Improved Production Technologies Research Articles

DOMESTICATION AND CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED MEDICINAL FLORA AT TWO AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF PAKISTAN.

Northern Pakistan is known for its rich medicinal flora however, more than 150 species are at a greater risk of becoming endangered, mainly due to natural disaster, climate change, nomadic grazing and over harvesting for its ethno-botanical use. Proper domestication and conservation measures is necessary to conserve the medicinal flora. Experimental trials to examine the growth of medicinal plants in the location: Swat and Chitral, wild habitats, fertilizer and control (no fertilizers). Data show that various treatments significantly effected plant Height (cm), plants density m-2, root yield kg ha-1, and Income Rs ha-1 in both the locations. The economical analysis of the data revealed that the maximum income for Glycyrrhiza glabra (840,000 PKR ha-1) and Trillium govanianum (481,325 PKR ha-1) was recorded in NPK applied plots. Simlalry, minimum (220,000 PKR ha-1) for Glycyrrhiza glabra and (104,854 PKR ha-1) recorded for Trillium govanianum in their wild habitat in both the locations. Likewise, maximum morphological growth, yield and income of medicinal plants in Swat valley was higher than Chitral. Furthermore, the production of the medicinal plants in wild habitat is comparatively lower and thus improved production technology is suggested to get higher yield. The findigs revealed that Swat valley is most suitable and productive for the cultivation of medicinal plants as compared to the location Chitral. In addition, growing medicinal plants will be popularized among the farming communities of Pakistan and the gerplasm of these endangered species will be conserved for future use.
 Key words: Medicinal plants, Endangered wild flora, domestication, cultivation, conservation.

ИНВЕСТИЦИОННАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ КАТЕГОРИЙ ХОЗЯЙСТВОВАНИЯ В АГРАРНОМ СЕКТОРЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА

Investments are an important factor in economic sustainable development in any country. Investment activity in the Kyrgyz agrarian sector is tied to existing for the present organizational structure of its key producers. Investment injections especially foreign direct investments ensure production volume growth, expansion of employment, and production technology improvement. Thpaper’sper purpose is a particular characteristic definition of the producer’s organizational structure (economic management basic categories), established investing directions, as well as indirect measures of investment activity changes in the agrarian sector of Kyrgyzstan.

Yield and quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under dry conditions of Volgograd region of Russia

The achievement of high-quality grain requires the improvement of production technologies. The choice of a variety adapted to natural conditions and arid climate is defined as an innovative component in the intensive technology for the production of high-quality grain for the food supply of the population. Agricultural producers of the Volgograd region take part in solving the problem of providing the world's population and, in particular, Russians with high-quality winter wheat grain. The Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, has been working on obtaining new varieties of grain crops in arid regions for more than 30 years. Producers of winter wheat grain are presented with the results of a comparative assessment of winter wheat varieties bred by the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, field trials, which were carried out during 2019–2021. in arid conditions of the range on chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. For a comparative study of the yield and grain quality of winter wheat varieties, varieties selected by the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences were taken for study. The structure of the crop was determined by the method of selection and analysis of sheaves from plants. The quality of the crop was determined with an InfraLUM FT-10 grain analyzer. Among the tested varieties of winter wheat, the Elanskaya variety was singled out, which outperforms the others in terms of yield and grain quality with a protein content of 15.5%, gluten 30.1%, and virtuousness 85%. The grain content of the Elanskaya variety is 13 g/l higher than that of the control variety Don 93.

3D woven honeycomb composites: Manufacturing method, structure properties, and applications

Honeycomb is an advanced material that is preferred in many engineering applications due to its high weight/strength ratio. High toughness and cost competitiveness were achieved because of improved production technology and innovative honeycomb core-face sheet combinations. In this study, the basic concept of preparation of 3D woven honeycomb structure, the role of various honeycomb structural parameters, weave architecture, fabrication of honeycomb composites and their mechanical characteristics (compression, flexural, and impact), and applications of 3D woven honeycomb composites are discussed with experimental evidence. The results show that 3D woven honeycomb composite is a good energy absorber in flatwise compression and impact deformation. 3D woven honeycomb composites have a promising future in lightweight load-bearing applications mainly due to their structural integrity and therefore, they can be actual alternatives for aluminum and other metal alloys.

