Improve Soil Physical Properties Research Articles

Effect of different rice establishment methods on soil physical properties in drought-prone, rainfed lowlands of Bihar, India

To enhance productivity, alleviate environmental and management constraints, and enhance farmers’ incomes in the rice–wheat cropping system of the Indo Gangetic Plains, new approaches that are labour-saving, more productive and sustainable need to be developed. Most systems of rice cultivation use puddling to prepare the seedbed and control weeds in rice fields of rainfed, stress-prone environments. This practice might be helpful to reduce weed pressure and obtain slightly higher productivity, but might have negative impacts on soil physical properties. A better understanding is needed of the comparative advantage of unpuddled rice fields for maintaining good soil physical properties. To study the effect of different rice establishment methods on soil physical properties in a rice–wheat cropping system, we analysed soil samples in 2 years (2012–13 and 2013–14) from an experiment testing puddled and unpuddled rice-establishment methods. The treatments were: (i) puddled, transplanted with best management practices; (ii) puddled, transplanted with the system of rice intensification; (iii) unpuddled, transplanted; and (iv) unpuddled, direct-seeded. Omission of puddling improved soil physical properties such as bulk density, penetration resistance, aggregation stability and cracking behaviour. The absence of soil disturbance also improved soil aggregation, average mean-weight diameter and water-stable aggregates. Thus, unpuddled conditions increased the macro-aggregate fraction by 18–33%. By contrast, the higher frequency of smaller macro-aggregates (0.053–0.25 mm diameter) in puddled conditions clearly indicated the breakdown of larger macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) into smaller size fractions. Puddled treatments were also characterised by a hard pan and wider, longer and deeper cracks, with a crack volume more than three times higher in puddled conditions. Unpuddled treatments recorded slightly higher nutrient contents in the topsoil. The study reveals that puddling deteriorates soil health. However, a long-term study is required for a better understanding of the soil changes related to different rice establishment technologies.

Impact of reduced tillage and crop residue management on soil properties and crop yields in a long-term trial in western Kenya

Sustainable farming practices are required to address the persistent problems of land degradation and declining crop productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approaches such as reducing tillage and retaining crop residues as mulch are potential entry points for smallholder farmers to move towards sustainability. In this study, we assessed the impact of reduced tillage (RT) compared with conventional tillage (CT), each combined with crop residue reapplication, on soil quality indicators and crop yields under an 8-year trial in western Kenya. Our results indicate that RT combined with crop residue reapplication enhanced soil physical quality through increased macroaggregate (>2000µm) proportions and mean weight diameter. Similarly, lower respiratory quotient values indicate that soil microbes under RT have better substrate-use efficiency than those under CT. Nevertheless, soil organic carbon (C), potentially mineralisable C, microbial biomass C and mineral nitrogen contents were all higher under CT with crop residue incorporated into the soil. Maize grain yield and aboveground biomass were also higher under CT. Thus, despite RT showing potential to improve soil physical properties, CT performed better. A stepwise approach is proposed towards the practice of conservation agriculture under resource-constrained smallholder farming conditions, starting with increased biomass production to provide crop residue for soil cover, followed by RT approaches.

Propriedades físicas de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO sob diferentes sistemas de manejo após culturas de inverno e cultura de verão

Soil structure is one of the most important attributes for the adaptation of the species and can be evaluated by the density of the soil, macro and micro porosity, aggregate stability, soil strength and permeability, mainly to compare different management systems. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the soil physical properties (macro porosity, micro porosity, total porosity and density) under the effects of dual purpose wheat BRS Taruma, oat IPR 126, turnip and crambe cultivation, after mechanical and chemical crops management, and after the succession of soybean. The study was conducted in randomized blocks experimental design, in track layout, with three replications. Macro porosity, micro porosity, total porosity and density were the physical soil attributes that were evaluated. There were no differences in macro porosity, micro porosity, total porosity and density using different management in winter crops with successive cultivation with soybeans. The winter crops oat, crambe, turnip and wheat, when used as cover crop, are similar in the maintenance or improvement of soil physical properties under chemical or mechanical handling, at 0-10 cm after cultivated with soybeans. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabela normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

