Improve Production Performance Research Articles

Effect of supplementations of vitamin E and organic selenium on productive performance of broiler breeders

Nutrition supplementation in broiler breeder diets are necessary to provide the nutritional requirements for the optimal performance of the broiler breeder flock after significant genetic improvement of production performance. The study aimed to determine the effect of adding vitamin E and organic selenium to the diet of broiler breeder Rose 308 in the productive and reproductive traits. The experimental flock consist of 60 hens and 10 cocks at 41 weeks of age. The birds divided into four groups for treatments application, and each treatment had three replicates (five hens per replication). The first treatment T1 fed a standard diet without addition (control) containing 15% crude protein and metabolic energy 2775 kilocalories / kg of diet, and T2 used a standard diet and 500 mg vitamin E / kg of diet supplementation, and T3 used a standard ration plus 0.5 mg of organic selenium (Availa powder) / kg of diet supplementation, and T4 used a standard diet plus a mixture of vitamin E and organic selenium (Availa powder) in proportions 500 and 0.5 mg, respectively.

ANALISIS SISTEM PRODUKSI DENGAN PENDEKATAN LEAN MANUFACTURING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS DI PT. PANAMAS MITRA INTI LESTARI

PT. Panamas Mitra Inti Lestari is a company engaged in the production of household appliances, which need to continually improve productivity performance to increase the maximum profit by trying to reduce costs, improve quality and timely delivery to customers. In conducting the production process there is a discrepancy of the output of production with a production target specified. This happens because it was discovered their waste in the production process. Waste prioritized for attention in the production process is waste of defect and transportation. Therefore we need a lean manufacturing approach. The first thing to do is to identify the waste that occurs by creating a current state map, waste on the current state map and look for the root cause analysis using fishbone diagram analysis and FMEA. Recommendations for improvements in future state mapping is implementing continuous flow by reducing WIP at the work station is the shortest cycle time. After being given the proposed recommendations for improvement then the last step is to describe the future state map and analyze the changes that occur so that the results obtained are reduced lead time for (28.44%), a reduction in total inventory (28.50%). The decline in total travel time (2.65%) and the last is the reduction of travel distance (7.95%). Keywords: Lean Manufacturing, Value Stream Mapping, Diagram Fishbone Safety Stock

Microbial Surfactants: Bright Prospects for Innovation, New Product Categories, and Commercialization

Microbial Surfactants: Bright Prospects for Innovation, New Product Categories, and Commercialization

Role of lean, agile, resilient, green, and sustainable paradigm in supplier selection

During the new COVID-19 outbreak, companies are looking to sourcing leaders to assist them diversify their supply base and prepare for a number of situations. In recent days, the role of emerging paradigms, including lean, agile, resilient, green, and sustainability (LARGS) in highly competitive supply chains, has been gaining momentum. However, there is no research on the LARGS paradigm for sustainable supplier selection in the literature. The aim of this paper is to identify important criteria for supplier selection in the LARGS paradigm and to develop the hierarchical relationship between the criteria. This research has identified 22 key criteria for supplier selection in the LARGS paradigm. Data were collected from 12 experts and analysed by interpretive structural modeling (ISM). From the ISM model, it is observed that geographic location is placed at the bottom of the hierarchy, showing high driving power and the most important criteria while selecting any supplier. Lead time also indicates high driving power and organizations must focus on the suppliers' lead time to improve product performance and introduce new products faster into the markets. The findings will help the practitioners and policymakers to formulate supply chain robustness and resilience strategies to diminish supply chain risks imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The presented model can be assessed as a strategic tool to select a supplier who considers lean, agile, resilient, green, and sustainable criteria simultaneously to increase supply chain efficiency and effectiveness. The study is first of its kind to identify supplier selection criteria in LARGS paradigm and develop hierarchical relationships between them using ISM approach.

