Improved Production Technologies Research Articles

Performance of low-input agriculture with ZBNF-A case study on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in Saurashtra region of Gujarat

Sustainable low-cost farming in (groundnut based) cropping system offers a much-needed alternative to conventional input-intensive agriculture. Keeping this in view a field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2022–23 at ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to evaluate the performance of low-input agriculture with ZBNF (Zero-budget natural farming) vis-avis others. Experiment was conducted in a split plot design having 3 different farming practices, viz. Natural farming (NF); Integrated crop management (ICM or conventional farming); and Organic farming (OF) practices in main plot using 2 cultivars ‘GJG-22’ (Virginia Bunch) and ‘TG 37A’ (Spanish Bunch) in large sub plot (~1/100th of a hectare), replicated 8-times. Further, these permanent plots of 3 farming practices were cultivated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (two cultivars, viz. ‘GW 451’ and ‘Lok 1’) in rotation during winter (rabi) season of 2022–23 following a residual exhaustive fodder crop of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] grown during spring/summer 2021– 22 prior to the experimentation. The study revealed that pod yield to the tune of 1,316–1,630 kg/ha was realized with low cost NF (or ZBNF) practice (higher yields with Spanish Bunch) vis-a-vis 1,448–1,779 kg/ha in OF practice. On the contrary, higher pod yield of 1,679–1,965 kg/ha was realized with the ICM practice employing improved production technologies. The growth/developmental parameters/values including economics and total system productivity were also higher under ICM practice. Furthermore, higher values in respect of all the groundnut plant attributes including economics and nutrient (NPK) uptake, and its efficiency (NPK uptake/100-kg pod) were evident under ICM practice. Similar crop responses were conspicuous in case of the succeeding wheat crop. Thus, overall crop response to farming practices were in the order: ICM>OF>NF; and the ratio of N, P, and K uptake for realization of higher per unit productivity (across farming practices and varieties) was observed to be 6.8:1.0:2.2 for groundnut and 3.9:1.0:3.3 for wheat. Thus, ICM practice comprising of judicious use of chemical fertilizers, manure and pesticides use was advantageous for realizing higher yield and return in groundnut-wheat. Further efforts are made to realize higher productivity of ecofriendly farming practices (ZBNF and OF).

Enhancing Productivity and Profitability of Mash through Front Line Demonstration

The study was carried out during kharif season of 2020 and 2021 in 7 villages across 2 blocks (Bhalla and Bhaderwah) of Doda district. In all 100 frontline demonstrations on Mash crop were carried out in anarea of 20.0 ha with the active participations of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the latest technology of Mash production potential, technological gap, extension gap, technology index and economic benefit of improved technologies. Cluster frontline demonstration is one of the important tools for transfer of technology and this program is being implemented through Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s of country. CFLD’s are organized on improved production technology at farmer’s field. This process not only helps in demonstrating the ways and means ofincreasing productivity but helps in obtaining feed back for further refinement of the production technology. The results revealed that CFLD recorded higher yield as compared to farmer’s practices over the two years of study. The improved technologies recorded average yield of 5.05 q/ha which was 34.71% higher than the obtained with farmer’s practices of 3.81q/ha. In spite of increase in yield of Mash, technological gap, extension gap and technology index existed which was 4.95 q/ha, 1.23 q/ha and 49.5%, respectively.

삼국시대 복환판비의 전개 과정과 의미 —남원 두락리 고분군 출토품을 중심으로—

The double ring bit is a bit made of a single iron rod. In this paper, the current status and development of the double ring bits excavated from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago are summarized. Based on this, the archaeological significance of the double ring bits of Durak-ri, Namwon, are examined. The double ring bits of the Korean Peninsula were mainly used in Silla and Gaya from the early fifth to the late seventh centuries. They can be classified into Silla or Gaya double ring bits according to the connection method (the presence or absence of a ring); the guard in the bit of the ‘Ga’ type double ring bit reflects the change over time. It seems that the technology for producing the ‘Ga’ and ‘Na’ types, which originated in Silla, spread to Gaya from the early 6th century to the first half of the 6th century, when Silla and Gaya maintained a friendly relationship. The double ring bits excavated from the Japanese Archipelago are not much different from those of Korea. The Japanese Archipelago double ring bits have many things in common with domestic examples, such as the use of the type ‘Ga’ to ‘Da’ types. However, in the Japanese Archipelago, ‘Da’ type examples were used from an early age, and the forms that were popular in Korea and their period of use were different. There is also the ‘Ra’ type that is not observed in Korea. The double ring bit excavated from the Durak-ri tombs, in Namwon, are of the ‘Ga-3’ type, used only around the early 6th century in East Asia. Therefore, the age of the ancient tomb can be estimated based on the double ring bits. Although the ‘Ga-3’ type is of Silla origin, the excavation of the Durak-ri tombs suggests that the artifacts may have been produced locally in the Unbong Plateau through the adoption of improved production technologies from Hapcheon, which was well equipped with a high-level ironmaking technological system. The bits not only demonstrate the friendly foreign relations between Silla and Gaya from the early to the first half of the 6th century, but also illustrate the acceptance process of the latest harness manufacturing technology from Hapcheon.