Water erosion and soil water infiltration in different stages of corn development and tillage systems

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated soil and water losses, soil water infiltration and infiltration rate models in soil tillage systems and corn (Zea mays, L.) development stages under simulated rainfall. The treatments were: cultivation along contour lines, cultivation down the slope and exposed soil. Soil losses and infiltration in each treatment were quantified for rains applied using a portable simulator, at 0, 30, 60 and 75 days after planting. Infiltration rates were estimated using the models of Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton and Philip. Based on the obtained results, the combination of effects between soil tillage system and corn development stages reduces soil and water losses. The contour tillage system promoted improvements in soil physical properties, favoring the reduction of erosion in 59.7% (water loss) and 86.6% (soil loss) at 75 days after planting, and the increase in the stable infiltration rate in 223.3%, compared with the exposed soil. Associated to soil cover, contour cultivation reduces soil and water losses, and the former is more influenced by management. Horton model is the most adequate to represent soil water infiltration rate under the evaluated conditions.

Organic farming and cover crops as an alternative to mineral fertilizers to improve soil physical properties

Abstract For testing how cover crops and different fertilization managements affect the soil physical properties in a plough based tillage system, a five-year crop rotation experiment (field pea, white potato, common barley undersown with red clover, red clover, and winter wheat) was set. The rotation was managed under four different farming systems: two conventional: with and without mineral fertilizers and two organic, both with winter cover crops (later ploughed and used as green manure) and one where cattle manure was added yearly. The measurements conducted were penetration resistance, soil water content, porosity, water permeability, and organic carbon. Yearly variations were linked to the number of tillage operations, and a cumulative effect of soil organic carbon in the soil as a result of the different fertilization amendments, organic or mineral. All the systems showed similar tendencies along the three years of study and differences were only found between the control and the other systems. Mineral fertilizers enhanced the overall physical soil conditions due to the higher yield in the system. In the organic systems, cover crops and cattle manure did not have a significant effect on soil physical properties in comparison with the conventional ones, which were kept bare during the winter period. The extra organic matter boosted the positive effect of crop rotation, but the higher number of tillage operations in both organic systems counteracted this effect to a greater or lesser extent.

In situ effects of biochar on aggregation, water retention and porosity in light-textured tropical soils

Biochar (BC) has been reported to improve soil physical properties mainly in laboratory and greenhouse pot experiments. Here we study, under field conditions, the effect of BC and its particle sizes on soil aggregate stability, bulk density (BD), water retention, and pore size distribution in two experiments in Zambia. A) Farmer practice experiment in sandy loam with maize cob BC in conservation farming planting basins under maize and soybeans crops. B) Maize cob and rice husk BC particle size experiments (≤0.5, 0.5–1 and 1–5mm particle sizes) in loamy sand and sand. In the farmer practice experiment, BC increased aggregate stability by 7–9% and 17–20% per percent BC added under maize and soybeans crops respectively (p<0.05) after two growing seasons. Total porosity and available water capacity (AWC) increased by 2 and 3% respectively per percent BC added (p<0.05) under both crops, whereas BD decreased by 3–5% per percent BC added (p≤0.01). In the maize cob BC particle size experiment after one growing season, dose was a more important factor than particle size across the soils tested. Particle size of BC was more important in loamy sand than in sand, with ≤0.5 and 1–5mm sizes producing the strongest effects on the measured properties. For example, BD decreased while total porosity increased (p<0.01) for all BC particle sizes in sand whereas only 1–5mm BC significantly decreased BD and increased total porosity in loamy sand (p<0.05). However, AWC was significantly increased by only ≤0.5 and 1–5mm BCs by 7–9% per percent BC added in both loamy sand and sand. Rice husk BC effect after one year followed similar pattern as maize cob BC but less effective in affecting soil physical properties. Overall, reduced density of soil due to BC-induced soil aggregation may aid root growth and with more water available, can increase crop growth and yields.

