Improvement Of Environmental Performance Research Articles

Green gospel effect of regional financial expansion: evidence from urban commercial banks in China.

The regional financial expansion represented by the development of regional small and medium-sized banks, such as urban commercial banks, is an essential factor affecting the environmental behavior of enterprises. We found that both the marginal expansion and the scale expansion of regional finance help reduce the sulfur dioxide emission intensity and improve the environmental performance of enterprises, indicating a green gospel effect of regional financial expansion. In terms of the impact path, regional financial expansion cannot only reduce the sulfur dioxide generation intensity and improve the front environmental performance of enterprises, but also increase the sulfur dioxide removal intensity as well as improve the terminal environmental performance. However, in the context of high fiscal pressure on local governments, regional financial expansion exacerbates sulfur dioxide emission and generation intensity of enterprises, worsening environmental performance and creating a green curse effect. Further study finds that the cross-regional expansion of urban commercial banks can strengthen the green gospel effect; the improvement of enterprises' environmental performance by regional financial expansion is mainly found in polluting industries and non-SOEs.

The Impact of Environmental Information Disclosure on the Efficiency of Enterprise Capital Allocation

Environmental information disclosure has become a widely-used tool to encourage the participation of multiple market players in environmental governance. However, it remains unclear whether it can promote the efficiency of capital allocation in enterprises. This study uses econometric modeling and data from heavily polluting enterprises in Chinese A-shares between 2013 and 2020 to explore the impact of environmental information disclosure on capital allocation efficiency, as well as its mechanisms. It is found that environmental information disclosure significantly and robustly enhances the efficiency of capital allocation, and the effect varies by firm’s size, ownership, life cycle, and region. Nevertheless, employees and creditors are found to have a negative moderating role in this effect. These findings have important implications for the simultaneous improvement of environmental performance and capital allocation efficiency in the context of China’s ecological civilization system and high-quality economic development and for promoting a “win-win” situation for environmental protection and economic growth.

Dynamic Adaptive Environmental Flows (DAE‐Flows) to Reconcile Long‐Term Ecosystem Demands With Hydropower Objectives

AbstractThis study investigates how environmental flows (e‐flows) can be designed as dynamic operating policies to optimize long‐term economic and ecosystem performance in reservoir systems. The main goal is to provide e‐flow solutions that contribute to better preparedness and flexibility of hydro‐systems to face multiyear stress periods, reducing the impact of water crises. The methodology framework combines a fish‐flow model with a multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm to construct multiple environmental water demand curves and capture the opportunity cost of different levels of ecosystem preservation. The water demand curves applied to a stochastic dynamic hydro‐economic model then derive dynamic e‐flow policies that balance immediate and future water use tradeoffs. The approach, termed dynamically adaptive environmental flows (DAE‐flows), is demonstrated on the Paraná River Basin, Brazil, a large‐scale hydropower system. Results show that the approach can adjust e‐flows (coordinated with other hydro‐system releases) over the time horizon, sacrificing them at certain times at the expense of some ecosystem loss, but improving long‐term ecosystem functioning. A long‐term approach to adaptation also yields better results for the environment without imposing a hard constraint to hydropower during droughts. Even under a drier climate change scenario, this allowed maintenance and improvement of environmental performance in most years, so during severe droughts the water could still be reallocated to hydropower but at a lesser cost to the environment.

On the fast track: the benefits of ESG performance on the commercial credit financing.

Under the sustainability strategy, a company's ability to enhance its financing capacity through improvements in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance is crucial for fostering high-quality development. This study empirically examines the impact of corporate ESG performance on commercial credit financing (CCF) using data from China's A-share listed companies between 2009 and 2021. The findings of the panel regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between a company's ESG performance and CCF. Further analysis of the influencing mechanisms indicates that a company's ESG performance can increase its likelihood of obtaining CCF by reducing environmental, social, and governance risks. Specifically, we found that ESG performance facilitates access to CCF by promoting green innovation, enhancing social reputation, and mitigating operational risk. This study expands and enriches the theory of informal financing of enterprises while incorporating the more comprehensive assessment criteria for sustainable development.