A stochastic mine planning approach to determine the optimal open pit to underground mining transition depth – case study at the Geita gold mine, Tanzania

ABSTRACT Several of the world’s largest open-pit mines are expected to consider making a transition to underground mining because of the opportunity to access an increased amount of reserves and extend a mine’s life. A case study exploring the optimal transition depth from open pit to underground mining at AngloGold Ashanti’s Geita gold mine in Tanzania is presented herein. The approach considered assesses the problem by evaluating the profits of a set of candidate transition depths, which have been identified by the mining operation as viable opportunities. An accurate valuation for each candidate’s transition depth is derived by producing yearly mine plans based on uncertainty, which outline expected yearly cash flows. Compared with the conventional deterministic approach, the results of this study show a 23% net present value increase for the stochastic mine plans, as well as an improved production performance and the ability to meet mill requirements throughout the life-of-mine.

The Microbial Community of the Respiratory Tract of Commercial Chickens and Turkeys.

Respiratory tract health critically affects the performance of commercial poultry. This report presents data on the microbial community in these organs from a comprehensive study of laying chickens and turkey breeders. The main objective was to characterize and compare the compositions of the respiratory system bacteria isolated from birds of different ages and geographical locations in Poland. Using samples from 28 turkey and 26 chicken flocks, the microbial community was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. There was great variability between flocks. The diversity and abundance of upper respiratory tract (URT) bacteria was greater in chickens than in turkeys. At the phyla level, the URT of the chickens was heavily colonized by Proteobacteria, which represented 66.4% of the total microbiota, while in turkeys, this phylum constituted 42.6% of all bacteria. Firmicutes bacteria were more abundant in turkeys (43.2%) than in chickens (24.1%). The comparison of the respiratory tracts at the family and genus levels showed the diversity and abundance of amplicon sequence variants (ASV) differing markedly between the species. Potentially pathogenic bacteria ASV were identified in the respiratory tract, which are not always associated with clinical signs, but may affect bird productivity and performance. The data obtained, including characterization of the bacterial composition found in the respiratory system, may be useful for developing effective interventions strategies to improve production performance and prevent and control disease in commercial laying chickens and turkeys.

Construction of an Smart Progress Production Unit Based on Paddle Boring

With the continuous improvement of hardware product performance and data processing capability and the rapid development of network communication technology, the intelligent technology of computer systems is becoming more and more mature, and the intelligence of manufacturing has become the focus of people's attention. The intelligent performance of manufacturing is to use the knowledge obtained from data analysis to make inferences and decisions to solve problems, and the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) supports the deep integration of informationization and industrialization by integrating advanced information technology and automatic control technology, such as perception, computation, communication, control, etc. Although there has been great progress in the research of CPS, it has been widely used in the development of computer systems. Despite significant progress in CPS research, some key issues have yet to be fully addressed at the shop floor level, including dynamic reorganization and local intelligence. These issues have hindered the research on the intelligence of complex processes. For progress units of complex processes, this study proposes a CPS-based smart progress unit (SPU) construction method. In order to improve machining efficiency and quality consistency, this study proposes a multi-source data acquisition technique and a multi-objective optimization algorithm to process the data within the machining unit. Finally, this study takes the paddle boring process as an example, and designs hardware and software systems to automate the paddle boring process and meet the needs of automation and intelligent transformation of the paddle boring process.

Technology Focus: Extended-Reach and Complex Wells (May 2022)

In the past several decades, technology continuously pushed the technical limit of extended-reach and complex wells, bringing records for lateral length, depth, and number of laterals. In the past few years, however, the design and operations of extended-reach and complex wells started to evolve under the volatile oil market pricing conditions and the stride of digital transformation. The technology front is shifting from marching toward longer and more-complex wells to smarter wells with better return on investment (ROI). Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, which can effectively mine deep insight from a large amount of drilling operational data and synthetic forward modeling data, are starting to shape the design and operations of extended-reach and complex wells. AI and machine learning have been demonstrating their ability to provide early warning of stuck pipe, reveal root causes of drilling accidents, improve drilling design, optimize completion design, and find new ways to improve production performance. Rather than competing on going even farther, U-shape (or “horseshoe”) wells have been drilled to tap shale gas through leveraging state-of-the-art extended-reach drilling technology and stimulation technology to improve the economics of the development of unconventional reservoirs. Looking to the future, the march toward longer extended-reach wells and more-complex multilateral wells to access formidable reservoirs will continue. The great potential, however, lies in the application of state-of-the-art extended-reach and complex well technology to versatile oil and gas fields (both conventional and unconventional) for the purpose of further improving ROI of the project, and AI and machine learning will play a vital role in enabling a step change in design and operations. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 202046 Automated Geosteering While Drilling Using Machine Learning—Case Studies by Ivan Denisenko Denisenko, Rogii, et al.

