In-furrow Spray Research Articles

Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Admire (Imidacloprid), 1993

Abstract Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 11 May and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Three treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Three application methods of the emulsifiable concentrate (2EC) were tested at a single rate of 0.25 pounds active ingredient per acre. The first method was an in-furrow spray application over the seed piece at planting. The second method was a six inch banded spray over the row at planting and prior to bedding. The third application method was a shank application approximately three inches on either side of and two to three inches below the seed piece. The first and second application methods were made at planting on 7 May. Due to weather constraints application method three was made on 11 May. On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3—4 instar) and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Weekly counts of green peach aphids were made beginning on 7 Jul by examining six leaves from each plot. Plots were harvested on 21 Sept for yield and grade by taking a single 25 foot row from each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls.

Early Season Insect Control with Orthene in Selected Formulations and Application Methods, 1992

Abstract The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth, and seed cotton yields of selected Orthene treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) and preemergence soil applied sprays (PRE) were compared with that of Temik 15 G. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 101.6 cm centers x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Cotton was planted in a Gigger Silt Loam (pH = 6.7, 1.8% organic matter) on 23 Apr with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply pesticides through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 46.8 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 3.66 kg/cm2. The PRE treatments were applied on 23 Apr with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 nozzles (2/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Numbers of thrips and aphids were determined by sampling 10 plants on 20 and 25 May using whole-plant washing procedures. Plant stand, leaf area and plant height were measured on 15, 26 and 28 May, respectively. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 17 Sep and 1 Oct. All plots received Terraclor Super-X (11.2 kg form/ha) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. Soil moisture was adequate at planting and 90% emergence was observed by 10 d after planting. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not considered a factor influencing final yields.

Management of Cutworms with In-Furrow Insecticide Treatments at Planting, 1991

Abstract Cotton was planted no-till on 13 May into a residue of hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, on preformed beds. Plots consisted of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 9.0 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. All plots received Ridomil PC 11 G (11.2 kg form./ha) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. In-furrow granular treatments (IFGAP) were applied at planting with a John Deere 7100 planter modified to apply pesticides through split hopper boxes. In-furrow sprays (IFSAP) were applied as a directed spray into the seed furrow with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 46.8 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Post-plant broadcast treatments (PRE) were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system and calibrated to deliver a volume of 93.6 liters total spray/ha through 2 TX-12 nozzles per row (50.8 cm spacing) at 3.02 kg/cm2. The PRE treatments were applied immediately after planting. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring stand density, damaged plants, numbers of larvae, and estimating skip distances between plants on the 2 inside rows of each plot. From planting (13 May) to 30 May, 6.17 cm of rainfall were recorded.

Control of Thrips in Cotton with In-Furrow Insecticides, 1990

Abstract Cotton was planted on 29 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with a Gandy box on the planter while in-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 11 gal/acre at 20 psi through 8203 flat fan nozzles directed into the furrow in front of the press wheel. Liquid sidedress treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with 1 8203 flat fan nozzle/row delivering 11 gal/acre at 20 psi. Granular sidedress treatments were applied with a coffee can with a small hole in the bottom and calibrated to deliver the desired rate. All sidedress treatments were directed to the ground next to a row and cultivated in immediately following application. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 12, 20, and 27 Jun and 13 Jul. Visual damage ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants per plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Plant height and node measurements were also made. Plots were harvested on 17 Oct for first pick and 27 Oct for second pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.

Early and Mid Season Systemic Insecticides, 1990

Abstract Systemic insecticides were evaluated when applied in-furrow at planting treatments for thrips control and as side-dress applications for cotton aphid control at the early squaring stage of crop development. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots (13.3 × 50 ft) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Planting and in-furrow granular (IFG) insecticide treatment application was with a 4 row John Deere, model 7100 planter adapted for Almaco cone planters and Kincaid cone granule applicators, on 8 May. The in-furrow spray (IFS) treatment was applied with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 3.8 gal/acre, Conejet TX-8 spray tips). Spray was directed onto the seed and adjacent soil (ca. 3 inch wide band) as seed dropped into the seed furrow and before seed were covered with soil. Side-dress granule (SDG) treatments were applied with a Gandy, granule applicator (on tool bar with 4 applicator knives) about 3 inches deep and about 9 inches to the side of plants. Side-dress spray (SDS) treatments were applied on 22 Jun with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 6.7 gal/acre, Teejet 8003 nozzle tips) and injected through the same knives as SDG. Insecticides (Karate 1 E + Orthene 90 SP°0.025 + 0.5 lb Al/acre) for bollworm/tobacco budworm control were applied 14 and 22 Aug. Plots (2 center rows) were harvested with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker on 2 Oct.