Impact of Long-Term Application of Domestic Sewage Water on Soil Properties Around Hubli City in Karnataka, India

The effects of application of domestic sewage water for over four decades on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils were studied at three sites in Gabbur, Mavanur and Katnur villages near Hubli city in North Karnataka, India. Long-term use of sewage irrigation improved soil physical properties in terms of decrease in bulk density and dispersion index and increase in aggregate stability and water holding capacity compared to the unirrigated check. Despite long-term irrigation with sewage water with an EC of >1 dS m−1, the EC of soils was low (0.20–0.45 dS m−1). An increase of one-and-half to two times in organic carbon content, available N, P, K and S, in the sewage irrigated soils was observed compared to soils not irrigated with sewage. However, the available Zn, Fe, Cu and B increased only slightly with the exception of Mn which increased substantially. In general there was a decreasing trend of organic carbon, available N, P, K and S with distance away from the stream course. Despite no heavy metals in sewage water, they were detected in soils but not in toxic levels. There were 94, 80 and 60 % more bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, respectively, in sewage irrigated soils over the non-irrigated soils. Further, the coliform bacteria (E. coli) were observed in soil samples, suggesting fecal contamination.

Effects of Long Term Application of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Soil Organic Carbon and Physical Properties in Maize–Wheat Rotation

Balanced and integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers may enhance the accumulation of soil organic matter and improves soil physical properties. A field experiment having randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted for 36 years at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, India to assess the effects of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil physical properties and crop yields in a maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation. Soil fertility management treatments included were non-treated control, 100% N, 50% NPK, 100% NP, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + Zn, 100% NPK + W, 100% NPK (-S) and 100% NPK + FYM. Soil pH, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity, aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD) and infiltration were measured 36 years after the initiation of experiment. Cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and aggregate MWD were greater with integrated use of FYM along with 100% NPK compared to non-treated control. No significant differences were obtained among fertilizer treatments for BD and EC. The SOC pool was the lowest in control at 7.3 Mg ha−1 and increased to 11.6 Mg ha−1 with 100%NPK+FYM. Improved soil physical conditions and increase in SOC resulted in higher maize and wheat yields. Infiltration rate, aggregate MWD and crop yields were positively correlated with SOC. Continuous cropping and integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil C sequestration and crop yields. Balanced application of NPK fertilizers with FYM was best option for higher crop yields in maize–wheat rotation.

Topsoil compaction and recovery in integrated no-tilled crop–livestock systems of Argentina

Cattle trampling during grazing of crop residue may cause physical soil damage that may be repaired when animals are excluded. Understanding the interplay between soil deterioration and natural recovery of the soil physical condition allows for a better understanding of grazing management systems. Various soil physical properties (i.e., bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), infiltration rate, structural instability) were determined up to 20cm depth in a silty loam Typic Argiudoll and a sandy loam Typic Hapludoll of the Argentine Pampas from 2005 to 2008. Sampling was carried out before and after grazing, and at different moments of the crop cycle including harvest event. Grazing winter residues and weeds did not lead to the expected compaction processes (e.g., in average BD difference between after grazing and before grazing was from −0.072 to +0.137Mgm−3 for both soils under grazing). In general, physical soil conditions improved during winter, independently of grazing. This might be related to the intrinsic soil characteristics (organic matter content, moisture, clay content) or grazing system (stocking rate, duration of grazing period), which prevented soil physical damage, suggesting that recovery forces were greater than grazing stress. Cropping to maize and soybean showed similar value or improved soil physical properties respect to the after grazing (e.g., in average PR difference between before harvest and after grazing was from +409 to −2561kPa for both soils), acting as biotic a recovery factor. However, massive damage was harvest operation led to the highest soil deterioration (e.g., in average PR difference between before harvest and after harvest was 985kPa).