Analysis of flavor substances in Shaoxing traditional hand-made Jiafan wine with different amounts of ZaoShao liquor.

Adding ZaoShao liquor (high-concentration liquor) is one of the most important steps in the brewing process of Shaoxing Jiafan wine, a product protected by Chinese geographical indications. The focus of this study is the effect of different additive amounts of liquor on the flavor of end products. In this study, four kinds of Shaoxing Jiafan wine were brewed by changing the amount of ZaoShao liquor. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to detect the flavor substances of four kinds of Jiafan wine. The difference in flavor of four kinds of Jiafan wine was evaluated by electronic nose analysis technology and verified by sensory evaluation. Finally, the reliability of the experimental results was verified through an aroma reconstruction experiment of rice wine. In this study, the differences in flavoring substances under different amounts of ZaoShao liquor were verified from various angles. The results showed that the flavors of the four kinds of wines were significantly different. The composition of flavor substances in Shaoxing rice wine varies with the amount of ZaoShao liquor. This study provided a scientific basis for the improvement of production technology of Shaoxing wine. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impact Assessment and Popularization of Improved Production Technology of Blackgram,Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper and Greengram,Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek through Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDs) in Old Alluvial Soil of Malda, India

ABSTRACT Pulse production in Old Alluvial Zone, Malda is significantly low compared to their potentiality due to poor cultivation practices and adoption of traditional varieties by the farmers. Cluster Frontline Demonstration, which is a noble tool, was studied during 2017–2019 in two pulses viz. blackgram (var. PU-31) and greengram (var. PDM-139) to evaluate its impacts on technology adoption and bridge the gaps in yields among potential, demonstration, and farmers’ plots. In this study, variation of technology index (TI) was observed between 23.6–32.33% and 26.07–31.67% for blackgram and greengram, respectively; whereas extension yield gaps varied by 458.0–522.0 kg ha−1 and 462.0–508.0 kg ha−1, respectively. It was inferred that blackgram and greengram productivity can be enhanced by 76.46–90.43% and 82.06–84.53%, respectively, by adopting an improved package of farm technologies. The BCR (benefit–cost ratio) of blackgram and greengram in demonstration plots varied between 1.99–2.18 and 2.03–2.61, respectively; whereas in farmers’ plots they were 1.38–1.56 and 1.39–1.82, respectively, i.e., average BCR enhanced by 41.61% and 44.57% in demonstration plots over farmers’ plots of blackgram and greengram, respectively, by adopting improved production technologies. During 2017–19, improved production technology in demonstration plots increased the average water usage efficiency of blackgram and greengram by 42.25% and 82.79%, respectively. The yield variations between farmers’ plots and demonstration plots were statistically significant at p ≤ .01 significance level. It is hypothesized that CFLDs are quite feasible and have enormous potential to enhance blackgram and greengram productivity in prevailing farming situations of socio-economically poor farming communities of this region in a sustainable manner.

Evaluation of technological interventions on the productivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through frontline demonstrations in South Eastern Rajasthan

The study was conducted to examine the effects of frontline demonstrations on chickpea using scientific production technology for sustainable productivity and profitability on 40-hectare area covering 80 farmer’s fields in the Kota, Bundi and Baran districts of Rajasthan. The average yield of chickpea in the frontline demonstration plots (IP) using integrated crop management technology was 2219 kg/ha, which was significantly higher than the average yield of 1827 kg/ha in the farmers’ practices (FP). The average chickpea yield was found higher (18.88%) in demonstration plots over farmer practices, with the implementation of improved production technologies. During the three years of study (2018-19, 2019-20, and 2020-21), the technological index (17.21%), extension gap (392 kg/ha), and average technological gap (461 kg/ ha) were found out. During the years of the study, frontline demonstration plots had the highest average net profit and B:C ratio (INR. 77,357/ha and 3.38), compared to farmer practice (INR. 64,081/ha and 3.24). Economic studies over one or three years showed that adopting improved package generated higher profits than traditional farmers practice.