In-furrow spray as a delivery system for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and other rhizosphere-competent bacteria

A series of greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate aqueous in-furrow spray techniques for inoculating crop plants with cell suspensions of rhizosphere-competent root-colonizing bacteria. Maximum root colonization of soybean or canola roots by strains of Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Bradyrhizobium occurred using log 8 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL in the spray in greenhouse conditions. Field experiments evaluating a dose reponse demonstrated that maximum soybean root colonization by strains of Serratia or Pseudomonas was achieved between log 7 and 8 cfu/mL, while root colonization by a Bacillus strain was not related to cell concentration in the spray suspension. Root colonization greater than log 4.5 cfu/g root fresh weight was achieved for most strains by in-furrow spray application of a suspension of log 8 cfu/mL at a rate of 10 mL/m for canola, soybean, and wheat, while root colonization of corn ranged from a maximum of log 3.4 to no recovery. In-furrow spray may be a useful method for inoculating plants with rhizosphere-competent bacteria for experimental purposes, thereby avoiding interactions of formulation. It may also have some value for commercial delivery of bacteria to agricultural crops when it is compatible with accepted agronomic practices. Key words: rhizosphere, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, formulation, Pseudomonas, root colonization.

Early Season Insect Control with Infurrow Insecticides, 1990

Abstract The insecticidal efficacy, effects on plant growth and yields of selected insecticide treatments applied as in-furrow sprays was compared to that for Temik 15 G. Cotton was planted in a Gigger Silt Loam on 24 Apr with a John Deere 7100 planter modified to apply pesticides through a granular applicator hopper boxes or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. Infurrow sprays were applied with a COa charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8003 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 52 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 40-inch centers × 65-ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Numbers of thrips and aphids were determined by sampling 10 plants on 16 and 25 May using whole-plant washing procedures. Plant stand, leaf area and plant height were measured on 15, 21 and 28 May, respectively. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 middle rows of each plot on 24 Sep and 10 Oct. All plots received Terraclor Super-X (10 lb form./acre) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season.

Early-Season Control of Chinch Bugs in Corn with Soil Insecticides, 1989

Abstract Pioneer 3320’ field corn was planted for Tests I—III on 6 Apr and for Test IV on 19 Apr in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow application. The diam of a single central fole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using a carbon dioxode pressurized planter-mounted sprayer dispensing insecticide from 2-liter plastic bottles. Application pressure was 50 psi using a Tee Jet no. 11004 nozzle. Banded sprays were applied as 8-inch bands across the open seed furrow ahead of the press wheel. For in-furrow spray applications, nozzles were rotated 90° and the spray directed into the open seed furrow A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. Tests were conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, each treatment consisting of 2, 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Efficacy of insecticide treatments against chinch bugs in corn were determined by counting the number of chinch bugs/10 randomly selected plants in each insecticide plot (5 plants/row × 2 rows/plot × 4 replications) The number of chinch bug-damaged plants per 40 row ft was also counted in each insecticide plot (2 rows/plots × 4 replications). Data are reported as mean number of chinch bugs/10 plants and mean number of damaged plants/40 row ft.