Rethinking circularity with Re-refineries and supply chains reintegration via multi-objective pareto graph theoretical approach

Amidst the global effort in energy transition from fossil fuel remains a challenge for the heavily dependent oil and gas (O&G) industry. Thus, the circular economy (CE) concept offers a viable approach to improve the long-term sustainability of the O&G industry while transitioning toward sustainable development. This research proposed the re-refinery strategies to attain circularity within the O&G industry. Two models are developed to address the strategy decision on both Meso (re-refinery technology decision optimization via P-graph approach) and Macro (supply chain optimization via mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)) perspectives. The re-refining of waste oil utilizing membrane ultrafiltration followed by hydrofinishing is favoured in both cases for its economic potential contributed by its higher production yield (89.94 wt%) compared to distillation (77.12 wt%) pathway. Overall, the re-refining strategy suggest promising improvement in both economic (27.17% lower cost) and environmental (55.35% lower emissions) performance. The addition of in-situ lubricant blending incurred a 4.49% reduction in total cost of the supply chain as compared to the base case with primary reduction (31.48%) in transportation. This study reveals the potential of re-refining approach which serves as guidelines for decision-makers and researchers to strengthen CE practice in modern O&G industry.

Data-Driven Sustainable Supply Chain Decision Making in the Presence of Low Carbon Awareness

Low-carbon production is a vital solution for many environmental problems, as is consumers’ consciousness about carbon playing a more important role and ultimately passing upstream. Supply chains are eager to seek sustainable development via appropriate decision making with data-driven methods. Consistent with this aim, we investigated decisions toward lower carbon efforts and prices in a two-echelon supply chain via a game theoretical approach. The decision-making scenarios of decentralized, centralized, and cost-sharing contracts were investigated and compared. The results show that the level of improvement in environmental performance is positively correlated with the degree of cooperation between partners. Cooperation between partners would be even more significant with an increase in consumers’ low carbon awareness. Furthermore, cost-sharing contracts improve the performance of the entire supply chain compared with decentralized cases. Finally, we implemented numerical experiments to verify the modeling results. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support toward sustainable operations for supply chains concerning low carbon awareness.

Life cycle assessment of spectra-managed greenhouses for sustainable agriculture

Plants in agricultural greenhouses utilize the visible spectrum for photosynthesis, while the unused solar spectrum contributes to greenhouse temperature rise in hot climates. The spectra-managed greenhouses employ innovative techniques to mitigate the cooling load by means of solar spectrum filtering. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of conventional and spectra-managed greenhouses specifically designed for hot and arid climates. The novel roof greenhouse integrates photovoltaics and dielectric mirrors for solar spectrum optimization, while the nanofluid roof greenhouse uses spectrum-selective nanofluid for sustainable cooling. The LCA evaluates the environmental impacts of greenhouse components and processes, identifying the hot spots for environmental performance improvement at the early stage of development. The life cycle impact assessment (using TRACI approach) showed that novel roof greenhouse could reduce global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), smog formation potential (SFP), and fossil fuel depletion (FFD) by 52.4%, 47.7%, 49.8%, 53.2%, and 57.4%, respectively, compared to the conventional greenhouse. Electricity is a significant contributor to environmental emissions for all analyzed greenhouses; therefore, a sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the source of electricity. For photovoltaic-generated electricity to power the greenhouses, the implementation of a nanofluid roof greenhouse resulted in a 5.1% and 23.1% reduction in GWP compared to novel roof and conventional greenhouses, respectively.

Unlocking the dual black box of GHRMP & EGOC for sustainable environmental performance in developing economies: can green workplace behavior and green passion transmit the real change?

