skating has been reported to cause severe head injury. Basilar skull fracture (BSF) is associated with a high risk of complication. We report two children who had bacterial meningitis following seemingly trivial in-line skating injuries. In both, anterior BSF was diagnosed retrospectively following occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. The clinical signs indicating BSF depend on the fracture location. Plain skull radiography and computed tomography (CT) are not sensitive enough to detect thin fractures in the anterior cranial fossa. We argue that high resolution multiple-plane CT and coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging are indicated to diagnose BSF.

Why young Dutch in-line skaters do (not) use protection equipment.

In-line skate injuries are highly preventable by the use of protective gear. We investigated how young Dutch skaters protect themselves and what factors predict the use of protective gear in order to develop campaigns to increase their safety behaviour. A survey was conducted to study protection behaviour of 872 Dutch skaters and factors influencing the use of protective gear. Written questionnaires were used, measuring behaviour and social psychological determinants towards the use of protective behaviour. Protective gear was not often used: 36% used wrist guards, 28% used kneepads, 14% used elbow pads and 5% used helmets. The use of protective gear was influenced by social influences, self-efficacy expectations and intention (R2=54%). The present study shows that young Dutch skaters should improve their safety behaviour in order to prevent skate injuries. Furthermore, the study provides clear recommendations for developing prevention programmes.

Using the Pavesled to Develop the Skating Musculature

S kating is a highly technical skill, which requires a great deal of strength, balance, agility, and power for a skater to move effectively across the ice. During dryland training, hockey players often find it difficult to train skating-specific actions in a technically precise manner that transfers to the ice. One of the keys to ice hockey training is that it must be ground-based and involve body weight and triple-extension movements of the hip, knee, and ankle (4). Several training devices have been created that attempt to duplicate the exact vectors and forces used in the skating stride so there will be a positive carryover to the ice. Recently a device (Pavesled, Independence, MO) was developed consisting of a weighted sled that slides across pavement while being towed by an athlete skating on in-line skates. The idea behind this concept is to duplicate the on-ice skating stride during off-ice training anywhere dry, flat pavement is found. When used in conjunction with a periodized strength and conditioning program, this device may offer an additional training tool for skating athletes to develop sport-specific musculature.

인라인 스케이트 T300m 출발동작 분석

This study is to present more effective starting skills through analysis of kinematic characteristics of starting motions in 300m Time Trials of Inline Skating. To achieve this goal, 6 athletes, 3 in the national team and 3 in business teams were chosen and their starting motions were examined with three-dimensional image analyses. The results of analyses in regard of positions and speed of the bodily center and angles, angular velocity, and linear velocity of articulations of lower limbs by sections of starting motions are as follows: In case of the central position, though it is effective to reduce the air resistance by lowering the upper part of the body maximumly, it is reasonable to accelerate by raising the upper part of the body to some degree for the running posture at the lower speed in the starting section. In the starting section, it is efficient to minimize the period of time in touching the ground. for this, it is necessary to train for taking motions without slippage while touching the ground. While 3 athletes in business teams kicked the ground as running right after the starting, the others in the national team slid on the ground. As the number of steps increased, the movable speed changed quickly. Thus the movable speed of athletes in the national team indicated big differences in two to three steps. If these factors are well supported, the push-away starting method might be better than the running starting method in terms of improvement of records.

How to carry out a health-orientated marathon training programme for running and inline skating

BackgroundMore and more people want to do something for their health. Nevertheless, certain reluctance exists when it comes to committing oneself to higher sporting aims, as well as some uncertainty concerning proper training.Design and methodsTwo model projects have been developed, aimed at motivating larger parts of the population towards a health-orientated training programme. Both projects serve as a basis for further, similarly designed large-scale projects. In the running project a health-focused run training programme was set up aimed at preparing people, previously inexperienced in running, for a marathon. In the inline project an inline training programme was developed which comprised both the training of essential techniques as well as individualized endurance training, the aim being the participation in an inline marathon.ResultsA total of more than 1000 people participated in both projects. The health check performed before the beginning of the project revealed some pathological findings, demo...

How to carry out a health-orientated marathon training programme for running and inline skating.

