Improper Behavior Research Articles

Assessment of eating and lifestyle habits among Polish cosmetology and physiotherapy students.

Proper nutritional behaviors are one of the most important factors shaping our health, as they influence people's physical and mental state. Good eating habits help prevent many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, some types of cancer, and osteoporosis. The Polish population aged 20-34 years displays improper nutritional behaviors which may put them at risk of developing diet-dependent diseases in the future. There is a need to assess students' lifestyle, including their eating habits, as it would help adapt already existing education programs. We evaluated and compared eating habits and lifestyle of students studying cosmetology and physiotherapy in association with selected risk factors of civilization diseases. We used a standardized dietary questionnaire evaluating respondents' physical activity, smoking and dietary habits. The obtained results were compared with the recommendations from the Polish food-based dietary guidelines. We evaluated respondents' nutritional status based on their anthropometric measurements such as body weight, body height, hips and waist circumferences and then we estimated their body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR). Students studying cosmetology and physiotherapy obtained on average 5.3 ±1.5 points based on their compliance with the nutritional recommendations. The academic youth did not meet principles of healthy nutrition according to the given recommendations. There were no significant differences in nutrition status between the faculties, except for products that provide complete protein. There is a need to increase nutritional awareness of academic youth, especially students of health-related faculties, because better knowledge on nutrition would help them choose healthier food options.

Traffic Congestion in Kabul City and Suggestion for Sustainable Development

Traffic congestion is a global problem all over the world but very harmful for developing countries like Afghanistan. This study intends to explore the relation between traffic congestion and urban dwellers selection behavior on current location for living, and also examine the causes and effects which exist behind traffic congestion. A case study approach has been adapted and Kabul city is taken as a case since it is capital city and has big regional connection with other areas. To obtain comprehensive picture about the cause and effects of Kabul traffic congestion, the study also depend on various published documents and primary data has been collected through the semi-structure questionnaire and group discussion. This study reveals that there are branches of reason such as shortage of necessarily urban infrastructure, improper human behavior, poor traffic management and demo-graphically populations’ problems which are causing traffic congestion in Kabul. Many issues such as social, environmental, economic and air pollution are resulted by the traffic congestion. This study recommends that government need to take steps for strengthening the construction of transportation infrastructure, implementing the traffic law, increasing the number of public buses, decentralizing the government agencies and commercial center, improving traffic management system and applying electronic system for traffic management for reducing traffic congestion and ensuring comfortable city life. This study will help researcher, government policy planner and decision makers to improve the appropriate road safety measures for passengers.

The ultrathin limit of improper ferroelectricity

The secondary nature of polarization in improper ferroelectrics promotes functional properties beyond those of conventional ferroelectrics. In technologically relevant ultrathin films, however, the improper ferroelectric behavior remains largely unexplored. Here, we probe the emergence of the coupled improper polarization and primary distortive order parameter in thin films of hexagonal YMnO3. Combining state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques separately addressing the improper ferroelectric state and its distortive driving force, we reveal a pronounced thickness dependence of the improper polarization, which we show to originate from the strong modification of the primary order at epitaxial interfaces. Nanoscale confinement effects on the primary order parameter reduce the temperature of the phase transition, which we exploit to visualize its order-disorder character with atomic resolution. Our results advance the understanding of the evolution of improper ferroelectricity within the confinement of ultrathin films, which is essential for their successful implementation in nanoscale applications.

Behaviour Modelling and Safety at Work on a Construction Site

Abstract The concept of the method based on the behavioural approach as the method minimizing hazardous behaviours of employees has been discussed in this article. The main focus has been laid upon one of the largest economic sectors, i.e. is the construction industry. Thereby, risks arising from an improper behaviour of construction workers, and also a factor contributing to it, have been described here. The influence of employee’s age and day time have been analysed in terms of accident rates. The attention was also paid to alcohol consumed by workers during and after their work and to the influence that it has on dangerous behaviours. Different ways of approaches to the worker to improve safety and hygiene at work, as well as the manner in which the approach to employee should change depending on the situation, have been presented too.

