Improvement Of Octane Number Research Articles

Improvement of octane number in FCC gasoline through the extraction with urea/thiourea complex based on property analysis

By adding thiourea, the solution of urea in alcohol is improved, which facilitates the formation of a urea complex and benefits the increase in the octane number of FCC gasoline.

Ni/ZnO@ZSM-5 Reaction Adsorption Desulfurization Catalyst for Octane Number Improvement

Reaction adsorption desulfurization technology is one of the main means of gasoline desulfurization. In this work, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by pyrolytic oxidation using ZIF-8 as precursor. ZnO spheres with particle size of 5 nm can be formed after the pyrolysis of Zif-8. Ni/ZnO5nm prepared by equal volume impregnation method can achieve 99.2% desulfurization rate at 390°C, which has more excellent desulfurization performance compared to Ni/ZnO100nm. Ni/ZnO@ZSM-5 was synthesized by in-situ growth-pyrolysis oxidation-equal volume impregnation method. In the reaction adsorption desulfurization process of FCC gasoline, the desulfurization rate reached 99.5%, and the aromatic content in the product increased by 10.7 percentage points, showing excellent octane number improvement. This work provides new ideas for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles as well as novel reactive adsorbent desulfurizers, and promotes the development of S-Zorb process.

Improvement of octane number of Gasoline by using rubber waste

In this study, the octane number of gasoline was improved by using isobutanol isobutanol prepared in the treatment of tire inner rubber with kerosene at different temperatures and in different quantities, and then treated with concentrated capranic acid and water. Then, the formed alcohol and water are separated from the acid kerosene using fractional distillation, where the water and alcohol are separated, leaving the acid and kerosene, and then the distilled liquid (isertoy mixture) is heated on a column containing sodium tetramer. And mixed by 1, 1.5, 3, and 5% with gasoline, where the octane number was raised. Cassiochromatographic octane number assays were performed.

Research Octane Number Improvement of Iraqi Gasoline by Adsorption of n-Paraffins Using Zeolite Molecular Sieves

This study focused on the improvement of the quality of gasoline and enhancing its octane number by the reduction of n-paraffins using zeolite 5A. This study was made using batch and continuous mode. The parameters which affected the n-paraffin removal efficiency for each mode were studied. Temperature (30 and 40 ˚C) and mixing time up to 120 min for different amounts of zeolite ranging (10-60 g) were investigated in a batch mode. A maximum removal efficiency of 64% was obtained using 60 g of zeolite at 30 ˚C after a mixing time 120 min. The effect of feed flow rate (0.3-0.8 l/hr) and bed height (10-20 cm) were also studied in a continuous mode. The equilibrium isotherm study was made using different amounts of zeolite (2-20 g) and then simulated for n-hexane and n- heptane using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms. Kinetic of the adsorption of n-hexane and n-heptane was investigated using pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle model. The Research octane number (RON) for some selected samples was measured to show the effect of the removal on the quality improvement of gasoline. Results showed an increase of 5.5 units in RON using 40 g zeolite at 40 ˚C and after 120 ˚C min. also an increase in 7 units was obtained in the continuous mode after 30 min using flow rate of o.3 l/hr and bed height of 10cm. Experimental data for n-hexane and n-heptane was found to fit Langmuir isotherm with correlation coefficient of 92.7% and 88.8% for n-C7 and n-C6, respectively. Adsorption of n-hexane and n-heptane was found to follow second order kinetics with correlation coefficient of 99.9% and 99.8% for n-C7and n-C6 respectively. This study revealed a favorable adsorption of n-paraffins on zeolite 5A as indicated by the separating factor of 0.6 and 0.44 for n-C7and n-C6, respectively.

Improvement of Gasoline Octane Number by Using Organic Compounds

The toxic lead additives to gasoline are no longer used in many countries around the world. Many other countries are now phasing out the lead in gasoline. Although the lead fuel is still in use in Iraq, several plans are considered to phase out the lead. The use of organic compounds to replace the lead additives in gasoline is considered now as an option in Iraqi refineries. The main objective of this project was preparation of premium gasoline, by blending of gasoline with Alternative additives (alcohol, aromatic) to enhancing octane number of Al-Doura gasoline pool. Improved gasoline was tested by ASTM standard method which includes octane number measuring by CFR engine analyzer. Gasoline pool RON (80) was used and selective components were added to the gasoline pool (1-3%) to improving it octane, such as ethanol, methanol,isopropanol,isobutanol, benzene, nitrobenzene, Aniline, and nitro aniline. Octane number of blends was measured by CFR engine. Mixture of alternative additives was prepared and adding in 1-3%vol to the gasoline pool. It was found that the additives show significant improvement of octane number of gasoline but the important increasing of RON was shown on use mixture of alcohols and aniline.