More and more people want to do something for their health. Nevertheless, certain reluctance exists when it comes to committing oneself to higher sporting aims, as well as some uncertainty concerning proper training. Two model projects have been developed, aimed at motivating larger parts of the population towards a health-orientated training programme. Both projects serve as a basis for further, similarly designed large-scale projects. In the running project a health-focused run training programme was set up aimed at preparing people, previously inexperienced in running, for a marathon. In the inline project an inline training programme was developed which comprised both the training of essential techniques as well as individualized endurance training, the aim being the participation in an inline marathon. A total of more than 1000 people participated in both projects. The health check performed before the beginning of the project revealed some pathological findings, demonstrating the necessity of a medical examination before taking up regular training. Both projects led to an improvement in endurance performance. In addition, the blood-chemical metabolic parameters showed clear optimization, in particular the lipid profile. The inline technique training resulted in an improvement of the braking skills, which is accompanied by a reduction in the risk of injuries. Both model projects have shown that large-scale sports programmes that focus primarily on the prevention of injuries and disease (under sport-medical guidance) with a performance incentive are accepted by the population, provided they offer a high fun factor.

Bicycle helmet assessment during well visits reveals severe shortcomings in condition and fit.

Improper bicycle helmet fit increases the risk of head injury. Information on the rate of proper use of bicycle helmets is lacking. Promotion of helmet use is recommended at well-child and adolescent visits. Actual helmet assessment during such visits has not been reported. The primary goal of this study is to measure the proportion of children whose helmets are in proper condition and can be made to fit properly by the child and/or parent. The secondary goal is to begin to assess the value and practicality of helmet inspection during well-child and adolescent visits. The study took place at a private pediatric office in Falmouth, Massachusetts, from June 1 through August 31, 2001. Eligible children and adolescents were those aged 4 to 18 years presenting for well examination, along with siblings present at the visit. Eligible families completed a questionnaire, then had a timed attempt to fit a helmet, followed by an assessment of helmet fit and condition against a predetermined standard. Eighty-four percent (395/473) of eligible families participated. A total of 479 participants were assessed. Eighty-eight percent of participants (419/478) owned a helmet. Reported helmet use "always" or "almost always" was 73% for bicycling (317/434), 69% for in-line skating (193/279), 58% for scootering (179/310), and 50% for skateboarding (79/158). Compared with younger children, teenagers were less likely to wear helmets for all activities. Complete pass rate for every aspect of condition and fit was 4% (20/478, 95% confidence interval: 3-6). The pass rate when the parent alone fit the helmet was 0% (0/52). Three individual aspects of fit were most problematic: 1) helmet 'resting position' too high on the forehead (pass rate 249/479; 52%), 2) improper strap position (pass rate 157/476; 33%), and 3) excessive movement of the helmet from front to back of the head (pass rate 247/479; 52%). Mean time for questionnaire completion was 4 (standard deviation: +/-1) minutes, and 7 (standard deviation: +/-3) minutes for helmet assessment. Ninety-six percent of children and adolescents wore helmets in inadequate condition and/or with inadequate fit. This occurred despite a high acceptance of helmet use by this population. Initial evidence suggests that helmet assessment during well visits may be practical and valuable.

Non-motorized vehicles and walkers: going for “broke”

Many emergency department visits are for trauma resulting from mishaps while using wheeled sports equipment. While these injuries among children and adolescents are common, much of the variation in injury frequency and severity depends on the age of the child and protective equipment used. This article will discuss injuries related to baby walkers as well as various wheeled sporting equipment, including bicycles, tricycles, scooters, skateboards, and in-line skates. Information about risks and types of common injuries will aid the physician in case management. Descriptive information about the circumstances of injury and types of protective equipment will guide injury prevention counseling.

