Improve Plant Health Research Articles

Foliar Spraying of Nanoselenium Improves the Nutritional Quality of Alfalfa by Recruiting Beneficial Phyllosphere Bacteria and Regulating the Distribution and Translocation of Selenium.

Nanoselenium shows potential trends in improving plant health and food quality. In this study, different concentrations of nanoselenium were sprayed on the leaves of alfalfa. Compared to the control, nanoselenium (100 mg·L-1) significantly increased SeMet and SeMeCys contents in the roots, stems, and leaves of alfalfa. Nanoselenium educed malondialdehyde by modulating the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthetase (GS-GOGAT) cycle and activating antioxidant enzymes, including the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, as well as enhancing photosynthesis, resulting in an increase in the alfalfa yield, crude protein, and relative feeding value. The biofortification of nanoselenium mainly changed the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria by regulating metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and membrane transport, among which Proteobacteria were more responsive to nanoselenium. In conclusion, nanoselenium will enhance photosynthesis, improve signaling molecules, and recruit beneficial bacteria to regulate the nutritional levels of alfalfa.

Seed microbiome in crop disease management

Abstract Sustainable agriculture needs innovative approaches because of the increasing demand for food in which the plant microbiome helps in increase crop production and protection which leads to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. The microbiome comprises a variety of microorganisms that reside in plant parts such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers and seeds. In particular, the seed microbiome, which inhabits the seed surface and internal tissues, offers an opportunity to improve plant health and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. They help to tolerate stress and inhibit the pathogens through induced systemic resistance (ISR), production of antimicrobial, volatile compounds and competition for nutrients and space. These beneficial microorganisms within the microbiome are isolated and characterized using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods via modern omics technology called metagenomics. The importance of the seed microbiome in plant defence mechanisms against pathogens and the factors that affect the composition of the microbiome, such as plant genotype, agricultural practices and environmental impact are addressed in detail in this review.

Biotechnology for sustainable agriculture: innovations in disease management

The growing global population, limited natural resources, and climate change necessitate a shift toward environmentally sustainable agriculture. Traditional practices, reliant on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and poor land management, compromise food safety and environmental integrity, exacerbating plant diseases and weakening crop defenses. Biotechnology offers solutions by enhancing agricultural productivity while reducing pests, diseases, and environmental impacts. This review highlights the role biotechnology in sustainable agriculture, focusing on biosurfactants, genetic engineering, precision agriculture, and biocontrol agents. Gene-editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 have enabled the development of disease-resistant crops, improving plant health and mitigating infections. In the future, biocontrol agents such as microbial inoculants and plant-derived antimicrobials may replace traditional pesticides, effectively managing plant diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The present review also explores the potential of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing crop management and the growing use of biosurfactants in industrial and environmental applications. Biosurfactants are crucial in suppressing phytopathogens, improving soil health, and fostering beneficial plant-microbe interactions for effective disease management. Although these advancements hold great promise, further research is required to assess their long-term sustainability and ecological impacts. Scaling these technologies, particularly in developing countries, remains a significant challenge. To establish sustainable food systems, an integrated approach combining genetic, environmental, and technological strategies is essential. This study reviews emerging biotechnological solutions, emphasizing their applications in plant pathology to improve crop resilience and ensure global food security.