Productivity and Profitability of Toria through Frontline Demonstrations (CFLD) in Morigaon District

In Morigaon district Assam, 716 demonstrations on High Yielding Variety (HYV) of toria TS-38 were conducted during five consecutive years. The study revealed that the yield of toria with HYV and improved production technology has been increased significantly as compared to local varieties and farmer’s practice. The demo yield was obtained in range from 9.5 to 12 quintal/hectareagainst 5.5 to 8.4 q/ha. The percentage increase over farmer’s practice was obtained from 26.67 to 72.73%. the average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were found to be -0.9 q/ha, 3.62 quintal/hectareand -9.00 quintal/hectarerespectively. Introducing high yielding varieties with improved production technology, the yield of toria can be enhanced to a great extent with economic conditions of farmers of the community.

Impact of fertigation in capsicum (Capsicum annuum) on socio economic status of marginal farmers of Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

Vegetables have been the backbone of agricultural economy of India. The productivity of most of vegetables in Chamba district is low due to non-adoption of improved package of practices. Therefore, efforts have been made through front line demonstrations (FLDs) to demonstrate improved production technologies to increase productivity. FLDs on fertigation with water soluble fertilizers in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) were conducted at different locations in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh during 2018 and 2019. The results of demonstrations showed that farmers could increase the capsicum productivity by switching over to adoption of improved production technology. Most of the farmers who tried it were convinced with fruit yield, quality and colour. During the year 2018, average high yield obtained in demonstration was 675 q/ha with 29.81% increase over check (520 q/ha). During second yearalso demonstration yield was higher (806 q/ha) with 46.54% increase over check (550 q/ha). The benefit:cost ratiowas also high in demonstration (8.0 and 9.4) and low in check (6.8 and 4.8). The adoption of fertigation technologyin farmers’ field greatly affected the economy of the farmers of the district. Technological and extension gaps existin the district which can be bridged by popularizing package of practices and location specific integrated approaches

A Study on Training Need of Wheat Growers Regarding Improved Production Technology in Jabalpur District of Madhya Pradesh

The study area most of the farmers are growing Wheat at the farm level due to its genetically advance which caused low cost of cultivation due to low use of chemical and realizing high yield and less losses by insect pest damage. For production of Wheat the agricultural practices required needs special package of practices to boost-up the productivity with low cost of production. Results reported that training need in adoption of improved wheat production technology. Highly training need in case of Improved variety (mean score 2.56) followed by Marketing (mean score 2.35), Plant protection (mean score 2.30), Application of herbicides uses (mean score 2.25), Insect –pest management (mean score 2.14), Storage (mean score 2.13), Use of affected equipment and machinery (mean score 2.12), Application of manure and fertilizers (mean score 2.11), Time of harvesting (mean score 1.96), Method of seed sowing (mean score 1.96) and Field preparation (mean score 1.80).Data reported overall training need in adoption of improved wheat production technology. Table show that majority of the respondents (45.00 percent) were need often training followed by 32.50 percent respondents were need always training and 22.50 percent respondents were need rarely training.