An Empirical Study: The Impact of Collaborative Communications on New Product Creativity That Contributes to New Product Performance

Creativity is vital and a key determinant for the success of many organizations in today’s competitive environment. Research in marketing has suggested that collaborative communication is important to sustain a competitive advantage. Leveraging a resource-based view, this research provides a comprehensive view examining the different facets of collaborative communication—reciprocal feedback, rationality, formal communication, and informal communication, on the meaningfulness and novelty of new product creativity, and their impacts on new product performance. Based on 181 sets of responses, our findings indicate that rationality posits a significant positive effect on the meaningfulness of new product creativity, which in turn contributes to new product performance. As for the novelty of new product creativity, it is influenced by informal communication whilst the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) further strengthens the positive association between informal communications and the novelty of new product creativity. This study provides theoretical contributions to the new product development literature as well as practical insights for organizations on the importance of collaborative communication to new product creativity and improvements in new product performance.

Investigating the motivations driving meat analogue purchase among middle-income consumers in Mbombela, South Africa

ABSTRACT Meat analogues are becoming widely accepted in high-income countries as substitutes for meat. As consumer acceptance of faux meat is beginning to follow a similar trend in South Africa, this study investigated the aspects of the product’s positioning that could be used to further grow the product’s market. Using data collected from 130 middle-income consumers in Mbombela, the study determined consumer perceptions of meat analogues. These were measured using composite indices extracted using principal component analysis, and these indices were regressed against the consumers’ purchase probability of meat alternatives. The study’s results showed that meat alternatives were perceived as a pricey symbol of class and status. This was found to have a two-sided effect on consumer behaviour. On one hand, the products' position encouraged purchase among the survey respondents and encouraged them to recommend the products to their peers and on the other, it discouraged consumption with their families. As this finding shows that meat analogues remain niche products in the study area, the study offers recommendations on ways to improve product performance in the niche market. It also suggests changes in the products’ marketing that could assist in launching them into the mainstream food market of South Africa.

G0S2 Gene Polymorphism and Its Relationship with Carcass Traits in Chicken.

Simple SummaryWith the progress of society, the demand for meat is increasing; therefore, how to improve the efficiency of breeding, reduce environmental pollution, and reduce the cost of breeding have become urgent priorities. Abdominal fat is a redundant part of the production of chickens. Thus, reducing abdominal fat deposition is increasingly vital in chicken breeding. Studies have shown that G0S2 is a crucial gene in regulating fat metabolism, and its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was significantly associated with chicken production traits in previous studies. The present study aimed to identify SNPs of the G0S2 gene and analyze whether they were associated with chicken carcass traits, including abdominal fat weight. The present study results can provide practical information for molecular marker-assisted breeding of chicken carcass traits.Gene single nucleotide polymorphisms can be used as auxiliary markers in molecular breeding and are an effective method to improve production performance. G0S2 is a key gene involved in regulating fat metabolism, but little research has been conducted on this gene regarding its role in poultry. In this study, the specialized commercial partridge chicken strain G0S2 gene was cloned and sequenced, and the relationship between the SNP sites on G0S2 and the carcass traits of chickens was investigated. The results showed that a total of seven SNPs were detected on G0S2 (g.102G > A, g.255G > A, g.349C > T, g.384A > G, g.386G > A, g.444G > A, g.556G > A). Two sites are located in the coding region and five sites are located in the 3′-UTR. SNPs located in the coding region are synonymous mutations. g.444G > A has a significant correlation with abdominal fat weight. The chickens with AG and GG genotypes have the highest abdominal fat weight, while the AA genotype is lower. The g.102G > A genotype has a significant correlation with live and abdominal fat weight. The live weight and abdominal fat weight of the chickens with AA and AG genotypes are at a higher level and have a larger gap than the GG genotype. Chickens with the AA genotype in g.556G > A had the lowest fat weight. The results of present study can provide practical information for molecular marker-assisted breeding of chicken carcass traits.