Seismic Behavior of Mid-Rise Precast Reinforced Concrete Building with Effect of Joints and Supports

Precast concrete structures are widely used in construction. It consists of prefabricated elements casted in industry and connected to each other to form a homogeneous structure. Connections function is to transfer moments and axial forces. Many engineers assume precast connection as pinned, but in reality, they are semi-rigid connections that transfer forces to other members. Lack of design and detailing of connection leads to improper behaviour of the structure, which then leads to the collapse of the building. Past earthquake studies show that many precast buildings performed poorly, and the main reasons were connections. This paper mainly focuses on understanding the seismic behaviour of mid-rise i.e seven-storey precast reinforced concrete buildings with various beam-column joints i.e rigid, semi-rigid, pinned and column-base supports i.e, fixed and hinged supports. Building is modelled and analyzed using ETABS v17 software. Rotational stiffness of precast billet connection is adopted for modelling of semi-rigid beam-column connections. Response spectrum and modal analysis are carried out. Results of displacements, storey drift, storey shear, storey stiffness, base shear, time periods and first mode shapes of models are discussed. It is observed, precast reinforced concrete building models with semi rigid connection performs better than building models with pinned connections and building models with fixed supports reduces the structural response to a great extent.

Safety and Operational Performance of Roundabouts

When there are two or more roads meet, there is higher tendency of conflicts among vehicles. Roundabout is not a new concept to manage conflict points at at-grade intersection. However, improper motorist behaviours especially during peak hour affect safety and operational performance of a roundabout. This paper compares the safety and operational performance evaluation of a conventional non-signalized roundabout and a conventional signalised roundabout and explores the potential of turbo roundabout to replace the conventional ones. Three characteristics used to evaluate safety performance of the roundabouts include entry lane selection, use of entry and exit indicators, and weaving activities. These behaviours create the possibility of conflict, hence, risk of fatalities. On the other hand, delay and total time travel are used as indicators of operational performance of the roundabouts. We used SIDRA INTERSECTION Software to determine the theoretical delays and Level of Services. High delay, a time factor, affects motorists’ emotion, might have contributed to the safety performance. Similarly, motorists’ non-compliance behaviours affected the operational performance.

The improvement students’ reproductive health knowledge using BASR BPP KRR learning material

Based on studies reported the higher cases and improper sexual behaviour emerged due to the lower of health reproductive knowledge among teenagers and our representative survey that described a need for improving students health sexual knowledge in Kota Padang, we integrated promotion and prevention knowledge into learning material for students of senior high school (SMA). Furthermore, an experimental study has been conducted to measure the influence of learning material, called BASR BPP KRR toward adolescence’ health reproductive knowledge. Population consists of SMA students in Kota Padang. By using purposive sampling, around 179 SMA students are involved as the sample which represent three different categories of school academic ability level. Experimentation applies pre-test – post-test group only design, consist of two variable, learning material (independent variable) and reproductive health knowledge (dependent variable) which measured using multiple choice test. Then, the learning result (gain) analysed statistically by using t-test. The result showed the highest knowledge improvement on average were 28.7 by students’ of higher category school, 17.7 by middle category school, and 1.04by lower category school. The result shows BASR BPP KRR learning material significantly contributes to the improvement of higher academic level students. The increasing gain score also found toward middle academic level students, yet it is not statistically significant. Toward students’ of a lower academic level, BASR BPP KRR learning material does not increase the knowledge.

Causes of accidents at work in the opinions of public sector forestry employees in Poland