In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on environmental sustainability, resulting in the emergence of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices. Studies have shown that the implementation of GHRM practices can enhance a company's Environmental Performance (EP) and promote the development of Enablers of Green Organizational Culture (EGOC), which can ultimately lead to sustained improvements in environmental performance over the long term. However, there is still a lack of research on Green Workplace Behavior (GWB) and Green Passion (GP). To address this gap, a study was conducted on a large-scale sample of 308 pharmaceutical workers. The study examined the dual mediation impact of major facilitators of Green Organization Culture and GWB on GHRM, and the regulation of GP. Smart Pls 3.0 was used for analyzing the measurement and structural model. The findings indicate that the dual mediation of EGOC and GWB, along with the regulation of GP, significantly enhances the EP levels of organizations. These findings have significant implications for pharmaceutical company managers who are interested in developing strategic HR strategies for sustainable development. The study's results provide guidance on how managers can motivate their employees to engage in green initiatives in their daily activities, and GHRM practices offer a practical way to enhance EP and sustainable development. However, the contribution of Human Resource Management to sustainable development remains limited in the literature. Therefore, it is important for businesses to recognize the significance of environmental sustainability and adopt GHRM practices to improve their EP levels. The environment and natural resources around the world have been severely impacted by the aggressive growth of human economic expansion, and there is an urgent need for social efforts to address this situation. The adoption of GHRM practices can help businesses to develop specialized skills and enhance their contribution to sustainable development. The literature suggests that GHRM practices are a viable and practical solution to enhance environmental performance and promote sustainable development.

Assessing the impact of waste separation on system transition and environmental performance through a city-scale life cycle assessment

The increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation entails growing pressures on developing countries to achieve urban sustainability. New waste management strategies should be implemented with caution considering limited budget and uncertain outcome. Taking the city of Shenzhen, China as a case study, this research aimed to assess the positive transition of this city's MSW management system since the recent enforcement of waste separation. The life cycle assessment (LCA) results confirmed a good synergy between waste management system upgrade and environmental performance improvements. A noteworthy reduction of 51% in Global Warming Potential (GWP) was observed with determined cost of 61 US$/t CO2-eq, making waste separation a cost-effective management option for developing economies to achieve their environmental targets. Sensitivity analysis was performed to address the effect of specific waste composition and related properties on systematic environmental performance. Results emphasized the impact of a certain waste treatment pathway is not always constant therefore characterization of local waste flow is vital to facilitate integrated waste management. Municipalities from developing countries are encouraged to take mandatory separation as a first step to upgrade insufficient waste management system before heavy investment in new treatment technologies.

Exquisite workmanship through net-zero emissions? The effects of carbon emission trading policy on firms' export product quality

China introduced the “Notice on Launch of the Pilot Work of Carbon Emissions Trading” in 2011 as an economic policy to tackle environmental problems and promote high-quality economic development through market mechanisms. Using the DID (difference-in-differences) method, this study examines the impact of this policy on the export product quality of enterprises. To measure the export product quality, we matched Chinese customs import and export data with Chinese A-share listed company data and constructed the requirement residual using the demand information inversion method. Our results show that the carbon emission trading policy has a persistent negative effect on improving the export product quality of enterprises, which varies depending on the characteristics of the enterprise and the external environment. We also found that the policy's implementation is not associated with improvements in enterprise environmental or economic performance. To provide additional analysis, we constructed a regression model of enterprise export product quality on enterprise environmental performance and economic performance. Overall, this study provides insights for policymakers on the variations in export product quality of microcosmic enterprises in response to the carbon emission trading policy, which is critical for achieving net-zero emissions.

Advances in Climatic Form Finding in Architecture and Urban Design

Researchers, architects and planners are increasingly urged to develop and apply sustainable methods and solutions to reduce the impact of the built environment on climate, adapt cities to climate change and reduce or eliminate resource depletion and building-related carbon emissions. In recent years, taking advantage of state-of-the-art computational and environmental design tools, researchers and designers are developing new digital workflows, methods and solutions to investigate climate-optimal and performative buildings and urban forms. This perspective paper analyses state-of-the-art computational methods; form generation processes; and tools, criteria and workflows that present how these are integrated into climatic form finding, allowing the improvement of building and urban environmental performances. Additionally, current challenges and future directions are presented.

Beyond lean manufacturing and sustainable performance: are the circular economy practices worth pursuing?