Response of Tomato Variety (Roma F) Yield to Different Mulch Materials and Staking in Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria

This experiment was carried out at student’s experimental field, Kabba College of Agriculture, Horticultural Section to investigate the response of tomato variety (Roma F) yield to different mulch materials and staking. A split plot experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to randomize the staking levels and mulch materials in the main and sub-plots, respectively. The experiment comprised of two staking levels, i.e. stick staking (SST) and no- stick staking (NST) and six mulch materials, i.e. black polyethylene, white polyethylene, maize straw, palm fronts, grasses and no mulch. The parameters taken on soil physical and chemical properties are soil moisture content (%), soil temperature (O C), soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and soil organic matter. Growth and yield parameters taken are as follows: average plant height, number of leaves, and number of fruits, stem girth, number of fruit per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and yield per land area. Weeds were identified and their dry weights were measured. Data were collected from ten randomly selected plants in each plot. The data were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find out the significance of variation among the treatments while the significant difference between mean treatments were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. The result obtained from this study indicated that mulch materials and stick staking affect significantly growth parameters of tomato, yield per plant and yield per land area. The result also, indicated that plot mulch with black polythene performance best in terms of growth and yield and also improved soil physical properties better than either white polythene or organic mulch in the study area. It is therefore recommended that black polyethylene should be used as mulch materials for tomato production. However, better and stable fruit yield of tomato could be obtained with the practice of mulching in combination with staking. It is recommended that mulching should be carried out together with staking for higher fruit yield and black polyethylene should be use as mulch material in the study area.

Produção de matéria seca e propriedades físicas do solo na consorciação milho e braquiária

The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2010/2011, at Sao Salvador farm, located in the City of Toledo / PR. The present work was conducted with objective of evaluate the effect of corn-Brachiaria (Brachiaria ruzizienses) intercropping in dry matter production for maintenance of no-tillage system, as well as the physical properties of the soil. The experimental design was randomized blocks. The Treatments consisted of two corn cropping systems: single corn and corn associated with Brachiaria ruziziensis, with ten repetitions. Each plot had an area of one hundred square meters. Was determined the dry matter production using a metallic square with an area that was known alternately disposed in the row and between rows of corn, and all the dry matter contained therein were collected and placed in bags. For determination the soil bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity, soil samples were collected at three depths in soil core. Was also determined the resistance to penetration. The results demonstrated that the consortium of pasture with corn influence the amount of dry matter produced. The estimated average production of dry corn intercropping, soon after harvest was 8800 kg ha-1, while single corn grown in no-till system was 6280 kg ha-1, therefore, the increase was of 40 % (2,520 kg ha-1) on dry matter production with the consortium. The intercropping maize with Brachiaria in a single crop, not promoted improvements in soil physical properties. Resistance to penetration was above 2 MPA at all depths studied.

Effects of Tillage, Rotation and Cover Crop on the Physical Properties of a Silt-Loam Soil

Abstract Soil and crop management practices can affect the physical properties and have a direct impact on soil sustainability and crop performance. The objective of this study was to investigate how soil physical properties were affected by three years of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation treatments in a corn and soybean field. The study was conducted on a Waldron siltyloam soil at Lincoln University of Missouri. Soil physical properties studied were soil bulk density, volumetric and gravimetric water contents, volumetric air content, total pore space, air-filled and water-filled pore space, gas diffusion coefficient and pore tortuosity factor. Results showed significant interactions (p&lt;0.05) between cover crop and crop rotation for bulk density, gravimetric and total pore space in 2013. In addition, cover crop also significantly interacted (p&lt;0.05) with tillage for bulk density and total pore space. All soil physical properties studied were significantly affected by the depth of sampling (p&lt;0.0001), except for bulk density, the pore tortuosity factor and total pore space in 2012, and gravimetric and volumetric in 2013. Overall, soil physical properties were significantly affected by the treatments, with the effects changing from one year to another. Addition of a cover crop improved soil physical properties better in rotation than in monoculture.