The aim of the study was recognition of opinions of forestry employees concerning causes of accidents in forestry, and evaluation of which of the selected demographic characteristics of forestry employees are associated with their opinions concerning causes of occupational accidents. An attempt was also undertaken to answer the question whether there is any relationship between the opinions of forestry employees pertaining to the causes of accidents at work, and observance of the OSH principles concerning the use of protection measures. The survey included 135 forestry employees and conducted by using an author-constructed questionnaire containing items which primarily concerning the causes of accidents at work and the protection measures applied. The opinions of forestry employees pertaining to the causes of accidents were analyzed according to independent variables, such as: workplace, period of employment, age, education level, and an index of the level of the respondents' concern about OSH (index of the use of personal protection measures by the respondents). The significance of differences between the subgroups selected according to the above-mentioned variables was assessed using the chi-square test. Forestry employees most frequently indicated such causes of accidents as the lack of e use of protection equipment (63.7%), bravado and neglecting hazards (63%), as well as entering or staying in a danger zone during tree felling (56.3%). Nearly a half of the respondents (48.1%) mentioned as the cause of accidents the improper and self-willed behaviour of an employee. The respondents additionally mentioned being taken by surprise by an unexpected event (40%), and the inadequate state of machinery, equipment, and vehicles (36.3%). Based on the results of the study concerning the causes of accidents in forestry, it was found that the examined forestry employees show high awareness and knowledge concerning the causes of occupational accidents in forestry. The greatest differences in the way of perceiving the causes of accidents and hazards were observed according to the respondents' period of employment and age. In addition, a relationship was observed between indication by the respondents of specified causes of accidents, and the scope of their use of protection measures.

Healthy Contact Lens Behaviors Communicated by Eye Care Providers and Recalled by Patients - United States, 2018.

An estimated 45 million U.S. residents enjoy the benefits of contact lens wear, but many of them might be at increased risk for complications stemming from improper wear and care behaviors (1). One of the most serious complications of contact lens wear is a corneal infection known as microbial keratitis, which can sometimes result in reduced vision or blindness (2). In 2014, 50% of contact lens wearers reported ever sleeping in contact lenses, and 55% reported topping off* their contact lens solutions (3), which put them at greater risk for a contact lens-related eye infection (2,4). Data on communication between eye care providers and contact lens wearers on contact lens wear and care recommendations are limited. Two surveys were conducted to better understand and assess contact lens education about nine recommendations: the first assessed contact lens wearer experiences regarding recommendations received from eye care providers during their most recent appointment; the second evaluated provider-reported practices for communicating contact lens wear and care recommendations to their patients. One third (32.9%) of contact lens wearers aged ≥18 years recalled never hearing any lens wear and care recommendations. Fewer than half (47.9%) recalled hearing their provider recommend not sleeping in lenses at their last visit, and 19.8% recalled being told to avoid topping off their contact lens solution. A majority of providers reported sharing recommendations always or most of the time at initial visits, regular checkups, and complication-related visits. Providers reported sharing nearly all recommendations more frequently at initial and complication-related visits than at regular checkups. Of the nine recommendations for safe contact lens wear and care, eye care providers at regular checkups most often recommend complying with the recommended lens replacement schedules (85% of regular visits), not sleeping in lenses (79.0% of regular visits), and not topping off solutions (64.4% of regular visits). Eye care providers play an important role in the health of their contact lens-wearing patients and can share health communication messages with their patients to help educate them about healthy wear and care habits. These findings can assist in the creation of health communication messages to help encourage eye care providers to communicate more effectively with their patients.

Administrative Records after Department of Commerce v. New York

The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 (APA) permits judicial review of agency action upon “the whole record” of the agency. What composes that term is not explicated by the text of the statute. Until recently, the Supreme Court had declined to lay down markers on the meaning of “the whole record,” leaving confusion among litigants and interdecisional inconsistency among the lower courts. In the seventy years since the APA’s enactment, courts have sewn a patchwork of jurisprudential principles elucidating what belongs in such a record, one negative effect of which was the continual relitigation of the same issues before separate judges. Our 2018 article, Administrative Records and the Courts, surveyed the law and concluded that the courts were improperly defining the administrative record and erroneously conflating records issues and merits issues. The landscape shifted in June 2019 when the Supreme Court decided Department of Commerce v. New York, which considered whether the U.S. Census Bureau lawfully added a question to the impending 2020 census that asked respondents whether they are U.S. citizens. The Court addressed the composition of “the whole record” in APA litigation for the first time in decades and held that the challengers had made a “strong showing of bad faith or improper behavior” that merited the supplementation of the record. The majority concluded that the trial court had improperly and prematurely ordered supplementation of the record, but held that the error was harmless and justified in hindsight. With the record’s contours so set, the Court then held that the Census Bureau had improperly added the citizenship question to the 2020 census. In partial concurrence and partial dissent, Justice Thomas, joined by Justice Gorsuch and Justice Kavanaugh, cited our scholarship and questioned the provenance of the “strong showing of bad faith or improper behavior” exception to the APA record rule. This essay is another entry in the sparse field of APA administrative record and judicial review scholarship. It further explicates our criticism of the bad faith exception to APA record review and explains how Department of Commerce perpetuated and invigorated this exception, which is inconsistent with the text, purpose, and history of the APA. It closes by hypothesizing the consequences of the Court’s two record rule holdings, primarily the ability of litigants to (improperly) supplement APA administrative records.