Deep Learning Methods and UAV Technologies for Crop Disease Detection

The paper underscores the significant advancements in plant disease diagnostics achieved through the integration of remote sensing technologies and deep learning algorithms, particularly in aerial imagery interpretation. It focuses on evaluating deep learning techniques and unmanned aerial vehicles for crop disease detection. (Research purpose) The study aims to review and systemize scientific literature on the application of unmanned aerial vehicles, remote sensing technologies and deep learning 24 methods for the early detection and prediction of crop diseases. (Materials and methods) The paper presents various technologies employing unmanned aerial vehicles and sensors for monitoring plant condition, with an emphasis on modern computer vision tools designed to improve the accuracy of plant pathology identification. (Results and discussion) The analysis encompasses scientific publications from 2010 to 2023, with a primary focus on comparing the effectiveness of deep learning algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), against traditional methods, including support vector machines (SVMs) and random forest classifiers. The findings demonstrate that deep learning algorithms offer more accurate and earlier detection of diseases, highlighting their potential for application in plant growing. The paper also addresses challenges associated with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, such as data quality limitations, the complexity of processing large volumes of images, and the need for the development of more advanced models. The paper proposes solutions to these issues, including algorithm optimization and improved data preprocessing techniques. (Conclusions) The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles and deep learning provides new prospects for enhancing the efficiency of agricultural production. These technologies enable precise early-stage diagnosis of plant diseases and facilitate the prediction of their progression, allowing for timely implementation of crop protection measures. The combination of intelligent computer vision systems with unmanned aerial vehicles presents significant opportunities for advancing monitoring methods and improving plant health management.

Microbial community of cultivated and uncultivated citrus rhizosphere microbiota in Brazil

The rhizosphere microbiome is known to contain beneficial microorganisms that promote plant growth and increase tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Understanding citrus microbiome diversity and the percentage of diversity that can be recovered in the laboratory is essential for developing innovative approaches to improve plant health and promote sustainable agricultural practices. However, information about the citrus root microbiome, especially in the context of exploring commercial citrus growing areas to identify beneficial plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is scarce. Here, we present the microbiome data of healthy citrus trees sampled from geographical regions of São Paulo and Amazonas States, in Brazil. The resulting rhizosphere microbiome data comprise an average of 126,180 and 138,707 high-quality reads for the 16S rRNA V3–V4 and ITS1-5F regions, respectively. The taxonomic analysis of cultivated diversity revealed a total of 91 bacterial genera recovered in the laboratory. These data provide valuable information for understanding how the microbiome supports citrus plants in different environments and for developing new strategies to improve crop productivity by using PGPR.

Influence of seed-applied biostimulants on soybean germination and early seedling growth under low and high temperature stress

AbstractBiostimulants are environment-friendly agricultural inputs that can improve plant health and yield potential under environmental stressors. Soybeans subjected to extreme temperatures during the growing seasons impacts plant health and performance. Uniform emergence and vigorous seedling establishment are the two traits during the early season that directly correlate with the final yield and are sensitive to abiotic stress. This study tested the effectiveness of seed-applied biostimulants in improving seed germination and emergence traits under different temperatures, low (15 °C, LT), optimum (25 °C, OT), and high (35 °C, HT), using three phenotyping methods such as the paper roll, growth pouch, and soil-based pot culture. Germination, emergence, and seedling growth were significantly accelerated under OT and HT compared to LT in both biostimulant-treated and untreated seeds. While seeds treated with biostimulants exhibited minor differences in germination, emergence, and growth traits under LT and HT compared to the OT. In the soil-based pot culture experiment, humic and fulvic acid-containing treatments extended the time to 50% emergence under LT. This delay was associated with a 13% increase in seedling biomass. A bacillus containing biostimulant improved seedling vigor by 7% under LT compared to untreated check. Notably, biostimulants containing bacterial strains, fulvic acid, and humic acid were found to have a role in reducing time to germination or emergence and enhancing seedling growth. However, the results obtained from different phenotyping methods were inconsistent, suggesting that the effects of biostimulants on germination and growth parameters may be more targeted rather than broad-spectrum. Future research is necessary to optimize application rates and fully explore their potential to mitigate the effects of stressors during the growing season.