고구마 연작지에서 심토파쇄에 따른 고구마 생육 및 수량성 변화

Storage root yield of sweetpotato was decreasing owing to continuous sweetpotato cropping, debasement of soil physical properties, increasing incidence of pest and disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in physicochemical properties of the soil owing to subsoiling (subsoiling to 50 cm depth), and the effect on growth and yield of sweetpotato. The subsoiling treatments included subsoiling treated every year for two years, subsoiling in the first year, and no subsoiling control. The soil physical properties measured were bulk density, hardness, porosity, three phase. Bulk density, porosity, soild (%) of three phase were improved by subsoiling in topsoil and subsoil. Main vine length and vine yield in subsoiling soil were higher than those in no subsoiling soil, but those were not significantly different. Yield of marketable storage root in subsoiling soils treated every year for two years and treated in the first year was more increased 17% and 20% than no subsoiling soil, respectively. The number of marketable storage root per plant was also higher in subsoiling soils than no subsoiling soil, but it was not significantly different. Soluble solid contents and total free sugar contents of storage root of sweetpotato were not significantly different among the treatments. These results show that improving soil physical properties by subsoiling could promote high yield of marketable storage root in continuous sweetpotato cropping field.

Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil

Biochar application to soil is currently being widely posited as a means to improve soil quality and thereby increase crop yield. Next to beneficial effects on soil nutrient availability and retention, biochar is assumed to improve soil water retention. However, evidence for such an effect in the primary literature remains elusive. Therefore, we studied the effect of biochar on soil hydrological characteristics in two separate field experiments on a sandy soil in The Netherlands. In Experiment I, biochar produced through slow pyrolysis of herbaceous feedstock at two temperatures (400°C and 600°C) was applied to soil at a rate of 10tha−1. In Experiment II, the 400°C biochar was applied at rates of 1, 5, 20 and 50tha−1. Soils were analysed for soil water retention, aggregate stability and other soil physical parameters after three growing seasons and one growing season for Experiment I and Experiment II, respectively. We characterised the pore structure of the biochar using X-ray computed micro-tomography (XRT) and hydrophobicity using contact angle measurements.We found no significant effects of biochar application on soil water retention in either experiment. Aggregate stability was also not significantly affected, nor was field saturated hydraulic conductivity. XRT analysis of the biochars showed that they were highly porous, with 48% and 57% porosity for the 400°C and 600°C biochar respectively. More than 99% of internal pores of the biochar particles were connected to the surface, suggesting a potential role for biochars in improving soil water retention. However, the biochars were highly hydrophobic. We postulate that this strong hydrophobicity prevented water from infiltrating into the biochar particles, prohibiting an effect on soil water retention. Our results suggest that, in addition to characterising pore space, biochars should be analysed for hydrophobicity when assessing their potential for improving soil physical properties.

Effects of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on reclaimed land in an opencast coal-mine dump in a loess area

Vegetation reconstruction on opencast coal-mine dumps is an effective way to reduce runoff and soil erosion and is a key to restoring ecosystems in ecologically sensitive regions. To investigate the effects of vegetation on runoff and erosion, a field experiment involving eight erosion plots was conducted on a dump at the Antaibao opencast coal mine in, Shanxi Province. The plots were divided into two location groups, platforms and slopes. Each plot was planted with a typical vegetation pattern. The volumes of runoff and soil erosion during each rainfall event were recorded during the rainy season. The results showed that plots on the platforms experienced a larger volume of runoff than plots on the slopes, while the slope plots generated a larger value of soil erosion than the platform plots. Vegetation restoration has different impacts on runoff and soil erosion. A plot covered with 1-year-old Robinia pseudoacacia and Hippophae rhamnoides was most effective in terms of soil conservation; the plots covered with 5-year-old mixed legume plants and 5-year-old mixed grass-shrub-arbor forest were most effective overall in preventing both runoff and soil erosion. Over the long term, vegetation can increase soil organic matter, improve soil physical properties and soil anti-erodibility, and reduce runoff and erosion to a safe level. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for land reclamation and soil and water conservation in vulnerable ecological mining regions of a loess plateau.