Effect of Cistanche deserticola on Rumen Microbiota and Rumen Function in Grazing Sheep

For a long time, veterinary drugs and chemical additives have been widely used in livestock and poultry breeding to improve production performance. However, problems such as drug residues in food are causing serious concerns. The use of functional plants and their extracts to improve production performance is becoming increasingly popular. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cistanche deserticola in sheep feed on rumen flora and to analyze the causes to provide a theoretical basis for the future use of Cistanche deserticola as a functional substance to improve sheep production performance. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted using 24 six-month-old sheep males divided into four groups (six animals in each group) which were fed a basic diet composed of alfalfa and tall fescue grass. The C. deserticola feed was provided to sheep at different levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%) as experimental treatments. On the last day (Day 75), ruminal fluid was collected through a rumen tube for evaluating changes in rumen flora. The test results showed that Prevotella_1, Lactobacillus, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were the dominant species at the genus level in all samples. Lactobacillus, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Butyrivibrio_2, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group differed significantly in relative abundance among the treatment groups. The polysaccharides in C. deserticola was the major factor influencing the alteration in rumen flora abundance, and had the functions of improving rumen fermentation environment and regulating rumen flora structure, etc. Hence, C. deserticola can be used to regulate rumen fermentation in grazing sheep to improve production efficiency.

Managerial perceptions in Indian apparel manufacturing: a firm-level survey

PurposeThe paper explores the managerial perceptions in Indian apparel manufacturing firms related to production performance, challenges faced, causes of low efficiency and the government support needed.Design/methodology/approachA structured survey of Indian apparel manufacturing firms was undertaken in person and through the online mode; the questionnaire was designed to collect data on demographic profile of a firm using categorical questions and perceptions of its top managers using a five-point Likert scale.FindingsThe survey findings reveal that most apparel manufacturing firms believe that exporting promotes efficiency and adopt output orientation to production, which may not be suitable in a competitive and uncertain environment. Machines are not used much for value-addition and labour related issues are most pressing challenges. Government support is expected for several aspects such as power supply and skill development.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited by the nature of the sampling method and sample size; perceptions should be explored without bias and with good judgement.Practical implicationsThe survey findings suggest that government policy should have a firm-specific approach to support improved production performance along with generic policies to build infrastructure and logistical facilities.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge, there has been no such exercise to study managerial perceptions related to production performance in Indian apparel manufacturing in the past decade.

Dietary resveratrol improved production performance, egg quality, and intestinal health of laying hens under oxidative stress

Resveratrol (RV) is associated with protection against oxidative stress to improve health, however the effect of RV in layers under oxidative stress (OS) is limited. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the negative effect of OS and protective effects of RV against OS in laying hens. 40 Lohmann layers (25-wk-old; BW = 1.44±0.10 kg) were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with either RV (0 or 600 mg/kg) or intraperitoneal injection of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) (0 or 800 μmol/kg BW) for 31 days. The results shown that the hens challenged with tBHP presented lower egg-laying rate, feed intake, feed efficiency and higher defective egg rate (P(tBHP)<0.05). The RV were also observed to attenuated egg laying rate and feed intake reduction together with decreased broken egg rate under t-BHP challenge (P(Interaction)≤0.01). The tBHP challenged layer demonstrated lower intestinal morphology (villus height in duodenum and jejunum), lower antioxidant enzymes activities [total superoxidase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)], and glutathione (GSH) levels and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) level] (P(tBHP)<0.05). Dietary RV increased jejunal SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC activities, and reduced MDA concentration (P(RV) ≤0.05). Layers under tBHP challenge up-regulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] and nuclear factor NF-κB (P(tBHP)<0.05) in jejunum. Dietary RV supplementation down-regulated mRNA gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB (P(RV) ≤0.05). Dietary RV up-regulated mRNA expression of jejunal barrier-related proteins (claudin-1, claudin-2, mucin-1, and occludin) and ovarian reproductive hormone receptor [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and activin a receptor type 1 (ACVR1)] (P(RV) ≤0.05). Overall, the results indicate that tBHP induced oxidative stress to result in reducing production performance, intestinal health and induced ovarian inflammation; whereas dietary RV was able to maintain intestinal health and mitigate the negative impact of tBHP challenge on production performance and ovarian function.