Chinch Bug Control in Sorghum with Liquid and Granular Soil Insecticides, 1989

Abstract Funks G522 DR' grain sorghum was planted 21 Aug in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station, adjacent to a recently harvested corn field to take advantage of chinch bugs seeking fresh vegetation on which to feed and produce the final fall generation. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow applicator. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using a carbon dioxide pressurized planter-mounted sprayer dispensing insecticide from 2-liter plastic bottles. Application pressure was 50 psi using a Tee Jet #11004 nozzle. Banded sprays were applied as 8-inch bands across the open seed furrow ahead of the press wheel. For in-furrow spray applications, nozzles were rotated 90 degrees and spray directed into the open seed furrow. A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and each treatment consisted of two 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Efficacy of insecticide treatments against chinch bugs in sorghum were determined by counting the number of chinch bugs/10 randomly selected plants in each insecticide plot (5 plants/row × 2 rows/plot × 4 replications). The number of plants/40 ft of row was also counted in each insecticide plot (2 rows/plot × 4 replications). Data are reported as mean number of chinch bugs/10 plants and mean number of plants/40 ft of row.

Aliette-Rovral Disease/Compatibility Test with Temik 15 G, 1989

Abstract The test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Terraclor Super-X (TSX) 10 lb (FORM.)/acre and Ridomil PC 8 lb (FORM.)/acre were used as standard fungicides. Aliette-Rovral combinations were applied in granular and wettable powder formulations. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were 4 rows wide (40-inch spacing) × 65 ft long. ‘Stoneville 453’ cotton was planted on 8 May, on a commerce silt loam soil which was cover cropped with vetch and fertilized preplant with 50 lb N/acre. Treatments were applied ihfurrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter which was equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Infurrow spray treatments were applied with a compressed air power sprayer system attached to the infurrow nozzles on the planter. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in late Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the third row on 30 May. Plant height data (in) were recorded on 13 Jun. Plant disease ratings were made on 14 Jun. Twenty plants/plot were harvested and the root lesion size was measured and assigned a rating value. Yield was estimated by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester on 19 Oct. The seeding rate on the John Deere 7300 planter was set to deliver 84,500 seeds/acre. Cool/wet conditions followed planting. May rainfall was 5.29 inches occurring from the 5th to the 19th and Jun rainfall was 10.06 inches. Plant populations in the treatments ranged from 49,181 to 62,551 plants per acre after emergence. The cool/wet environment caused slightly higher than normal seedling loss which ranged from 26-42%.

Phytotoxicity of isazophos, lindane and heptachlor to sorghum applied as in-furrow and broadcast-incorporated treatments

Isazophos applied as an in-furrow spray at 0·5, 0·75 and 1·0 kg a.i./ha (4·65, 6·98 and 9·3 g a.i./100 m of row) reduced the establishment of Yates NK 212 sorghum by 37, 61 and 75% respectively. Similarly, heptachlor at 1·12 kg a.i./ha (10·42 g a.i./100 m of row) and lindane at 0·29 kg a.i./ha (2·7 g a.i./100 m of row) reduced establishment by 24 and 57% respectively. Heptachlor and isazophos, applied at the same rates but as broadcast-incorporated sprays and the lowest rate of isazophos applied as an in-furrow spray (0·25 kg a.i./ha, 2·33 g a.i./100 m of row) were not phytotoxic.

Cabbage Maggot Control, 1980

Abstract The plot was planted and treated May 23 at our vegetable entomology research farm near Geneva, NY in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds were planted at 10/ft and treatments were applied using cone seeders. Germination counts were made Jul 1. The crop was then thinned to ca 1 plant every 18 in. Plots consisted of a single row, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 24 in row width. All sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer mounted on a cone seeder. In-furrow and over-furrow sprays at planting were applied at 78 GPA. Foliar sprays timed for cabbage maggot fly peaks were applied at 104 GPA. Injury ratings were made Aug 20 by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.

Cabbage Maggot Control, 1979

Abstract Plots were planted and treated Jun 26 at our vegetable entomology research farm in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds of both crops were planted at 10/ft and treatments were applied using cone seeders. Germination counts were made Jul 16. Turnip seedlings were then thinned to ca 2/ft and cabbage to ca 1/1.5 ft. Plots consisted of a single row, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were based on a 24 in row width. All in-furrow and foliar sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer delivering 82 GPA mounted on one of the cone seeders. Injury ratings were made by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present. Turnips were examined Sep 10 and cabbage Sep 12.