PurposeThe need to improve sustainability in manufacturing firms, which would allow them to reduce the emission of pollutants and the generation of industrial waste, has stimulated the adoption of circular economy (CE) alongside lean manufacturing (LM) practices to significantly improve the sustainable performance of organizations. However, empirical evidence provided in previous studies and that has related the practices of LM, CE and sustainable performance do not allow establishing an interconnection between these three concepts. Therefore, this paper fills this gap in the literature by exploring the relationship between these three concepts.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative study in which data were collected from 460 managers working in the automotive industry in Mexico was conducted. The data allowed the testing and validation of four hypotheses through the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS SEM).FindingsThe results obtained suggest that LM practices have a significant positive influence both on sustainable performance and CE. In turn, the results also demonstrate the existence of a significant positive relationship between CE and the sustainable performance of manufacturing firms in the automotive industry as well as that CE has a positive role in mediating the interconnection between LM practices and sustainable performance.Practical implicationsThe results obtained from the present study will allow entrepreneurs in the automotive industry and industry professionals as well as government authorities to formulate more effective policies and strategies to support the improvement of environmental sustainability performance in the manufacturing sector.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies that have investigated the relationship between LM, CE and sustainable performance, particularly, in the automotive sector.

Continuous adaptation of a digital twin model for a pilot flotation plant

Model-based methods have a key role in achieving the technical, economical, and environmental performance improvements of the mineral processing systems. However, unmodeled process phenomena and disturbances leading to unreliable modeling results, may prevent the efficient online utilization of these methods at the operational level after the deployment of the model. This study demonstrates the feasibility of online adaptation of a dynamic, mechanistic process models in mineral beneficiation application at a pilot environment. At first, a digital twin of the grinding and flotation stages of a pilot-scale plant was developed. In the experimental campaign, a change from copper-zinc-pyrite ore to a mixture of pyrite-rich and non-sulfide gangue-rich material was carried out. Thus, during experiments, a notable change in the flotation performance was observed, which could not be replicated by a constant-parameter digital twin model. The proposed parameter adaptation framework, encompassing stochastic optimization in moving time windows, was found to be suitable for finding new optimal model parameters during the changing experimental conditions by using the elemental grades in different flotation stages. In addition, simulation studies are presented to highlight the challenges of digital twin parameter adaptation in mineral processing applications, where often only a sparse and disturbance influenced data from the key process variables are available. The adaptive digital twin allows applying the dynamic, mechanistic process models efficiently for predictive simulations in operational decisions leading to more sustainable and resource-efficient minerals processing.

Analysing the role of available organisational slack resources in affecting environmental performance. A structural equation modelling approach

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relationships between business slack resources and environmental performance and considers the possible effects that management commitment, corporate strategy to sustainability and innovation intensity can have on such interactions.Design/methodology/approachWe performed partial least squares path modeling regressions on a sample of 697 non-financial listed companies worldwide, considering a time frame of 13 years.FindingsOperational and financial slack resources are both detrimental to environmental performance in the short term. Nevertheless, financial slack resources are useful to boost innovation that enhances environmental performance. Environmental performance improvement seems to be more a matter of managerial commitment and strategic approach towards sustainability, rather than the availability of slack resources.Research limitations/implicationsDue to literature shortcomings on which effects slack resources can have on environmental performance, this paper sheds some light on the topic while also highlighting the role of management commitment, corporate sustainability strategy and innovation.Practical implicationsManagers should use financial slack resources in innovation activities to improve environmental performance. In doing so, they need to create retaining earnings to offset any costs using financial slack resources.Originality/valueAdopting a holistic and net of endogeneity analytical perspective, this paper highlights some virtuous and critical interactions between the managerial commitment and strategic approach to sustainability, the availability of slack resources, innovation intensity and environmental performance to understand which aspects may foster or hinder the ecological transition of businesses.

Assessing carbon emissions reduction by incorporating automated monitoring system during transit: a case study

The green concept in operations is becoming an inevitable part of global maritime logistics activities and has an important influence on the improvement of efficiency and environmental performance. This paper aims to assess the continuous monitoring and tracking of container shipments at the ports in order to reduce carbon emissions thus improving environmental performance. In this research, near real-time RFID data tracing and tracking container cargo are shared by the automated monitoring system. The collected data gathered via digitalization is further analyzed to ensure a greener maritime logistics system. The significant findings of the study for the literature show that the actual fuel consumption is reduced when automated monitoring systems are used at the ports (Ports and CFS (Container freight station)). The reduced fuel consumption during the transit between the ports and CFS has resulted in a reduction in carbon emissions of environmental performance. The results show a 6 % reduction in emissions from port to CFS and 23% from CFS to ports. Thus, effective practices in Green Logistics are considered to be beneficial for carbon emissions. These findings contribute to the understanding and development of effective strategies for logistic operations using technologies to create a green performance. The study was performed in a certain set of environmental dimensions and the results may vary depending on the organization, which can be studied further in future research.