THE ROLE AND THE PLACE OF PEASANT INDUSTRY IN THE LIFE OF A COMPLEX PEASANT ECONOMY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (on the example of Seltinskaya Volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka Governorate)

The importance of peasant industry in the vital activity of a complex peasant economy, the basis of which was arable farming, is shown on the example of Seltinsky volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka governorate. The integral branches were animal husbandry and extra-agrarian occupations, among which the main burden was borne by extractive and processing works. The role of natural-geographical, socio-economic conditions, legal norms, trade relations, the creative potential of the people in the process of forming and functioning of a sustainable, balanced, integrated peasant economy is considered. A favourable location of the volost along the Siberian tract with access to the Kama and Vyatka trade river routes contributed to the development of a periodic market sphere (bazaar, torzhok, fair), to peasant economy involvement in the system of a single national market. The zemstvo population censuses made it possible to show a relatively high level of peasants’ provision with land plots, as well as draft, horned cattle and small livestock. Different levels of ethnic groups’ economic situation are noted. There was economic differentiation in the village; the vast majority was occupied by the well-to-do and middle class of the peasantry. To serve the numerous village needs, 90 types of crafts were functioning, which were represented by a wide range of manufactured products. The semi-natural character of peasant economy determined the diversity of its economic forms: domestic industry, handicrafts, small-scale production, capitalist cooperation. Another important role of crafts in the social medium life should be noted – it is an opportunity to realize an ethnic group’s creative potential, improving production technology, honing artistic skills. Household items, traditional clothing indicate a high level and variety of folk art. People’s memory has preserved the names of the best volost masters, who contributed to further development of national folk art. The study of life activity of the peasant population in a single volost at an interdisciplinary level in a fairly new research direction “the history of everyday life”, involvement of a wide comprehensive database, including published zemstvo statistics, fundamental zemstvo studies, archival documents, materials of ethnographic expeditions enable to deeper investigate the structure of a peasant economy, interaction, interdependence of its individual branches, the important role of crafts in a village economy, as well as legality and necessity of production small forms functioning in any historical epoch.

Status and perspectives of crystalline silicon photovoltaics in research and industry

Crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics has long been considered energy intensive and costly. Over the past decades, spectacular improvements along the manufacturing chain have made c-Si a low-cost source of electricity that can no longer be ignored. Over 125 GW of c-Si modules have been installed in 2020, 95% of the overall photovoltaic (PV) market, and over 700 GW has been cumulatively installed. There are some strong indications that c-Si photovoltaics could become the most important world electricity source by 2040–2050. In this Review, we survey the key changes related to materials and industrial processing of silicon PV components. At the wafer level, a strong reduction in polysilicon cost and the general implementation of diamond wire sawing has reduced the cost of monocrystalline wafers. In parallel, the concentration of impurities and electronic defects in the various types of wafers has been reduced, allowing for high efficiency in industrial devices. Improved cleanliness in production lines, increased tool automation and improved production technology and cell architectures all helped to increase the efficiency of mainstream modules. Efficiency gains at the cell level were accompanied by an increase in wafer size and by the introduction of advanced assembly techniques. These improvements have allowed a reduction of cell-to-module efficiency losses and will accelerate the yearly efficiency gain of mainstream modules. To conclude, we discuss what it will take for other PV technologies to compete with silicon on the mass market.

Analysis of 3D Cobweb Economic Differential Dynamic System Based on Supply-Demand and Price Relationships

When the supply and demand of commodities are out of equilibrium, the dynamic changes in supply and demand are mainly manifested in the dynamic fluctuation of commodity prices and the change of price will drive the change of supply and demand. This paper proposes a method for constructing a three-dimensional cobweb economic model using the “predator-prey” theory. Firstly, based on the intrinsic driving relationships among supply, price, and demand, a differential dynamic model of the commodity and a pulse differential model when productivity increases are established. Secondly, the differential dynamics theory is used to analyze the existence of the model’s positive equilibrium and to prove its global asymptotic stability, uniform boundedness, persistence, and existence of the periodic solution. Finally, the correctness of the conclusions of the model is verified by numerical simulation. The relevant conclusions of model (1) reveal the evolution laws of supply, price, and demand that fluctuate around the positive equilibrium and tend to balance. Model (32) reveals that with the continuous improvement of production technology, supply quantity, price, and demand will fluctuate, but all three will change periodically. These conclusions can provide valuable help for people in the production, sale, and purchase of goods.