Production Improvement via Optimization of Hydraulic Acid Fracturing Design Parameters in a Tight Carbonate Reservoir

Hydraulic fracturing can be utilized to extract trapped hydrocarbon where integrated fracture networks do not exist for sufficient production. In this work, design parameters of a hydraulic acid fracturing of a tight carbonate reservoir in the Middle East were optimized. The effect of optimized hydraulic fracturing on production performance and rate was investigated. Using the petrophysical well logs, formation integrity tests, core data the Mechanical Earth Model (MEM) of the tight carbonate reservoir was created, which resulted in rock mechanical properties and in-situ stresses. The other required parameters for fracturing design were either measured or found from empirical correlations. Following a candidate selection of suitable layers for fracturing, the input parameters were loaded in GOHFER software to design and optimize the fracturing job. Finally, the production forecast was performed and compared with current conditions. The injection parameters (flow rate, total volume, and number of stages) of the fracturing fluid (composed of guar and CMHPG and polymer with 15% HCL acid) were optimized to reach optimum resultant fracture geometry. Finally, optimized injection parameters were found at the injection flow rate of 18 barrels per minute, total injection volume of 90 K-gal, and three stages of injection. Using the optimal injection parameters, the optimized fracture geometrical sizes were determined: the fracture half-length (Lf): 148 m (486 ft), fracture height (Hf) of 64 m (210 ft) and fracture width (Wf) of 0.0962 in. Finally, the effect of this stimulation method on future production performance was investigated. The well production rate showed an increase from 840 STB/Day (before fracturing) to 1270 STB/Day (post fracturing). This study contributes to the practical design and optimization of hydraulic fracturing in the tight carbonate formation of the investigated oilfield and the other potential fields in the region. The results showed that this stimulation method can efficiently improve production performance from reservoir formation.

Improvement of hydrogen production performance by in situ doping of carbon nanotubes into TiO2 materials

Improvement of hydrogen production performance by in situ doping of carbon nanotubes into TiO2 materials

Recent Advances in Probiotic Application in Animal Health and Nutrition: A Review

Biotechnological advances in animal health and nutrition continue to play a significant role in the improvement of animal health, growth, and production performance. These biotechnological advancements, especially the use of direct-fed microbials, also termed probiotics, those genetically modified and otherwise, have minimized many challenges facing livestock production around the world. Such advancements result in healthy animals and animal products, such as meat, for a growing population worldwide. Increasing demand for productivity, healthy animals, and consumer food safety concerns, especially those emanating from excessive use of antibiotics or growth promoters, are a driving force for investing in safer alternatives, such as probiotics. The advent of vastly diverse pathogens and bacterial organisms, some of which have acquired antimicrobial resistance due to therapeutic use of these antibiotics, has had a negative impact on the animal and food industries. Probiotics have been chosen as substitutes to counter this excessive use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Over the last decade, probiotics have gained recognition, increased in importance, and stimulated growing interest in the animal health and nutrition industry. Probiotics are considered to be favorable live microorganisms by the host organism by maintaining microbial homeostasis and healthy gut, and can be a viable alternative to antibiotics in addition to providing other growth-promoting properties. Even though various studies describe the modes of action of probiotics, more research is needed to illuminate the exact mechanism of action of probiotics and how they benefit the host. This review describes the importance of probiotics in animal health, nutrition, and in growth and production performance. It also provides a thorough review of recent advances in probiotics research and application in animal health and nutrition and future directions on probiotic research to enhance animal performance.