BALANCE MAINTENANCE IN SKILLED ATHLETES IS SURFACE INDEPENDENT

Postural stability is now considered an essential component of any motor act. One often notes a somewhat standardized anticipatory response to voluntarily induced destabilizing movements. However, little attention has been given to the effect of previous experience on balance response. PURPOSE To determine whether or not ice hockey players, who practice and compete in an unstable environment, make non-standard anticipatory postural adjustments to deal with perturbations to stability. Junior ice hockey players (skilled) were compared to non-skaters (unskilled) to examine effects of previous experience on the balance response. METHODS Skin surface electrodes were placed over the muscle bellies of gastrocnemius (GA), biceps femoris (BF) and erector spinae (ES) of 6 skilled and 6 unskilled subjects. A triaxial accelerometer was affixed to the ventral surface of the right hand. Subjects performed rapid bimanual shoulder flexions to 20 degrees (Small Perturbation, Ps) and 80 degrees (Large Perturbation, PL). The task was performed on both stable (barefoot) and unstable (in-line skates) surfaces. Muscle activation response time to the self-induced balance perturbation was calculated relative to the initiation of arm movement. RESULTS Significant effects were found for both Perturbation (p <0.01) and Perturbation by Skill level (p < 0.05). BF activated first more often in PL than Ps (51±9 vs. 31±7%) across groups and surfaces. However, skilled showed the same BF response to Ps as to PL (45±10 vs. 52±12%), while unskilled showed a much lower percentage in Ps than PL (16±10 vs. 50±12%). CONCLUSION Both groups (skilled and unskilled) primarily adopted a hip strategy to compensate for the perturbation. The unskilled subjects dealt with Ps differently than PL. This was not the case for the skilled subjects. It appears that extensive training on an unstable surface contributes to skilled subjects exhibiting a balance maintenance response for large perturbations which is also utilized in the face of small perturbations. Supported by NSERC and CIHR CAR Grants 43276

Do Skateparks Reduce the Risk of Skateboard and In-line Skating Injuries?

Do Skateparks Reduce the Risk of Skateboard and In-line Skating Injuries?

Effects of vibration in inline skating on the Hoffmann reflex, force, and proprioception

THOMPSON, C., and M. BÉLANGER. Effects of vibration in inline skating on the Hoffmann reflex, force, and proprioception. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2037–2044. Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the effects of vibrations induced by inline skating on the Hoffmann (H) reflex, maximal voluntary isometric (MVC) force, and ankle proprioception. Methods Accelerometers were used to measure the frequencies and amplitudes of the vibrations encountered at the skate and mid-tibia levels. The soleus H reflex was recorded before and after (for 30 min) inline skating for 30 min. Maximal plantarflexor contractions were performed against a strain gauge while EMG was recorded from the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles. An ankle position–matching test was carried out to measure proprioception at the ankle. A Modified Borg Scale was used to obtain the appreciation of leg numbness and fatigue during inline skating. Results The vibrations measured at the skate chassis level had a mean frequency of 141.8 ± 25.2 Hz and an amplitude of ≤5 g. These vibrations were transmitted to the lower limb as measured by a mean frequency of 34.4 ± 27.7 Hz and an amplitude of ≤2 g at the mid-tibia level. The results demonstrate a clear inhibition (∼35%) of the H reflex after skating that persisted for >35 min after skating. A 10% drop in MVC plantarflexor force was observed after inline skating. There was no accompanying change in EMG signal parameters. The ankle proprioception of the subjects decreased after skating, resulting in reproduction errors twice as large as before skating. Conclusion Vibrations encountered during inline skating resulted in modifications of neuromotor functions related to the muscle spindles’ primary afferent. These changes may partially be explained by presynaptic inhibition; however, a more plausible mechanism may be a decrease in the Ia afferent transmission induced by the vibration.

Skateboard-associated injuries: participation-based estimates and injury characteristics.