How does the decomposition approach explain changes in Iran's energy consumption? What are the driving factors?

Final energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in Iran increased by 67% and 81% between 2001 and 2011, respectively. The question is, what factors have been the drivers of energy consumption in this time interval? In order to answer this question, we use structural decomposition analysis and index decomposition analysis. The results indicate that the economic activities stimulate energy consumption. Energy intensity has acted as a deterrent to energy consumption and production technology changes have not been able to act as a deterrent to energy consumption. Among the final demand components of the input-output table, household sector is the most important driver of energy consumption. Exports, investment expenditures, and government expenditures are the most important drivers after household expenditures, respectively. Focusing on the household sector, promoting exports in industries with less energy consumption, trying to move towards renewable energy, and improving production technology can help control final energy consumption in Iran. The results of this study are important for energy and environmental policymakers in controlling energy consumption and CO 2 emissions.

Crop Production Risk Implication on Intensity of Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: Multivariate Probit Model Analysis

The main objective of the study is investigating the impact of production risks on adoption of improved production technologies (such as improved seed, inorganic fertilizer and chemical inputs) and the level of adoption of multiple improved production technologies in Ethiopia particularly in Amhara region. The study used two years cross sectional data collected in 2011 and 2013. The study applied two stage regression analysis, first, I regressed the production function in order to drive expected output and risk factors (variance and skewness). In the second stage, I have regressed multivariate probit and order probit models of adoption including expected output, variances and skewness of output as risk measure. The result revealed that expected output, variance and skewness of output are major determinant for adoption decisions of improved seed, inorganic fertilizer, chemical inputs and the level of adoption of multiple improved production technologies. Moreover, credit access, membership of farm cooperatives, ownership of livestock, land size and percentage of irrigated land size positively and significantly determine the adoption decisions of improved seed, inorganic fertilizer and chemical inputs and the level of adoption of multiple improved production technologies. To increase adoption of modern production technology consequently increase production and reduce production risk. Policy makers should put emphasis on overcoming credit market failures, to create strong and sustainable farm cooperatives and production risk and risk aversion farmers should be considered when designing economic policies. Key words: production risk, modern farm technology adoption, multivariate probit model and Ethiopia. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-5-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

Oil cluster: production, transportation and processing (regional experience)

The article examines the role of the oil cluster in the economy of the Samara region. Due to him in 2018-2019. formed about 19% of the gross added value of the region. It unites production, transportation, and oil refining, forming the regional budget, providing employment for the population. The work purpose is to study the oil industry state in the Samara region and determine the features of its development. Within the framework of this study, it is planned to solve the following tasks: - study of statistical data on the Samara region oil cluster state; - identification of patterns and dependencies of its development; -identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the Samara region as an oil-producing territory. The volume of oil production reached 16 million tons of oil per year, and there is a tendency towards its increase. At the same time, the cost of production and electricity consumption are increasing, which indicates the improvement of production technology, the formation of a modern infrastructure of the industry. The problem of inappropriate use of agricultural land under the facilities of the oil sector is emerging. Most of this land is located in the eastern part of the region. In the future damage should reach almost 2.0 billion rubles in year.

Impact of direct cash transfer scheme on production and efficiency of groundnut cultivation in Karnataka

The Central government efforts to help the farmers by providing fund to meet the agricultural and other household needs through direct benefit transfer has gained importance in the recent years. The present study was carried out in Tumkur district of Karnataka 2020 with the objetives; To evaluate the utilization pattern of PM-KISAN scheme and; To analyse the impact of PM-KISAN scheme on technology adoption and on during farm income. The study revealed that the timely transfer of fund has helped farmers in carrying out timely agricultural opertions.The scheme has enabled greater proportion of beneficiary farmers to adopt improved production technology, realisation of higher amount of gross returns from groundnut production as compared to that by non-beneficiaries. The increase in gross returns is found to be due to not only use of right kind and dosage of inputs but also due to adotion of improved production technology. The timeliness of receipt of installment amount influenced its use for agriculture purpose leading to generation of higher income. The PM KISAN scheme is beneficial to farmers and needs to be popularized.