Exploring the Role of Endophytes in Cannabis sativa L. Polyploidy and Agricultural Trait Improvement

Here, we examine the effects of ploidy variation in Cannabis sativa L. cell lines on the plant host genotype-associated microbiome. The endophytic microbiome has a protocooperative role in improving plant health and productivity and represents an alternative to synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides in sustainable agriculture. This study assessed the effects of seed endophytes on diploid and triploid Haze hemp cultivars. Key phenotypic characteristics were evaluated, revealing significant differences in seed germination in vitro as well as vegetative growth and flowering in phytotron conditions. Endophyte-treated triploid plants exhibited significantly taller heights compared to diploids (p < 0.01). These treated triploid plants also showed longer leaves at nodes 2, 6, and 8, except at node 4, indicating a plant in transition from vegetative growth to the generative developmental stage. Additionally, triploids treated with endophytes displayed the highest number of axillary branches, while endophyte-treated diploids had the fewest (p < 0.05). Both cultivars treated with endophytes exhibited a higher number of inflorescences compared to untreated control plants. This study revealed for the first time a direct correlation between the shifts in diameter of the stem and the biomass in both tested hemp hosts, in association with endophytic microbiomes.

Pear twig biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizer regulates morpho-physiological growth, copper uptake and tuber quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in polluted soil

Application of pear twig derived biochar and nitrogen fertilizer is strategic for addressing the challenges posed by copper pollution in soils. Their combined use aims to improve plant health and promote sustainable agricultural practices, which leads to better potato growth and quality. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of pear twig biochar (B0:0, B1:3, B2:5, B3:7% w/w) combined with nitrogen fertilizer (N0:0, N1:150, N2:200, N3:250, N4:300 mg kg−1) on morpho-physiological growth and copper uptake of potato cultivated in Cu polluted soil. Results showed that combined approach of pear twig biochar and nitrogen significantly influenced morpho-physiology, antioxidant enzyme activity, mineral content and tuber quality of potato. B2N3 significantly increased the plant height and chlorophyll in plants as compared to B0N0 (control). Malondialdehyde and proline contents were highest in control; however, maximum reductions in MDA and proline contents were recorded at B2N4 (70.32% and 92.12% at budding stage, respectively) and at B2N3 (82.44% and 91.93% at flowering stage, respectively). Likewise, B2N3 showed maximum reduction in activities of peroxidase (7343.47 and 11077.27 U g−1), catalase (1184.98 and 165.64 U g−1) and superoxide dismutase (14.84 and 19.94 U g−1) at budding and flowering stages, respectively. However, lowest contents of soil available Cu (2.03 ± 0.5 μg g−1) and tuber flesh Cu (4.44 ± 0.3 μg g−1) were recorded at B2N3 as compared to control. Interestingly, 7% biochar at all levels of nitrogen exhibited a significant decrease in soil available Cu and tuber flesh Cu. Tuber quality traits were also significantly improved at B2N3 as compared to control. However, future research and field trials can help refine the best practices for integrating these elements in different agricultural systems.

Determination of nutritional sufficiency ranges for pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) grown on alluvial soils using DRIS.

Pomelo is an important tropical fruit with a high nutrient content and economic value in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) helps determine the leaf nutrient status of various plants worldwide. However, the DRIS-based nutritional balance in pomelo leaves remains to be established. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to (i) construct the DRIS norms and indices for nutrients, including macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) in pomelo leaves, and (ii) establish nutrient sufficiency value ranges for sustainable pomelo cultivation in the VMD. We collected 270 leaf samples at three stages of pomelo growth, i.e., flowering, fruit development, and postharvest, and calculated DRIS indices for various nutrients. The DRIS indices established for various nutrients in pomelo leaves were accurate and reliable, as indicated by the high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.43-0.93, p < 0.05) between nutrient concentrations and their DRIS indices. We observed that pomelo leaves were deficient in N (IN = -6.82), P (IP = -24.0), and Fe (IFe = -0.40) at the flowering stage and most deficient in P (IP = -15.6), K (IK = -11.7), Fe (IFe = -0.50), and Mn (IMn = -2.31) at the fruit development stage. However, only N (IN = -2.64) and P (IP = -13.4) shortages were observed at the postharvest stage. Thus, in this study, we evaluated nutrient value ranges (deficient, balanced, and excess) in pomelo leaves at their different growth stages and established DRIS indices for various nutrients. The results contribute to our understanding of the nutritional status of pomelo leaves, which can help growers improve plant health for sustainable pomelo production.