Evaluation of Rice Varieties under Front Line Demonstrations in the Agro-climatic Zone of the Chhattisgarh Plains of Madhya Pradesh, under Irrigated Condition

Frontline demonstrations were conducted with recommended scientific package and practices at farmer’s fields in the Chhattisgarh plain agro-climatic zone of Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh to evaluate the performance of two rice varieties viz., JR-81 and JRB-1under irrigated conditions during Kharif 2019. The data on yield and economics of demonstrated under FLD, when compared with farmer’s practices on popular rice variety MTU-1010 revealed that both the rice varieties performed superior to MTU-1010.  JR-81 and JRB-1with improved production technologies showed increased mean grain yield by 17.17% over existing farmers practice with Rs. 2450 ha-1 extra expenditure on inputs. The mean extension gap (7.80 q ha-1) and mean IBCR (4.78) recorded were sufficiently high, which may motivate the farmers to adopt JR-81 and JRB-1 varieties with the improved rice production technology.

Impact of CFLD Pulses on Blackgram Productivity and Profitability in Farmers’ Field of Gariyaband District

Background: Among the pulses grown in the kharif season, blackgram occupies 8654 ha area in the Gariyaband district. But because of improper cultivation practices, blackgram yield is quite low (430 kg/ha). Thus Cluster Frontline Demonstrations were planned and carried out to disseminate latest package of practices to the farmers inorder to boost blackgram production and productivity. Methods: 50 cluster frontline demonstrations were conducted during kharif season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 in farmer’s field at Mauhabhatta and Kamepur villages of Gariyaband district, Chhattisgarh State. The demonstrations were carried out in 20 ha area to show the higher production potentiality of the technique using improved variety Indira Urd-1. Result: The results revealed that improved seed of Indira Urd-1 treated with Rhizobium +PSB and recommended plant protection cover, recorded average yield of 6.82 q/ha as compared to 4.35 q/ha in control plot. The demonstrated technology gave higher net returns and B:C ratio of 28087 Rs/ha and 3.02 in comparison to control (16245 Rs/ha, 1.67). The average extension gap, technology gap and technology index recorded were 2.47q/ha, 5.18 q/ha and 43.16% respectively. The results indicate that adoption of improved production technologies minimized the yield gap and provided higher economic returns to the farming community.

Foreign shareholder, overseas sale and corporate profit margin.

China is actively promoting the development of a robust trading nation. In this context, utilizing data from China's A-share listed companies spanning from 2003 to 2021, this study investigates the impact of foreign shareholders on enterprises in a scenario where overseas sales reduce the profit margin of Chinese firms. The findings reveal that overseas sales do indeed decrease the profit margin of Chinese enterprises; however, foreign shareholders mitigate this negative effect and various robustness tests support this conclusion. Mechanism analysis confirms that foreign shareholders primarily enhance enterprise productivity through improved production technology spillover effects, thereby alleviating the adverse impact of overseas sales on Chinese firms' profit margins. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that both longer holding periods for foreign shareholders and multiple foreign shareholders significantly alleviate the negative influence of overseas sales on Chinese firms' profit margins. Moreover, there is significant heterogeneity in how foreign shareholders alleviate these detrimental consequences based on property rights nature, institutional environment, overseas related party transactions and subsidiaries, as well as industry attributes. These findings have important reference value for China's efforts towards becoming a strong trading nation and can contribute to enhancing trade capacity in other countries.

Influence the Adoption of Improved Production Technology among Mustard Growers in the Jaunpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

This study explores how mustard growers in the Jaunpur district adopt new technologies, with a particular emphasis on how much improved production technology is adopted thanks to Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Jaunpur. India's most common occupation, agriculture, has difficulties like decreased crop yields and the requirement for sustainable methods. KVKs, which were founded in 1973, are essential for distributing agricultural innovations and offering vocational training. Purposively undertaken in Jaunpur, the study investigates the socioeconomic aspects that impact the adoption behavior of mustard growers. The assessment of adoption level indicates that 41.66% of participants belong to the medium adoption category, underscoring the necessity of customized interventions. The results provide insight into the dynamics of technology adoption among mustard farmers and highlight the function of KVKs in advancing environmentally friendly farming methods.