Urban Heat Mitigation towards Climate Change Adaptation: An Eco-Sustainable Design Strategy to Improve Environmental Performance under Rapid Urbanization

Rapid urbanization has led to drastic land-use/cover changes (LUCCs) and urban heat islands (UHIs), negatively altering the urban climate and air quality. LUCC’s significant impacts on human health and energy consumption have inspired researchers to develop nature-based solutions to mitigate UHIs and improve air quality. However, integrating GIS-CFD modeling for urban heat mitigation towards climate change adaptation was largely neglected for eco-sustainable urban design in rapidly urbanizing areas. In this study, (1) long-term LUCC and meteorological analysis were conducted in the Wuhan metropolitan area from 1980 to 2016; (2) to mitigate the adverse effects of LUCC under a speedy development process, the role and relevance of optimizing building morphology and urban block configuration were discussed; (3) and particular design attention in strategy towards climate change adaptation for environmental performance improvement was paid in Wuhan’s fast-growing zones. The results show that UHII in 1980 was less severe than in 2016. Air temperature (Ta) increased by 0.4 °C on average per decade in developing areas. This increases the severity of UHII in urban fringes. It is found obligatory for a nature-based design to adopt urban morphology indicators (UMIs) such as average building height (μBH), sky view factors (ψSVF), and building density (BD/λp = % of built area) towards these changes. Further, on-site measurement revealed that λp is the most effective indicator for increasing urban heat around the buildings and boosting UHII. Using UMIs and a combined three-in-one regulation strategy based on μBH of common building types of high-rise (BHA), mid-rise (BHB), and low-rise (BHC) buildings can effectively contribute to regulating Ta and air movement within block configuration. As a result of this study’s strategy, urban heat is mitigated via reinforcing wind in order to adapt to climate change, which impacts the quality of life directly in developing areas.

ESG performance and green innovation: An investigation based on quantile regression

AbstractUsing panel data from 37 countries from 1990 to 2019 and applying a quantile regression approach with panel fixed effects, we investigate the impact of national Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance on green innovation and how this impact varies across different green innovation capacity distributions. The research conclusions are as follows. (1) National ESG performance improvement significantly promotes green innovation. (2) The improvement of environmental performance and governance performance significantly promotes green innovation, but in countries with weak green innovation capabilities, the improvement of social performance reduces the output of green innovation. (3) The role of national ESG performance in promoting green innovation is stronger in countries with weak green innovation capabilities. (4) In non‐high‐income countries, the stronger the green innovation capability is, the more obvious is the promotion of ESG performance to green innovation. The findings of this paper provide empirical evidence and a policy basis for governments to focus on improving ESG performance and to commit to promoting green innovation activities more effectively.

Rigorous environmental and energy life cycle assessment of blast furnace pig iron in Brazil: The role of carbon and iron sources, and co-product utilization