Improvement of Gasoline Octane Number by Using Organic Compounds

The toxic lead additives to gasoline are no longer used in many countries around the world. Many other countries are now phasing out the lead in gasoline. Although the lead fuel is still in use in Iraq, several plans are considered to phase out the lead. The use of organic compounds to replace the lead additives in gasoline is considered now as an option in Iraqi refineries. The main objective of this project was preparation of premium gasoline, by blending of gasoline with Alternative additives (alcohol, aromatic) to enhancing octane number of Al-Doura gasoline pool. Improved gasoline was tested by ASTM standard method which includes octane number measuring by CFR engine analyzer. Gasoline pool RON (80) was used and selective components were added to the gasoline pool (1-3%) to improving it octane, such as ethanol, methanol,isopropanol,isobutanol, benzene, nitrobenzene, Aniline, and nitro aniline. Octane number of blends was measured by CFR engine. Mixture of alternative additives was prepared and adding in 1-3%vol to the gasoline pool. It was found that the additives show significant improvement of octane number of gasoline but the important increasing of RON was shown on use mixture of alcohols and aniline.

Direct neural network modeling for separation of linear and branched paraffins by adsorption process for gasoline octane number improvement

An artificial neural network (ANN) approach was used to develop a new predictive model for the calculation of hydrocarbons breakthrough curves in separation of linear and branched paraffins by adsorption process. Three-layer ANN architecture was trained using an experimental database and the concentration at t time over initial concentration (C/Co) was calculated as output variable. Experimental temperature (T), times of adsorption (t), octane number (ON) and the density (ρ) of the hydrocarbons were considered as main input variables for the model. For the ANN optimization process, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) learning algorithm, the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer-function and the linear transfer-function were applied. The best fitting training data set was acquired with an ANN architecture composed by 22 neurons in the hidden layer (4-22-1), which made possible to predict the C/Co with a satisfactory efficiency (R2>0.96). A suitable accuracy of the ANN model was achieved with a mean percentage error (MPE) of ∼5%. All the C/Co predicted with the ANN model were statistically analyzed and compared with the “true” C/Co experimental data reported in the experiments carried out in the lab. With all these results, we suggest that the ANN model could be used as a tool for the reliable prediction of the breakthrough curves obtained during the separation of linear and branched paraffins by adsorption processes.

Separation of Linear and Branched Paraffins by Adsorption Processes for Gasoline Octane Number Improvement

Separation of hydrocarbons by degree of branching is a very important issue in the development of suitable technologies for enhancing octane number in gasoline fuels. This separation is usually performed by adsorption processes using molecular sieves; hence, a review of these technologies is on demand. This review is devoted to the experimental results on the separation of branched and non-branched C4-C10 hydrocarbons presented in gasoline by means of molecular sieve materials. Experimental gas and liquid phase studies using adsorbents like silicalite, ZSM-5, beta and Y zeolites, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, mordenite, carbon molecular sieves, metal organic frameworks and other hybrids materials are presented. Separation capabilities in gas and liquid phase experiments on single and multiple hydrocarbon mixtures for several adsorbents were analyzed in order to reach a conclusion regarding the use of this type of materials on a commercial procedure. Nevertheless, according to this research from the vast array of materials tested, only the following adsorbents have been included in patented procedures: ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-23, NU-85, NU-86, NU-87, SSZ-25, SSZ-37, MCM- 22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 and a PVDC derived CMS. The reason behind this lack of advancement may relay on the need of a coupled state of the art isomerization process for the C5-C10 hydrocarbon feeds, and in the design of a material with high adsorption capacity, high selectivity, and high regeneration properties, capable of enduring the complexity of a real feed separation process.

Effect of Hydrohalogenation of PtRe/H-ZSM-5 for Cyclohexene Conversion

Extended use of supported Pt catalysts causes thermal migration of Pt particles to form large agglomerates, thus decreasing the catalytic activity. The combination of Pt with Re protects Pt against migration. In addition, Cl − injection into the reactor assists Pt particles redispersion to prolong catalyst life. In this work, a PtRe/H-ZSM-5 catalyst was treated with either HCl or HF to investigate their role in activating or deactivating the catalyst. The conversion exceeded 90% in the whole temperature range with the PtRe/H-ZSM-5(HCl) catalyst, and its activity for the direct isomerization of cyclohexene to methylcyclopentenes (MCPEs) was the lowest but the activity for the hydrogenation of the MCPEs to methylcyclopentane was the highest. The reactivities of MCPEs and cyclohexadienes on the catalysts were similar because both are dehydrogenation reactions. Benzene production was significantly higher on the hydrochlorinated catalyst than on the other catalysts, and its hydrocracking activity was the lowest, which is a good characteristic for processing catalysts where cracking is undesired. Rhenium is the most prevailing promoter for platinum in the naphtha catalytic reforming catalysts used for octane number improvement. An additional promotion of acidity by HCl or HF has also been examined in cyclohexene hydroconversion as a model reaction to explore the activation of intermediate reaction steps producing isomerized as well as hydrogenated, dehydrogenated, and hydrocracked products.