Impact of adoption of better management practices and nutrition-sensitive training on the productivity, livelihoods and food security of small-scale aquaculture producers in Myanmar

AbstractSmall-scale aquaculture is a major source of food in Myanmar. Beyond its importance for food security and nutrition, small-scale aquaculture contributes to the livelihoods of many rural households and is a potentially valuable strategy for rural development. However, small-scale aquaculture producers have limited access to improved production technologies and information, which hampers the productivity and socioeconomic performance of small-scale aquaculture systems. In this study we assessed the impact of the adoption of better management practices and exposure to nutrition-sensitive training by 379 small-scale aquaculture producers in the Sagaing and Shan regions of Myanmar. We focused on whether and how the exposure to these interventions affected household food security through improvements in productivity and livelihoods. We used Propensity Score Matching to compare the performance of groups that were exposed to the intervention for one or two years, for seven impact variables. Exposure to the intervention had a positive effect for most impact variables, with differentiated effects among variables, group comparisons and regions. In terms of food security, beneficiaries had significantly higher dietary diversity (measured as the Food Consumption Score, FCS), but there were no significant differences for fish self-consumption (measured in kg/week). Longer exposure to the interventions produced significantly higher positive effects across most impact variables for the 2-year beneficiaries compared to 1-year beneficiaries and control groups. Our study suggests that the length of exposure to such interventions can be important in mediating the actual impact of small-scale aquaculture systems on household food security and livelihoods. Sustained help to small-scale producers should be considered in initiatives and development projects seeking to enhance the food security and rural development of small-scale aquaculture systems in Myanmar, and beyond.

OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL ACCESS IN THE AREAS OF BIOLOGICAL DAIRY PACKAGING

Subject. Packaging materials made from biodegradable plastics used for packaging dairy products, as well as the technological properties of these materials that allow their use. Purpose. To justification of the feasibility of using biodegradable packaging materials, in particular bioplastics, for packaging milk and dairy products. Methods. During the research, a systematic approach was used to research factual materials, in particular scientific and scientific-practical literature, regulatory legal acts, regulatory documents and the like; abstract-logical approach to the synthesis of research results and the formulation of conclusions. Results. The dairy industry uses biodegradable plastics; bio-based materials derived from renewable resources that can be used for dairy products with a limited shelf life. Biodegradable materials must protect the dairy product from environmental influences and ensure that quality is maintained during transportation and storage. In this sense, mechanical and barrier properties regarding oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, light and odors are important. You should also consider technological aspects of safety (migration, microbial growth), sustainability (heat and chemical resistance), process requirements (weldability and formability), convenience and compliance with marketing principles (communication, printing options). Acceptable mechanical properties are important, which ensure the quality and food safety of the dairy product even during long-term storage and transportation. The mechanical properties of polylactide (PLA) in semi-crystalline form are suitable, the mechanical properties of starch-polycaprolactone (PCL) are somewhat worse. Since hot fill and sterilization can be used for liquid dairy products with a long shelf life, it should be kept in mind that PLA containers are only stable up to a temperature of 55°C, while materials based on starch-PCL mixtures were stable between 60 and 90°C. Good water vapor barrier properties are critical when packaging dairy products such as butter and cheese, where preventing moisture loss and surface drying is key. Dairy products are often sour, salty or high in fat, it is important to evaluate the chemical resistance as acceptable for PLA. Some microorganisms can use bio-based packaging materials as energy sources. PLA biofilms prevent the growth of molds, and packaging materials based on starch-PCL promote the growth of molds that can affect food products – therefore, it is advisable to include antimicrobial compounds in the material. Migration, the transfer of substances from packaging to food products, according to standards should not exceed 10 mg/dm2. The analysis of scientific and technical information proves the possibility and feasibility of using biodegradable materials, in particular bioplastics, as innovative packaging materials for use in the dairy industry. These materials do not differ significantly in mechanical and other technological properties from traditional plastics made from hydrocarbon raw materials. For the practical research was used Soft cheese Kleo (produced in Latvia). It was packaged by the Ceramis®-PLA-SiOx coating film known as the first new biodegradable PLA film with improved barrier properties.  However the tests on soft cheese packaging using Ceramis®-PLA-SiOx film gave a negative result, since this packaging material ensured the storage of a perishable product only for 10 days. Therefore, it is expedient to include other PLA films and other polymeric biodegradable materials. Scope of results. The results obtained will be used to improve production technologies for various types of dairy products, improve their food safety and quality, and also to preserve the environment by ensuring the biodegradability of packaging materials.