The choice is yours: The effects of optional questions in engineering examinations

AbstractExaminers may provide optional questions in the question paper of any examination. It gives examinees the choice to select their options to complete the set of the required number of questions for answering. The examinees may choose to answer the questions from the well‐prepared portions of the subject. Some examinees misuse this facility by answering more than the required questions. Few examinees mess up the serial number of questions in the answer sheet. These acts of examinees sometimes create issues in marks awarding process, which raises doubt on the fairness of the evaluation process. This article reviews the contribution of optional questions in engineering semester examinations and analyzes the effects of improper behavior practiced by some of the examinees. Two surveys were conducted to gather perspectives on optional questions from examiners and examinees, respectively. The answering behavior of examinees vis‐á‐vis optional questions have been analyzed through the investigation of answer sheets, which were written for engineering semester examinations. Association rule mining methods have been applied on the gathered data to discover interesting hidden facts about tackling of optional questions. On the basis of findings, the article recommends further actions that need to be taken for effective utilization of optional question and question with optional subparts. The review of the effects of optional questions is a novel study and has not been dealt with in the literature for furthering the quality of engineering education.

Factors Associated With Periodontal Diseases and Oral Hygiene Status Among Community-Dwelling Adults With Physical Disabilities in Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVE: There is limited evidence concerning oral health among disabled people capable of independently performing oral hygiene practices. This study investigated factors associated with periodontal diseases and oral hygiene status among community-dwelling, working-age Thai adults with physical disabilities. 
 
 MATERIAL & METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st February to 15th March 2018 at the Community Center for Independent Living, a disability community club located in Pathum Thani province, Thailand. A total of 198 adults with physical disabilities completed self-report questionnaires. Occurrence of bleeding on probing and presence of dental plaque accumulation were obtained through full-mouth periodontal examinations by a trained and calibrated examiner. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were performed. 
 
 RESULTS: Toothbrushing frequency of less than twice per day was associated with periodontal diseases (OR = 8.25, p = 0.001). Higher levels of sweets consumption (OR = 3.17, p = 0.003) and infrequent toothbrushing (OR = 4.26, p = 0.001) were related to poor oral hygiene. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS: Participants who performed improper oral health behaviors would suffer from periodontal diseases and poorer oral hygiene status. Although participants are capable of performing daily self-care, their physical limitation is a possible explanation for difficulty in appropriate personal oral hygiene practices, which can lead to a lower quality of oral cleanliness. Therefore, professional oral health education and personal oral hygiene instruction tailor-fit to their specific needs are necessary to increase the quality of toothbrushing practices and proper oral health behaviors among persons with physical disabilities.

Organization and Contents of <BooinSooji(婦人須知)> Which is a Newly Discovered Book for Women’s Lessons