Improvement of Vicia faba plant tolerance under salinity stress by the application of thiamine and pyridoxine vitamins

Enhancement of plant growth at early growth stages is usually associated with the stimulation of various metabolic activities, which is reflected on morphological features and yield quantity and quality. Vitamins is considered as anatural plant metabolites which makes it a safe and ecofriendly treatment when used in appropriate doses, for that this research aimed to study the effect of two different vitamin B forms (thiamine and pyridoxine) on Vicia faba plants as agrowth stimutator in addition to study it’s effect on plant as astrong antioxidant under salinity stress.Our findings demonstrated that both vitamin forms significantly increased seedling growth at germination and early growth stages, especially at 50 ppm for pyridoxine and 100 ppm for thiamine. Pyridoxine at 50 ppm increased seedling length by approximately 35% compared to control, while thiamine at 100 ppm significantly promoted seedling fresh and dry wt by 4.36 and 1.36 g, respectively, compared to control seedling fresh wt 2.17 g and dry weight 1.07 g. Irrigation with 100 mM NaCl had a negative impact on plant growth and processes as well as the uptake of several critical ions, such as K+ and Mg+2, increasing Na uptake in comparison to that in control plants. Compared to control plants irrigated with NaCl solution, the photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and total antioxidant capacity increased in the presence of pyridoxine and thiamine, both at 50 and 100 ppm salinity. The proline content increased in both treated and untreated plants subjected to salt stress compared to that in control plants. Thiamine, especially at 50 ppm, was more effective than pyridoxine at improving plant health under saline conditions. An increase in Vicia faba plant tolerance to salinity was established by enhancing antioxidant capacity via foliar application of vitamin B through direct and indirect scavenging methods, which protect cell macromolecules from damage by oxidative stress, the highest antioxidant capacity value 28.14% was recorded at 50 ppm thiamine under salinity stress.The provided results is aguide for more researches in plant physiology and molecular biology to explain plant response to vitamins application and the suggest the sequence by which vitamins work inside plant cell.

Response of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Practice on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Fenugreek (Trigonella corniculate L.)

Integrated nutrient management methods assist improve fenugreek (Trigonella corniculate L.) development and yield by integrating the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers. These methods enhance soil fertility, increase nutrient availability, and improve plant health, all of which lead to increased crop yield, growth and quality. Future policies must place a high priority on the economical, sustainable, and efficient use of nutrient resources for the purpose to increase agricultural output. Thus, proper crop, water, soil, and land management along with integrated nutrient management are necessary for sustainable agriculture. Improved soil qualities and increased nutrient availability for agricultural plants come from the use of organic manures in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers. This enhances fenugreek growth, yield, and quality measures. The synthesis of carbohydrates, phytohormones, and even biofertilizers is enhanced by a nutritious diet. It also builds up the soil's organic status, which raises the availability of other nutrients and contributes to the maximum growth of crops. Vermicompost, farmyard manure, rhizobium, phosphorus- and potassium-soluble bacteria (PSB) are among the materials used in methi cultivation that support sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil fertility, nutrient availability, and general crop health, all of which lead to higher methi yields and quality. Organic matter is a storehouse of nutrients; applying both organic and inorganic fertilizer together can boost yields, improve soil fertility, raise crop input-use efficiency, and reduce the need for expensive fertilizers. This crop responds effectively to N provided through a combination of organic and inorganic sources. Majority of the nitrogen applied from different sources is not used by the first crop and is always reflected in the crop that follows. Therefore, it is necessary to assess how integrated nutrition management affected fenugreek's yield and nutrient uptake.