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF TRIBAL AND NON-TRIBAL FARMERS ABOUT IMPROVED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF AJWAIN

The present study which was conducted to find out the difference in the knowledge levels of the tribal and non tribal farmers of Rajasthan about improved production technology of Ajwain. 130 respondents (65 tribal and 65 no tribal farmers) were selected randomly. Data was collected using interview schedules. From the study it was concluded that majority of tribal and non tribal framers had medium knowledge level about improved production technology of Ajwain. More number of non tribal famers had higher knowledge level as compared to tribal farmers. It was found that the tribal farmers possessed maximum knowledge regarding “Harvesting” (81.54 MPS) and least knowledge regarding “Fertilizer application” (54.36 MPS) of improved production technology of Ajwain. While, non-tribal farmers possessed maximum knowledge regarding “Time of sowing” (91.15 MPS), and least knowledge regarding “Plant protection measures” (61.31 MPS) of improved production technology of Ajwain.

Comparative Profitability and Technical Efficiency of Small-Scale Rice Farmers with and without Access to Improved Production Technology in North Central Nigeria

This study evaluated comparative profitability and technical efficiency of small-scale rice farmers with and without access to improved production technology in North Central Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study. The data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire of 1500 small-scale rice farmers with access to technology and 1500 small-scale rice farmers without access to technology making a total of 3000 rice farmers in the study area. The results showed that the average age of the sampled rice farmers with access to technology was 36 years, while those without - 46 years. The results showed that the rice production was profitable for both farmers with and without access to technology. The statistically significant factors influencing the rice production for small-scale farmers with access to technology were the land size (p<0.01), labour (p<0.01), fertilizer (p<0.01) and agrochemical (p<0.01), while the statistically significant factors influencing the rice production for small-scale farmers without access to technology were land size (p<0.01), labour (p<0.01) and agrochemical (p<0.10). The major challenges faced by the small-scale rice farmers with access to technology were the poor credit facilities, shortage of farm input, inadequate rainfall season, high cost of labour and instability in the planting calendar. The F-Chow test showed that there was significant impact on the technical efficiency, productivity and profitability of rice farmers with access to improved technology. Therefore, the study recommends that inputs such as improved seed varieties, fertilizers and chemical inputs should be provided to farmers. Keywords: profitability, technical efficiency, rice farmers, small-scale, with and without access to technology

Enhancement of safflower productivity through improved production technology

Experiment was conducted at Research farm of AICRP on Safflower Research scheme, VNMKV, parbhani. Experiment was conducted in un-replicated manner on 2000 sq. m area of improved technology and farmers’ practice each. Experiment on production potential of and economic effect of improved technologies comprising high yielding PBNS-12 during rabi 2021-22 under residual soil moisture conditions. The additional yield under improved technologies over local practice recorded 1540 kg/ha. In comparison to local practice, there was an increase of 32%. The improved technology with high yielding varieties also resulted in higher benefit cost: ratio of 2.58 with addition returns i.e. Rs. 20736/- over farmer practice.

Impact of Frontline Demonstrations on yield of soybean under rainfed condition in Marathwada region of Maharashtra

The frontline demonstrations of soybean were conducted by AICRP on soybean, VNMKV, Parbhani during the kharif season 2019-20 under the guidance of IISR, Indore by adopting new cultivars of Soybean viz., MAUS 162, MAUS 158 and MAUS 612 along with applying improved package of practice verses farmers practice in soybean cultivation. The productivity and economic returns of soybean in improved technologies (IT) were calculated and compared with the farmer’s practices (FP). Findings of this experiment indicated that different cultivars of soybean recorded higher gross returns, net return and benefit cost ratio in improved technologies as compared to the plots where farmers using traditional practices in their cultivation. The average soybean yield in FLD plot was 24.30 per cent (Range: 23.52 to 25.22 %) higher than the framers practice field. It is suggested thatlocation-specific improved production technology with improved variety would be needed to bridge the productivity gap of soybean in Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

30-Year Development of Inactivated Virus Vaccine in China.