EFFECT OF IM3 PRODUCT QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION LEVEL IN. TECHNOMAS INTERNUSA BRANCH OF XXX

This research aimed to determine the effect of quality Im3 products to the level of customer satisfaction at PT. Technomas Internusa Branch XXX. The methods used in this research was observation and questionnaires, and then tested the truth with the scientifically theory then concluded. The results of analysis this research indicate that of coefficient determination show the influenced very strong between product quality and the level of customer satisfaction that is 87,6% and the remaining 12,4% is influenced by other factors not examined in this research. The suggestions submitted to the company are to constantly improve product quality especially on signal strength and to expand network coverage improving customer satisfaction, as well as improving product performance to avoid interruption when used, and maintain customer satisfaction when communicating using Im3 products.

Strain‐based fatigue criterion for rubber damage under multimode loadings

AbstractAn accurate prediction of the fatigue life of a rubber product is based on a criterion. Since strain can be measured directly in rubber components during a test, it would help design engineers improve product performance effectively if the strain‐based damage criteria can achieve high accuracy. Hence, the experimental data on the AE42 and AE2 specimens were utilized to test the suitability of the proposed damage criterion for rubber materials. The criterion includes three principal components determined by both a strain range and a current strain. Data from AE42 specimens, made from styrene‐butadiene rubber, contained 40 cases, that is, tension, torsion, and tension‐torsion loadings. An S‐N curve was obtained, with a scatter band of 0.7 and a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.81. The curve could be useful at the design stage. A sample of AE2, made from natural rubber filled with carbon black, showed the location and orientation of the crack in a nonproportional case. The predicted location of the fatigue crack was consistent with the experimental observation and the crack orientation matched the experimental measurement, that is, the predicted angle of 33.4° versus the measurement of approximately 40°. It would be possible to combine the proposed approach with the critical plane method in nonproportional loadings to save significant CPU time: using the proposed approach to find the critical loading range and then using the critical plane method to find the maximum value of the required damage variables. More engineering cases are needed to further verify this proposed criterion.

Serum Biochemical Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, and Rumen Bacterial Communities Are Partly Driven by the Breed and Sex of Cattle When Fed High-Grain Diet

Hybridization in bovines is practiced with the main aim of improving production performance, which may imply the microbial variations in the rumen from the parental breed cross to their progeny. Besides, the interactions of offspring breed with sex in terms of rumen bacteria are not clear. This study aims to evaluate the variations in rumen bacterial communities in different breeds and sexes, and the correlations among fattening performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen fermentation. Forty-two 19.2 ± 0.67-month-old beef cattle (390 ± 95 kg of initial body weight) comprising two genetic lines (Yiling and Angus × Yiling) and two sexes (heifers and steers) were raised under the same high-grain diet for 120 d. On the last two days, blood samples were collected from each animal via the jugular vein before morning feeding for analyzing serum biochemical parameters; rumen fluid samples were obtained via esophageal intubation 2 h after morning feeding for analyzing rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial communities. The results show that both breed and sex had a certain impact on fattening performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen fermentation. No differences in the diversity and structure of rumen bacterial communities were observed. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) of breed and sex were observed for Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001. The relative abundances of the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, and Succinivibrio were different (p < 0.05) between breeds. Heifers had a higher (p = 0.008) relative abundance of the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group than steers. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) of rumen bacteria with serum biochemical parameters, rumen pH, and rumen fermentation patterns. Additionally, only two genera, Prevotellaceae UCG-003 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, had positive correlations with feed efficiency. In conclusion, serum biochemical parameters, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacterial communities are partly driven by the breed and sex of cattle fed a high-grain diet.