Plant probiotic microbes – trending microbes for plant growth and value addition of compost- a review

New agricultural approaches, including natural and organic farming, have developed organic and microbiological goods. Beneficial microbes known as plant probiotic microorganisms (PPM) are primarily found in soil and have coevolved with plants in a symbiotic or free-living relationship. By encouraging plant growth and health, these bacteria lessen the need for artificial fertilizers, support environmentally friendly agricultural practices, and improve plant health. Agroecosystem vigour, biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity are all enhanced by using plant probiotic bacteria in biologically based agriculture. By using beneficial bacteria to support the health and function of the host organism, plant probiotics aim to lessen the demand for toxic pesticides and fertilizers. Using these probiotic microorganisms will have a synergistic and advantageous effect on crop production. Plant probiotic microorganisms improve the overall quality of compost throughout the composting process by accelerating the breakdown of organic materials and introducing helpful bacteria. This rich compost adds beneficial bacteria to the soil, creating a healthy and productive environment. This review looks at the common plant probiotic bacteria, how they work, how they complement each other to improve compost quality and plant growth, how they might be used in agriculture, and how they could change how composting is done.

The Isolation and Characterization of Novel Caulobacter and Non-Caulobacter Lysogenic Bacteria from Soil and the Discovery of Broad-Host-Range Phages Infecting Multiple Genera.

To explore how microbial interactions within the rhizosphere influence the diversity and functional roles of bacterial communities, we isolated 21 bacterial strains from soil samples collected near Rocky Branch Creek on the University of South Carolina campus. Our findings revealed that a significant proportion of the isolated bacterial strains are lysogenic. Contrary to predictions of a narrow host range, most of the bacteriophages derived from these lysogenic bacteria demonstrated the ability to infect a broad range of bacterial strains. These results suggest that the bacterial community shares a complex phage community, creating an intricate web of interactions. This study enhances our understanding of the relationships between phages and their bacterial hosts in soil ecosystems, with implications for ecological balance and agricultural practices aimed at improving plant health through microbial management strategies.

Networking the desert plant microbiome, bacterial and fungal symbionts structure and assortativity in co-occurrence networks

In nature, microbes do not thrive in seclusion but are involved in complex interactions within- and between-microbial kingdoms. Among these, symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are namely known to improve plant health, while providing resources to benefit other microbial members. Yet, it is not clear how these microbial symbionts interact with each other or how they impact the microbiota network architecture. We used an extensive co-occurrence network analysis, including rhizosphere and roots samples from six plant species in a natural desert in AlUla region (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) and described how these symbionts were structured within the plant microbiota network. We found that the plant species was a significant driver of its microbiota composition and also of the specificity of its interactions in networks at the microbial taxa level. Despite this specificity, a motif was conserved across all networks, i.e., mycorrhizal fungi highly covaried with other mycorrhizal fungi, especially in plant roots—this pattern is known as assortativity. This structural property might reflect their ecological niche preference or their ability to opportunistically colonize roots of plant species considered non symbiotic e.g., H. salicornicum, an Amaranthaceae. Furthermore, these results are consistent with previous findings regarding the architecture of the gut microbiome network, where a high level of assortativity at the level of bacterial and fungal orders was also identified, suggesting the existence of general rules of microbiome assembly. Otherwise, the bacterial symbionts Rhizobiales and Frankiales covaried with other bacterial and fungal members, and were highly structural to the intra- and inter-kingdom networks. Our extensive co-occurrence network analysis of plant microbiota and study of symbiont assortativity, provided further evidence on the importance of bacterial and fungal symbionts in structuring the global plant microbiota network.