Isomerization of n-Pentane Catalyzed by Acidic Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

Isomerization oil becomes an important motor gasoline blending component due to increased statutory reduction of aromatics and olefins (high octane number components) contents in motor gasoline. The ionic liquid Et3NHCl−AlCl3 (mole fraction of AlCl3 is 0.67) shows good catalytic performance for the isomerization of n-pentane. The conversion of n-pentane increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst/oil volume ratio (C/O ratio), while the yield of isomerization oil and the selectivity of isoparaffins decrease. The optimal reaction temperature, reaction time, and C/O ratio are 30 °C, 3 h, and 1:1, respectively. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the conversion of n-pentane, the yield of isomerization oil, and the selectivity of isoparaffins are 44.61 wt %, 96.07 wt %, and 90.52%, respectively. High conversion of n-pentane favors the octane number improvement of isomerization oil without the circulation of n-pentane, while low conversion of n-pentane is preferential with the circulation of n-pentane.

Simple Synthesis of N-Methyl Aniline over Modified Kaolin for Octane Number Improvement

This paper deals with a simple and green method to synthesize N-methyl aniline under mild condition. A series of mixed metal salt (Zn and Cu salts) modified kaolin catalysts used in the above-mentioned reaction were synthesized and characterized by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which exhibited that kaolin was successfully modified by the mixed metal salts. The effect of the reaction time, catalyst, and initial pH on the reaction was recorded by an ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) spectrum, and the electron spectrum prediction result of the catalyst effect was further confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, N-methyl aniline extracted from the most optimized condition gave a good result in improving the gasoline octane number; however, more research needs to be carried out.

Ring contraction and selective ring opening of naphthenic molecules for octane number improvement

Different catalytic strategies have been evaluated to maximize the production of non-aromatic compounds with high octane number, starting from naphthenic molecules, which are typically obtained from the saturation of aromatics. The research octane number (RON), the motor octane number (MON), and the specific volume of the product mixtures were evaluated in each case. The product distribution obtained on acidic and Ptcontaining zeolites was investigated in the temperature range 533‐563 K in the presence of hydrogen at a total pressure of 2 MPa. It was found that skeletal isomerization (ring contraction) was the primary reaction in both HYand Pt/HY catalysts. The presence of Pt was found to enhance the stability of the catalyst, but also greatly altered the distribution of RC products, enhancing 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane. This enhancement can be explained in terms of a higher rate of hydride transfer caused by the presence of the metal. Evaluation of the octane numbers of the product indicated that a mixture of RC products results in rather high RON, but the MON and specific volume were about the same as that of the feed. To improve MON and specific volume an Ir/SiO2 catalyst with high hydrogenolysis activity was added to realize the ring opening (RO). The combination of RC and RO was tested on physical mixtures and segregated beds of Pt/HYand Ir/SiO2 catalysts in order to optimize the production of the iso-alkanes with highest octane number. It was found that with segregated catalyst beds, a better control of the selective breaking of C‐C bonds of RC isomers can be achieved, which optimizes octane number and specific volume. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hydrocracking of organocell lignin for phenol production

Abstract Organocell lignin has been subjected to catalytic hydrocracking in a semicontinuous reactor system using four petroleum-derived slurry oils and a lignin-derived one. The objective was to maximize the yield of phenols which can be further converted to methylarylethers for the use as gasoline octane number improvement. Experiments were carried out by varying temperature (375°–450°C), hydrogen pressure (75–180 bar), and catalyst (sulfided NiMo, zeolite A, and none). The most complete conversion (coke formation only 0.3%) was obtained at 375°C and 180 bar when lignin was mixed with a lignin-derived slurry oil. The formation of phenols was monitored by quantitative capillary gas chromatography. Up to 12.8wt% (based on lignin) of a mixture of mono-phenols was obtained. The yields of single products (in wt% based on lignin) are as follows: phenol 2.3, cresols 5.0, xylenols 4.2, guaiacol 1.3.

Combination processing of pyrolysis naphtha to obtain aromatic hydrocarbons and high-octane gasolines

In the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon feedstocks, production of the desired monomer - ethylene - is accompanied by the formation of pyrolysis naphtha, which has a high content of benzene (30%) and hence is processed solely for benzene recovery. In view of the increased demand for automotive gasolines, this processing scheme is extremely illogical. One of the possible means for rational utilization of pyrolysis naphtha is the combined production of high-octane unleaded gasolines and aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly benzene. With such a scheme, the pyrolysis naphtha and the fractions segregated from the naphtha can be processed separately. Another problem that requires a fast solution is the production of ecologically clean modified gasolines. The production and use of leaded gasolines are being phased out universally, in the interest of improving environmental health. For the improvement of octane number, tetraethyllead is being replaced by oxygen-containing compounds, mainly methyl tert-butyl ether and methyl tert-amyl ether. These oxygenates are used at concentrations of 2.0-2.7% in the gasoline. The content of aromatic hydrocarbons (particularly benzene) is limited to 1%. In this article we will describe an optimal scheme for processing pyrolysis naphtha, yielding benzene and AI-93 high-quality unleaded gasoline.