Soil Physical Properties and Wheat Yield as Influenced by Varying Levels of Different Organic Materials

The quantity and quality of organic amendments play vital role in changing or amending the soil physical properties and crop yield. The improvement in soil physical properties and crop growth is well correlated with the organic carbon status of soil. The behavior of carbon supplied through different materials may vary in the soil. This study was designed with an objective to observe the variation in the response to the different manures applied in the soil with respect to differences in physical properties and crop yield. To accomplish this objective a field trial was executed in September, 2011 at two different sites i.e. Research Farm, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and Koont Farm, Chakwal, using wheat as a test crop for two years (2012 and 2013). Three organic amendments i.e. Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), Farmyard manure (FYM) and Poultry litter (PL) each at four levels i.e. 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1% of soil organic carbon were applied in a two factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The manures Original Research Article Bashir et al.; IJPSS, 4(5): 445-454, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.044 446 were characterized on the basis of humic (Humic acid and Fulvic acid) and non humic (Total polysaccharides and Microbial biomass carbon). Soil samples were analyzed for field saturated hydraulic conductivity, total organic carbon, bulk density, moisture content and wheat crop yield. The results showed clear differences in physical properties with respect to the different applied materials. These results suggest that the variation among the organic amendments depends upon the humic composition of materials rather than total organic carbon.

Use of Coal Derived Humic Acid as Soil Conditioner to Improve Soil Physical Properties and Wheat Yield

In Pothwar area of Punjab Pakistan (33 o N to 74 o E), intensive soil tillage, soil erosion and low crop residue input are the reasons which have lead to the deterioration of soil structure. Structurally unstable soils are more susceptible to erosion which, in turn, leads to poor crop productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted in dry land region of Punjab, Pakistan to improve soil physical health at campus of University R esearch Farm (PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi). Two different grades (Laboratory and commercial grade) of humic acid along with eight levels were applied for two years. The treatments were HL 0 (control), HL 1 10 kg H.A ha - 1 , HL 2

The effect of controlled traffic on soil physical properties and tillage requirements for vegetable production

Demands for increased work rates and more timely operations in vegetable production have led to the use of more powerful and heavier machinery over the past 20 years. Increased vehicle weight, frequency of tillage, and capacity to work soil at sub-optimal moisture contents has increased soil compaction, and the tillage effort required for remediation. Despite conclusive evidence from other industries that controlled traffic systems improve soil conditions, reduce inputs, and overall improve productivity, such systems have not been widely adopted in vegetable production. Trials were established on red ferrosols in northern Tasmania to determine the effect of controlled traffic on soil compaction and penetration resistance, and the number of tillage operations required to prepare a seedbed for vegetable production. Potential mechanical, logistical or agronomic barriers to adoption of controlled traffic systems in vegetable production were also identified. Controlled traffic treatments demonstrated improvements in soil physical properties, and 20–60% fewer tillage operations, compared to conventional production systems. However, the measured benefits of controlled traffic were variable over the duration of the research studies due to limitations of current mechanisation. Adoption of controlled traffic in the vegetable production sector is currently limited by track gauge and working width incompatibility across the diverse range of equipment used, and machinery tracking issues associated with undulating topography.