Modeling the transmission dynamics of banana bunch top disease in banana plants

Banana Bunch Top Disease (BBTD) is a severe viral infection that poses a significant threat to banana production in tropical regions. Caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) and transmitted primarily by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa), BBTD results in stunted growth and poor fruit production, leading to substantial economic losses. This paper presents a mathematical model to analyze the transmission dynamics of BBTD in banana plants and evaluate various control strategies using the Next Generation Matrix approach to compute the basic reproduction number R0. The study reveals that effective control of aphid populations, timely removal of infected plants, and the use of virus-free planting material significantly reduce the spread of BBTV and improve plant health. Increasing the removal rate γ and managing the transmission rate β are crucial strategies for controlling the disease, while elevated aphid infection rates λ and progression rates σ exacerbate its spread. Numerical simulations highlight the effectiveness of targeted interventions, including the application of pesticides and the introduction of resistant banana varieties. The study recommends that, in addition to current control measures, more focus should be placed on comprehensive monitoring programs, early detection of symptoms, and community education on BBTD management strategies. Enhanced efforts in these areas are crucial to reducing the incidence of BBTD and improving the resilience of banana crops.

Eco-friendly Management of Plant Pathogens through Secondary Metabolites Released by Fluorescent Pseudomonads

Concerning sustainable agriculture, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are a subgroup of “fluorescent pseudomonads,” are crucial. They are widely known for supporting plant health through a variety of methods. The use of fluorescent pseudomonads in agri-biotechnology has gained traction due to their potential for safeguarding plants from a variety of phytopathogens. Fluorescent pseudomonads being commercialized as bioinoculants for the treatment of various plant diseases is currently regarded as highly successful on a global scale. Fluorescent pseudomonads are being employed as efficient bio-control agents (BCAs) against an array of phytopathogens. Due to their capacity to generate a wide range of secondary metabolites, they offer enormous promise as BCA. Thus, this review’s goal is to outline and evaluate the functions of fluorescent pseudomonads’ secondary metabolites in reducing phytopathogens and improving plant health. Prominent secondary metabolites linked to biocontrol through fluorescent pseudomonads include phenazines (PHZ), 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyoluteorin (PLT), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and antinematicidal effects of these metabolites are well-established.

Impact of Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria and Microbial Consortia on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for over half the world's population, particularly in Asia. This study explores the potential of Zn-solubilizing microbes to enhance micronutrient content in rice, aiming to address these deficiencies sustainably. Beneficial free-living soil bacteria, specifically plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), were investigated for their role in improving plant health and yield. Twenty-two bacterial isolates were screened for Zn solubilization, with Enterobacter hormaechei identified as the most promising. Field experiments with rice varieties PD 26 and NDR 359 involved treatmentssuch asT1 (Control), T2 (ZnSB1: Enterobacter hormaechei MT507226.1), T3 (Consortium1: Pantoearodasii MZ397586 + Seratiamarcesecens MW843567), and T4 (Consortium2: Enterobacter hormaechei MT507226.1 + Pantoearodasii MZ397586 + Seratiamarcesecens MW843567). with individual and consortia of Zn-solubilizing bacteria. Significant improvements were shown in plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total chlorophyll, total dry matter (TDM), and grain yield. Results showed that Consortium1 (T3) significantly increased plant height by 7.94% for PD26 and 10.16% for NDR 359. Leaf Area Index (LAI) also improved notably under Consortium1, with increases of 15.56% for PD26 and 24.39% for NDR 359. Total chlorophyll content was highest under Consortium1 for PD26 (36.63% increase) and under Consortium2 for NDR 359 (31.41% increase). Total dry matter (TDM) showed substantial gains, especially in NDR 359 with Consortium2 treatment, achieving a 36.51% increase. Grain yield increased significantly across all treatments, with Consortium1 showing the highest yields: 12.26% for PD26 and 23.01% for NDR 359.Correlation analysis indicated strong positive relationships between plant height, TDM, and grain yield, underscoring the importance of these parameters in determining crop productivity. The findings suggest that microbial consortia, particularly Consortium1, can effectively replace traditional zinc fertilizers, enhancing sustainable agriculture by promoting plant growth and yield. These results are consistent with recent studies on the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving nutrient uptake and crop performance.