Inactivated vaccines are vaccines made from inactivated pathogens, typically achieved by using chemical or physical methods to destroy the virus's ability to replicate. This type of vaccine can induce the immune system to produce an immune response against specific pathogens, thus protecting the body from infection. In China, the manufacturing of inactivated vaccines has a long history and holds significant importance among all the vaccines available in the country. This type of vaccine is widely used in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. China is dedicated to conducting research on new inactivated vaccines, actively promoting the large-scale production of inactivated vaccines, and continuously improving production technology and quality management. These efforts enable China to meet the domestic demand for inactivated vaccines and gain a certain competitive advantage in the international market. In the future, China will continue to devote itself to the research and production of inactivated vaccines, further enhancing the population's health levels and contributing to social development. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the 30-year evolution of inactivated virus vaccines in China, serving as a reference for the development and production of such vaccines.

Have consumption-based CO2 emissions in developed countries peaked?

This study innovatively divided consumption-based CO2 emissions of developed countries into domestic and foreign components using an environmentally extended multi-regional input–output model, and revealed their different driving factors using the structural decomposition analysis method. The results showed that the consumption-based emission peaked in 16 developed countries, with 14 countries peaking around 2008. Domestic emissions in all 16 developed countries had peaked, most of which accounted for 40–70% of the total consumption-based emissions. However, the foreign emissions driven by 9 peaking countries still kept increasing. Regarding domestic emissions, the decline of domestic carbon intensity was the main driving factor across 16 peaking countries. In terms of foreign emissions, carbon intensity decline, especially in main medium- and low-income countries, was the dominant factor in the CO2 emissions decrease. Significant improvements in production technology levels of medium-income countries played a key role in weakening the carbon-increasing effects of foreign emissions during the post-peak period. Thus, to further promote global carbon emissions to peak as soon as possible, peaking developed countries should provide more emission reduction funds and technologies to support the decline in carbon intensity and the improvement of production technology in medium- and low-income countries.

IMPROVEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION FITTINGS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AS A STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

This study is devoted to the topic of environmental problems arising in the process of production of reinforcement building materials and the possibility of reducing the environmental burden on the environment through the introduction of improved technology for the production of structural reinforcement. The authors substantiate the need to improve production technology, present a modern method and technology aimed not only at reducing emissions into the environment, but also improving the quality of the products obtained, which is another step towards the development of environmentally friendly production. In the proposed technology, liquid metal in a furnace is fed to a single-head casting plant, intermediate heating during the production of fittings is eliminated, which leads to environmental and production benefits, which will also be described in the article. The study is of practical interest to manufacturers of building reinforcement, as well as to specialists in the field of ecology and economics, who are involved in reducing the harmful impact on the environment and optimizing production costs. Keywords: building fittings, production, technology, ecology, pollution, waste, environmentally friendly production, energy saving, quality, cost optimization.

IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES FOR GROWING SEEDLINGS OF FOREST-FORMING SPECIES IN THE VOLGOGRAD REGION

Background. Issues on improvement of technologies of cultivation of planting material are associated with the need to intensify this process to provide an accessible and adapted assortment of woody species. Modern strategies for implementation of natural climatic solutions on degraded lands of Volgograd region provide for attraction of forest-forming adaptive tree species: Quercus (39,8%), Pinus (15,8%), Populus (7,5%).
 Purpose. Improve the technology of production of Quercus robur planting material.
 Materials and methods. On the basis of the Nizhnevolzhsk tree breeding station - a branch of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology RAS (Kamyshin, Volgograd Region), outdoor and indoor plots were allocated to improve production technology. Certified seed material Quercus robur L. (certificate of quality №34/25675, 34/25727) was used in the experiments. To ensure optimal conditions for development, the scheme of irrigation and nutrient regime (ammonium nitrate, Solar universal) were developed. Experimental data on the growth of seedlings were processed by methods of mathematical processing.  The standard of seedlings is determined in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia from 04.12.2020 № 1014.
 Results. The effectiveness of growing seedlings Quercus robur L. with closed and open root systems is shown. The characteristics of the substrate are given, the regime of mineral nutrition, as well as the regime of watering to maintain the optimum temperature and humidity of the air and substrate are developed. Analysis of the dynamics of biometric data of plants with closed root system showed that 92% reached the standard within 2 months, with open root system - 56% of seedlings at the end of the growing season.
 Conclusion. According to the indicators of quality, time and volume of production, the advantage of the technology of growing Q. robur L. with closed root system.