Sustainable Production of Barnyard Millet through Improved Production Technologies

Barnyard millet is cultivated for food besides fodder. Millets are less nutrient demanding, cultivated with low chemical inputs, less greenhouse gasses emitting crop thus millets reduce carbon footprint in agriculture. In India, barnyard millet is a significant dry land crop and cultivated over an extensive range of environmental situations under deprived soil conditions for human consumption and for fodder as well. It has the distinct feature of drought resistance and can survive water logging for two weeks which are unique features of it. Crop has wide flexibility and lodges a special place in marginal rainfed areas because of its short life cycle. In India, it is largely cultivated in two different agro-ecologies i.e., in the mid hills of Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in the North and Deccan plateau region of southern peninsula of India. Less productivity of crop is largely due to poor crop management practices. Barnyard millet is considered of regional importance and hence little attention is been given for research despite its higher significance. Considering the significance of the crop, an initiative has been undertaken to draw out the agronomic management strategies for barnyard millet for sustained productivity and to compile the agronomic studies on the crop.

Methodological Approach to Designing Fermented Dairy Products with Optimal Biological Value.

The development of food products implies ensuring the optimal composition and ratio of the basic components, as well as their technological compatibility. A priori, the quality of raw materials, the optimal formula of the product and the efficiency of the technological process determine the quality of products, including biological value. The use of whole-cell sensors such as infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis is most productive for screening biological studies. At present, for a comprehensive assessment there are no data on the use of simplest technology of fermented dairy products and the design of their biological value. The purpose of this research is to develop a methodology for creating whole-milk products of optimal biological value using the express method of biotesting. The research object was yogurt with the ratio of the mass fraction of fat and protein in the range of 0.36 ÷ 1.5, sucrose in the range of 5 ÷ 10%. An express method for determining the relative biological value of fermented dairy products using test organisms and an original methodology for creating whole-milk products of optimal biological value have been developed. A software has been developed to calculate formula of the product optimized for the following indicators: the relative biological value of the product, the cost of raw material and basic materials. The methodology is a tool to assist industry organizations in improving production technologies and quality management systems.

Підвищення прибутку з метою забезпечення економічної безпеки підприємства

The article considers the role of profit, which is a key direction of activity of any commercial organization. The purpose of the article is to generalize practical recommendations for improving the profitability of enterprise (through optimization and/or minimization of material, labor costs associated with the manufacturing of products, sales and management costs; improving the quality of products; the chosen cost control system; marketing policy, pricing policy, etc.). The tactical reserves of increasing the profits of enterprise (including: increase in production and sales of products; reduction of production costs; structural changes in the range and nomenclature of manufactured and sold works, services and products) controlled by managers of the highest and middle levels of a particular enterprise, and strategic reserves for increasing the profit of enterprise (access to new markets of goods; increasing profits for the sale of a unit of production; increasing the increase in the profits of a particular enterprise; increasing the quality of products) are examined. Traditional methods of improving the quality of enterprise products are generalized (improvement of production technology; use of high-quality raw materials and the materials in the course of manufacturing products; advanced training of production workers). The most common directions of increasing the profitability of enterprise, which are traditionally involved at enterprises and allow to increase the economic profitability of sales, are considered. It is indicated that the choice of directions should be preceded by comparing them with each other, assessing the probability of profit growth and risk level. The content of application and possible variations in the use of directions (methods, reserves) of increasing the economic efficiency of enterprises are considered. The authors research the directions (methods, reserves), capable of having the most significant impact on the formation of the company’s profits, thereby ensuring its economic securit