Phyllosphere Microbiome in Ecosystem Management and Plant Growth Promotion for Agricultural Sustainability

This review paper attempts to interpret the various role of phyllosphere microbiome, survival, resistant mechanisms to confront the adverse environmental conditions, production of pigment, extracellular polysaccharides, biosurfactants to promote surface attachment desiccation protection, volatile organic compounds, phytoalexins, as a defensive role to compete for space and nutrients. The beneficial phyllosphere microbes contributing to promotion of plant growth by facilitating nutrient acquisition, modulating hormonal signaling, biocontrol for plant pathogens in multi-various crops is discussed in detail. Phyllobacteria show encouraging interactions with host plants in improving plant health and biometric traits by regulating nutrient acquisition, phytohormones production, biotic and abiotic stress management. The members of genera Bacillus, Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Methylobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Pseudarthrobacter, and Kocuria were the most dominant plant growth promoting bacteria reported in phyllosphere. The beneficial phyllosphere microorganism enhances crop yield while reducing the environmental footprint associated with synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The review focuses and thrust on the development as well as commercialization of biostimulants derived from phyllosphere microbiomes. These biostimulants, and their metabolites, can be tapped to enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and overall crop performance in organic farming. Furthermore, this review paper focus on certain drawbacks that there have been few researches on phyllosphere yeast and its symbiotic association with bacteria, thereby emphasizing subsequent research in this area.

Clubroot-Induced Changes in the Root and Rhizosphere Microbiome of Susceptible and Resistant Canola.

Clubroot is a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. In western Canada, clubroot is usually managed by planting-resistant cultivars, but the emergence of resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae represents a major threat to sustainable canola production. The rhizosphere and root contain beneficial microorganisms that can improve plant health. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two P. brassicae isolates (termed A and B) with different levels of virulence on the root and rhizosphere microbiomes of clubroot-resistant and clubroot-susceptible canola. Additionally, potential biocontrol microorganisms were identified based on taxa antagonistic to clubroot. Although both P. brassicae isolates were classified as pathotype 3A, isolate A caused a higher disease severity index in the resistant canola genotype compared with isolate B. Metabarcoding analysis indicated a shift in the bacterial and fungal communities in response to inoculation with either field isolate. Root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities responded to changes in inoculation, isolate type, sampling time, and canola genotype. In contrast, fungal communities associated with the rhizosphere exhibited significant differences between sampling times, while bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere exhibited low variability.

Enhancing Gardenia Leaf Nutrients via Shading, Vermicompost, and Chelated Iron

This study aimed to investigate the impact of shading, vermicompost, and chelated iron on the leaf content of certain elements in Gardenia jasminoides plants. Conducted at a private nursery in Erbil during the 2022 agricultural season, the experiment utilized gardenia plants propagated by cuttings and grafted onto one-year-old rootstocks. Over five months (April to October 2022), the effects of two shading levels (0% and 75% direct sunlight), vermicompost application at two levels, and chelated iron application at three levels (0, 0.1, and 0.2 g.L-1) were assessed. Results indicated that 75% shading significantly increased leaf nitrogen (1.72%) and iron content (73.94 mg.kg-1). Vermicompost at 25% significantly enhanced leaf nitrogen (1.75%), phosphorus (0.248%), potassium (1.36%), and iron (67.95 mg.kg-1). Chelated iron at 0.2 g.L-1 markedly improved leaf nitrogen (1.78%), phosphorus (0.256%), potassium (1.28%), and iron (78.45 mg.kg-1). The study utilized one-year-old uniform seedlings, grown in 15-liter pots with river loam soil, and standard care practices were followed. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 0.05 significance level. The findings suggest that specific shading, organic fertilizer, and chelated iron treatments can significantly enhance the nutrient content of gardenia leaves, potentially improving plant health and growth.