Iron and steel are valuable commodities worldwide. Pig iron is produced mainly by blast furnaces, being the primary raw material used in steel manufacturing. The ironmaking sector is intensive in energy use and greenhouse gas emission; however, detailed information on further environmental impacts concerning the blend of material sources and co-product utilization as well as a rigorous application of the life cycle assessment (LCA) method are scarce. This study aimed to assess the environmental and energy performance of the production of 1.0 t of pig iron from cradle-to-gate via LCA. Global warming potential (GWP), renewable and non-renewable cumulative energy demand (CEDR and CEDNR), fossil resource scarcity (FRS), mineral resource scarcity (MRS), blue water footprint (WF), and land use (LU) were assessed in five scenarios in the Brazilian context, being S0: the baseline scenario with coke as a carbon source; S1: partial utilization of by-/co-products (top gas and slag), representing the current industry practice; S2: carbon and iron input blends proportional to the current industry practice; S3: current industry mix (S1 and S2 combined); and S4: ex-ante (forecast) scenario with an enhanced blend of inputs and maximum utilization of co-products. Results show that, when evaluated against an unrefined but realistic fossil-based state of the technology (S0), the existing practice in co-product utilization (S1) provided more gains in terms of GWP, CEDNR, FRS, and MRS (11 % on average) than the current iron and carbon input blends (S2, 9 % on average) if compared side-by-side. The current industry mix (S3) showed further improvement in environmental and energy performance (22 % on average) compared with the baseline scenario (S0), while the forecasted scenario (S4) indicated additional gains, reducing GWP by 47 % (down to ~1 t CO2 eq), CEDNR by 69 %, FRS by 70 %, MRS by 12 %, and WF by 5 %. The GWP, CEDNR, and FRS presented the greatest improvements with a significant statistical difference, and using charcoal as a carbon source was key in that regard, despite the great increase in CEDR (3× for biomass) and LU (2×) indicators suggesting that a robust sustainable wood supply chain will be decisive for the sector strategy. The sensitivity analysis (SA) and benchmarking of the ex-ante scenario (S4) showed notable competitiveness of such pig iron in the global market, especially for carbon and energy footprints, reaching 0.69 t CO2 eq t−1 pig iron and 4.6 GJNR t−1 pig iron from 100 % sustainable charcoal and including rail logistics (SAiv), which are from 2× to 5× smaller than those of any conventional blast furnace pig iron reported in the consulted literature.

Assessing the impact of green tax reforms on corporate environmental performance and economic growth: do green reforms promote the environmental performance in heavily polluted enterprises?

Based on Porter's hypothesis and Pollution Shelter's hypothesis, this paper firstly constructs a mechanism of environmental protection tax law and corporate environmental performance. Secondly, it empirically examines the impact of green tax reform on corporate environmental performance and its internal mechanism through the difference in difference (DID) method. The study findings firstly reveal that environmental protection tax law significantly and progressively promotes the improvement of corporate environmental performance. Secondly, the heterogeneity analysis results show that the promotion effect of environmental protection tax law on corporate environmental performance is significant in enterprises with strong financial constraints and stronger internal transparency. The environmental performance improvement effect of the state-owned enterprises is stronger, which indicates that state-owned enterprises can set an example in the face of the formal implementation of the environmental protection tax law. In addition, the heterogeneity of corporate governance shows that the background of senior executives is an important factor affecting the effect of environmental performance improvement. Thirdly, the mechanism analysis indicates that the environmental protection tax law mainly promotes the improvement of enterprise environmental performance by strengthening the local government's enforcement rigidity, improving the local government's environmental concern, promoting enterprise green innovation, and resolving the collusion between government and enterprise. Further analysis shows that the environmental protection tax law based on the empirical results of this paper did not significantly trigger the phenomenon of cross-regional negative pollution transfer of enterprises. The findings of the study have important enlightenment on improving the green governance of enterprises and promoting the high-quality development of national economy.

The Big data artificial intelligence and corporate social performance: The organizational innovation as Mediator

Businesses are under increasing pressure to demonstrate their commitment to Corporate Social Performance (CSP) and fulfill the expectations of their many stakeholders in today's environment. The purpose of this research is to look into the relationship between CSP and Big Data Artificial Intelligence (BDAI), as well as the function of Organizational Innovation (OI) as a mediator in this connection. The Resource-Based View (RBV) paradigm is used in this study, which hypothesizes that BDAI has a positive influence on CSP, and that OI mediates the interaction between these two variables. The study also shows that the implementation of BDAI can allow organizations to collect and analyze huge volumes of data, which can lead to improvements in decision-making, efficiency, and social and environmental performance. The merger of big data analytics and artificial intelligence is referred to as BDAI. Furthermore, by establishing an innovative culture inside an organization and supporting the application of BDAI into the company's operations, OI has the ability to act as a mediator between BDAI and CSP. This study adds to the existing literature on the relationship between BDAI and CSP by shedding light on the significance of OI as a mediator within that framework. The study's conclusions could have far-reaching repercussions for businesses, government decision-makers, and academia. Businesses can improve their CSP by implementing BDAI and OI, and policymakers should encourage firms to utilize BDAI and OI to improve their social and environmental performance. By analyzing the impact of various factors on the link between BDAI, OI, and CSP, researchers can acquire a clearer understanding of the nature of this interaction