Performance of High Yielding Promising Sugarcane Variety for Western Zone of Tamilnadu

Sugarcane is an important commercial crop cultivated in over 23,000 ha in Erode district of TamilNadu state. Attempts were made by researchers and extension workers to improve the productivity of sugarcane by adopting high yielding varieties and improved production technologies. The on-farm trials were conducted during Kharif 2017 and 2018 in five farmers’ field to assess the performance of high yielding promising sugarcane varieties suitable for Western Zone of TamilNadu. The varieties selected for trial were Co 86032 and Co 0212. The study revealed that Co 0212 recorded more number of productive tillers per plant (10.4), intermodal length (14.51 cm), stem girth (11.22) and individual cane weight (1.511 kg) which was superiorly higher than the existing variety Co 86032. Similarly Co 0212 recorded the yield of 127.5 ton / ha during 2017 which was 17.24 per cent higher yield than the existing variety and 138.86 ton / ha recorded and 30.68 per cent yield advantage was noticed in the ratoon crop. The highest benefit cost ratio of 2.44 was recorded in Co 0212 in ratoon crop and 2.05 in first crop where as 1.73 and 1.86 BCR observed in Co 86032 in first and ratoon crop respectively. Considering the above facts, Co 0212 would be identified as a better alternate variety suitable for the Western Zone of TamilNadu

Методика расчета на прочность глобоидной червячной передачи

Worm gears are widely used in mechanical engineering. Recently, worm gears with a globoid worm attract a considerable interest. To improve the quality characteristics of globoid gears, their geometric dimensions and parameters, as well as the production technologies are being improved. It is also important to have a methodology for calculating the strength, which is, however, currently unavailable, and the state standards cover the issue of determining and calculating only the transmission geometry. In this regard, the development of the technique for calculating the contact and bending strength of a globoid worm gear appears relevant. The basic areas of the research are gear enhancement, production technology improvement, the gearing pattern study, working surfaces mathematical simulation, 3-D modeling, and the transmission calculation. The contact strength calculation is based on the Hertz’s formula taking into account the geometric features of globoid worm gears. The authors developed the calculation of the bending strength of the worm gear teeth based on the helical gear calculation method. The paper presents data on the influence of the mechanical properties of the materials of a worm and a worm gear wheel on the gear contact strength, gives the computed coefficients estimated values. The authors note that the dynamic load factor can increase significantly with the wear of the gear working surfaces. The research findings can be used to develop the design calculation technique, as well as to improve it to take into account the effect of transmission wear and working temperature on the operation duration.

Performance evaluation of frontline demonstration on line sowing of jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill in Hooghly district of West Bengal

Sowing of small seeds like jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill has numerous benefits over traditional method of broad casting. Under NFSM (CC) Jute programme, ICAR-CRIJAF, Barrackpore has been conducting FLDs on improved production technologies of jutein major jute growing districts of West Bengal. A study was conducted in Hooghly district of the state to evaluate the performance of FLDs on line sowing of jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill, one of the most important production technologies of jute.The three-year (2017–2019) results of FLDs were compiled and further analysed to calculate the per cent increase in yield, Extension gap, Technology gap and Technology index. An average increase in fibre yield (243 kg/ha) had been recorded in demonstration plots throughout the years. Technology gap had been found ranging from 6.26 q/ha to 7.89 q/ha whereas Extension gap had been identified to be in the array of2.29 q/ha to 2.60 q/ha over thesethree years. Technology index has been calculated to be in the range of 16.09 per cent to 20.28 per cent. There were reduction in total cost of cultivation (7956/ha - 12156/ha), increases in gross return (11810/ha - 16546/ha), net return (23387/ha - 27376/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (0.37- 0.41) in the demonstration plots during 2017–2019. It was proved by the FLD results that line sowing of jute by CRIJAF multi-row seed drill has an undoubted advantage over the conventional broadcasting method.