轮耕对关中一年两熟区土壤物理性状和冬小麦根系生长的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 轮耕对关中一年两熟区土壤物理性状和冬小麦根系生长的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201404140716 作者: 作者单位: 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 陕西省农业厅项目(k332021312);陕西省科研推广项目(413020211203533) Effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and winter wheat root growth on annual double cropping area Author: Affiliation: College of Resources and Environment,Northwest A＆F University,Yangling,College of Resources and Environment,Northwest A＆F University,Yangling,College of Resources and Environment,Northwest A＆F University,Yangling,College of Resources and Environment,Northwest A＆F University,Yangling,College of Resources and Environment,Northwest A＆F University,Yangling,College of Resources and Environment,Northwest A＆F University,Yangling Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:针对关中地区土壤连续单一耕作存在的主要问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应研究.2009年至2012年在关中一年两熟区采用连续4a旋耕(RT)、翻耕-免耕-翻耕-免耕(PNT)和深松-免耕-深松-免耕(SNT)3种耕作处理,对土壤容重、紧实度及小麦根系生长进行了研究.结果表明,与试验前相比,夏玉米收获后(2013年10月)两种轮耕处理显著(P < 0.05)降低了0-10、10-20 cm土壤容重,旋耕处理在0-10 cm处差异不显著,而10-20 cm土壤容重显著增大;与旋耕处理相比,两种轮耕处理0-10、10-20 cm土壤容重在第4季冬小麦整个生育期内变异系数较小,土壤紧实度较低,且改善效果在冬小麦生育中后期10-20 cm土层体现更为显著;旋耕处理0-10、10-20 cm土壤紧实度与含水量均呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.89、-0.85,两种轮耕处理相关性不显著;0-40 cm土层根重密度和根系活力表现为:两种轮耕处理>连年旋耕.可见,长期旋耕后进行轮耕(免耕与翻耕、深松)有利于改善土壤物理状况,促进作物根系生长. Abstract:Rotary tillage is a very common practice in the Guanzhong area. However, many problems occur for winter wheat fields with long-term rotary tillage, including poor soil water vapor transmission and low soil fertility, which are not favorable to winter wheat growth. To solve these problems, a 4-year field experiment was carried out from 2009 to 2012 in Yangling, Shaanxi Province of China, which is an annual double cropping area. The experiment compared three tillage patterns: RT (rotary tillage for 4 years), PNT (a deep plowing followed by a non-tillage year alternation) and SNT (a subsoiling year followed by a non-tillage year alternation). This study evaluated the impacts of the three tillage patterns on soil bulk density, soil compaction across the 0-40 cm soil profile, and winter wheat root growth. Results showed that after the summer maize harvest (October, 2013), the soil bulk density under the SNT and PNT treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at 0-10 and 10-20 cm compared with the previous treatment, but the soil bulk density significantly increased under the RT treatment at 10-20 cm, with no significant difference at 0-10 cm. The dynamic changes of soil bulk density at 0-10 and 10-20 cm at different times were a measure of the ability of the soil to maintain structural stability. During the whole growth period of the fourth season winter wheat, the variation coefficient of soil bulk density under the SNT and PNT treatments at 0-10 and 10-20 cm was lower than that under the RT treatment. The soil compaction under the SNT and PNT treatments at 0-10 and 10-20 cm was also lower than that under the RT treatment. The improved efficiency of the SNT and PNT treatments on soil physics was more evident at 10-20 cm during the late growth period of winter wheat. There was a significant negative correlation between the soil compaction and soil water content under the RT treatment at 0-10 and 10-20 cm, with correlation coefficients of -0.89 and -0.85, respectively, but there was no significant correlation at these depths between the SNT and PNT treatments. This indicated that the soil structure in the RT treatment was more sensitive to the change in environment than in the SNT and PNT treatments. Soil aggregates were decomposed into smaller aggregates and particles during the frequent tillage, and this would be the main factor causing the reduced porosity and poor soil structure performance. The SNT and PNT treatments were more effective in increasing root weight density and root vigor of winter wheat in the 0-40 cm soil layer than the RT treatment. The results suggested that the effects of the SNT and PNT treatments on soil physical properties and root development were better than those of the RT treatment. After long-term rotary tillage, deep plowing and subsoiling alternated with non-tillage can improve soil physical properties and increase crop yield. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effect of integrated nutrient management modules on yield and soil properties of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)

A field experiments was conducted during rabi 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management modules applied to mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czernj and Coss.) on seed yield and soil properties. The study revealed that higher values of growth parameters, viz. number of branches, plant height, yield attributes, seed (1857 and 1760 kg ha−1) and stover (6491 and 6150 kg ha−1) yield of mustard were recorded in plots receiving 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 5 t FYM ha−1 + 10 kg Zn ha−1+ 25 kg S ha−1+ Azotobacter, whichwas followed by 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha−1 + 10 kg Zn ha−1 + 25 kg S ha−1 during both the years, respectively. A saving of inorganic fertilizers to the extent of 25% was recorded with the use of 5 t,10 t FYM or 25kg S ha−1 without reduction in seed yield of mustard. Application of 75% RDF + 5 t FYM ha−1 + 10 kg Zn ha−1 + 25 kg S ha−1 + Azotobacter recordedon an average maximum gross andnet return of ‘ 41560 and ‘ 24081 ha−1, respectively, but benefit: cost ratio was highest in 100% RDF (1.50), followed by the above combination. The latter treatment, viz. incorporation of FYM, zinc, sulphur and Azotobacter along with either 75% or 50% RDF increased soil organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and Zn besides improving soil physical properties.