Skateboarding is a popular recreational activity but has attendant associated risks. To place this risk in perspective, participation-based rates of injury were determined and compared with those of other selected sports. Skateboard-associated injuries were evaluated over time to determine participation-based trends in injury prevalence. Rates of skateboard-associated injury were studied for the 12-year period 1987 to 1998 for participants aged 7 years or older. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System provided injury estimates for skateboarding and the selected additional sporting activities. The National Sporting Goods Association annual survey of nationally representative households provided participation estimates. A participation-based rate of injury was calculated from these data sets for the selected sports for the year 1998. The 1998 rate of emergency department-treated skateboard-associated injuries-8.9 injuries per 1,000 participants (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2, 11.6)-was twice as high as in-line skating (3.9 [95% CI, 3.1, 4.8]) and half as high as basketball (21.2 [95% CI, 18.3, 24.1]). The rate of skateboard-associated injuries declined from 1987 to 1993 but is again increasing: the 1998 rate was twice that of 1993 (4.5 [95% CI, 1.6, 7.4] and 8.9 [95% CI, 6.2, 11.6], respectively). Increases occurred primarily among adolescent and young adult skateboarders. The most frequent injuries in 1998 were ankle strain/sprain and wrist fracture: 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8, 1.6) and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4, 0.8) per 1,000, respectively. Skateboard-associated injuries requiring hospitalization occurred in 2.9% and were 11.4 (95% CI, 7.5, 17.5) times more likely to have occurred as a result of a crash with a motor vehicle than injuries in those patients not hospitalized. This study is the first to relate skateboarding and other sport injuries to participation exposures. We found that skateboarding is a comparatively safe sport; however, increased rates of injury are occurring in adolescent and young adult skateboarders. The most common injuries are musculoskeletal; the more serious injuries resulting in hospitalization typically involve a crash with a motor vehicle. This new methodology that uses participation-based injury rates might contribute to more effective injury control initiatives.

Skatepark injuries and the influence of skatepark design: a one year consecutive case series

Skateboarding and in-line skating are popular activities that attract millions of participants yearly and have spawned the development of skateparks (SPs). This study examined the types and distribution of injuries within a local commercial SP. Subjects were prospectively enrolled in a university Emergency Department (ED) after an injury at a local SP. One hundred subjects were enrolled over 1 year, representing 102 episodes and 106 injuries. Musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 80% of all injuries. Fractures and dislocations were the most frequent injuries (59%); six required operative management. One serious intra-abdominal injury occurred. Head and facial injuries occurred in 17% of subjects; none required operative repair. Admission rate was 9%. Safety equipment use was greater than 91%. Significantly more injuries occurred in the ramp/bars areas compared to the half-pipe and gully areas, suggesting that SP design may significantly influence injury patterns. A substantial number of injuries occurred at the SP, despite controlled conditions and equipment requirements.

Extreme sports: injuries and medical coverage.

Extreme sports (including in-line skating, snowboarding, mountain bicycling, extreme skiing, rock climbing, indoor tackle football, kickboxing, skateboarding, and ultra-endurance racing) are growing in popularity. Often these sports are designed to expose athletes to greater thrills and risks than are found in traditional sporting activities. Despite this increased risk of injury, athletes competing in these sports often have little or no formal medical coverage. This article reviews what is known about this emerging area of sports medicine to assist physicians in preparing for medical coverage of these athletes and their competitions.

Helmet use: a survey of 4 common childhood leisure activities.

To compare the distribution and observation of helmet use patterns among 4 common childhood leisure activities-bicycle riding, in-line skating, skateboarding, and scooter riding-in a setting with no helmet use legislation. A cross-sectional, unobtrusive, direct observation of children engaged in 1 of the 4 activities was conducted during an 8-week period. Eight communities of at least 1000 persons each in a 2-county Central Texas area. Prevalence of activity, helmet use, and correct helmet use. Of 841 children observed, most rode bicycles (74.8%); only 4.2% rode skateboards. They included 127 children estimated to be younger than 6 years (15.1%) and 495 estimated to be aged between 6 and 12 years (58.9%). Most were male (67.3%) and observed in urban communities (61.7%). The locations of highest concentration of the 4 activities were minor streets for bicycle riding, playgrounds for in-line skating, and sidewalks for skateboarding and scooter riding. The rate of overall helmet use was 13.6% and did not vary significantly by activity: in-line skating, 18.2%; skateboarding, 14.3%; bicycle riding, 13.5%; and scooter riding, 11.5%. However, the observed correct helmet use prevalence of 72.6% differed significantly by activity. Most children riding scooters wore their helmets incorrectly. Helmet use was positively associated with helmet use by accompanying children and/or adults. While bicycle riding was the most popular activity observed, helmet use was most prevalent among in-line skaters and least prevalent among scooter riders, many of whom also wore them incorrectly. Observed helmet use was influenced mostly by adult and peer helmet use, indicating that public education and interventions should target children and their parents as well as scooter riders.

Protective Equipment Use in In-line Skating: An Observational Survey

Protective Equipment Use in In-line Skating: An Observational Survey

Table of Contents

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