이 논문은 새롭게 발굴된 여성교훈서 <부인수지>를 소개할 목적으로 작성되었 다. 서책의 크기는 20.2x31.8cm이고 전체는 80면, 매면 10행으로 이루어진 한글 필사본 자료이다. 1841년 화서학파 문인 중암 김평묵에 의하여 규방의 부녀자들을 가르치고 일깨울 목적으로 저술되었으며 1921년에 재필사된 것이다. 서책의 전체적인 구성은 저술 목적을 담은 서문과 부녀자가 지켜야 할 규범들을 13개의 항목으로 나누어 해당 내용을 설명한 본문, 간행 경위 및 저자와 저술 시기, 필사 시기 등을 기록한 발문으로 이루어져 있다. 본문에 담긴 13개의 항목은 순서대로 ‘시부모 섬기기’, ‘남편 섬기기’, ‘부모 섬기기’, ‘형제 간 우애’, ‘친족 간 화목’, ‘자식 가르치기’, ‘손 대접하기’, ‘종 다스리기’, ‘잡술 경계’, ‘제사 받들기’, ‘음식 차리기’, ‘의복 만들기’, ‘말 조심하기’ 등이다. 이 항목들을 다시 내용에 따라 시부모 남편 부모 섬기기, 형제 친족 간에 화목하기, 자식 가르치기 등을 포함한 ‘가문의 결속과 화합을 위한 가족관계 윤리’ 와 손 대접하기, 종 다스리기, 잡술 경계하기, 제사 받들기, 음식 차리기, 의복 만들기 등을 다룬 ‘가사를 주관하는 기능적 여성상’으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 김평묵은 <부인수지> 매 항목의 앞부분에는 경전에 기반 한 통상적인 경계의 말을 담고, 뒷부분에는 ‘요세 부인’, ‘요세 여자’, ‘요세 사람’, ‘요세’와 같이 당대 여인들의 부적절한 행실을 사례로 들어 소개하면서 시집을 중심으로 한 가족관계의 윤리 및 가사 전반에 이르기까지 유교 정신에 입각한 도덕규범을 당대 부녀자들에게 습득시키고자 한 것을 알 수 있었다. <부인수지>는 조선후기 위정척사의 중심인물인 중암 김평묵의 문집에 전하지 않는 새로운 여훈서 자료라는 점에서 의미가 있다. 또한 1841년 저술된 자료가 1921년 근대에 이르기까지 전승 향유되었다는 점도 눈길을 끈다. 마지막으로 <부인수지>는 유교윤리에 입각한 보편적 규범을 제시하면서도 동시에 저술 당시의 부도덕한 여인상을 소개하여 저술 당시의 사회상을 반영하고 있다는 점에서 의미있는 자료라고 생각된다.This article introduces BooinSooji’, which is a newly developed book for women’s lessons. The size of this book is 20.2x31.8 cm, with 80 pages and 10 lines per page, and it is written in Korean. It was published to teach and enlighten women by Joongam Pyung Mook Kim, who was a scholar of the Hwaseo School, in 1841. Overall organization of the book consists of main body, details of publication, author and time to publish, handwriting time, and so on with 13 items for the norms that women should follow. The 13 items in the main body are ‘serving parents-in-law’, ‘serving husband’, ‘serving parents’, ‘brotherly love among brothers’, ‘harmony among relatives’, ‘teaching children’, ‘treating guests’, ‘treating servants’, ‘warning against witchcraft’, ‘serving ancestral rites’, ‘preparing foods’, ‘making clothes’, and ‘speaking carefully’. These items are grouped into ‘family relationship ethics for and harmony of the family’, including serving parents-in-law, husband, and parents, harmony among relatives and brothers, and teaching children; and ‘functional female role in taking care of the housework’, including treating guests, treating servants, warning against witchcraft, serving ancestral rites, preparing foods, and making clothes. It was known that Pyung Mook Kim tried to teach women the ethical norms of the time based on Confucianism minds regarding the husband’s family, family-oriented relationship ethics, and maintaining the household. This was done with alarming sentences based in the scripture at the start of each item and introducing cases of women’s improper behaviors of the time, such as stories about a modern-day woman’, ‘modernday female’, and ‘modern-day person’ at the end of each item in ‘BooinSooji’. ‘BooinSooji’ holds meaning as a new type of lesson book for women that had not been included in the literature collection of Pyung Mook Kim, who was a main figure of Wejungchuksa in the late Joseon era. It was aso remarkable that the publication in 1841 had been handed down to the modern times in 1921. Lastly, ‘BooinSooji’ is considered to be meaningful literature that demonstrates the social norms at the times of publication by suggesting ordinary expectations based on Confucianism as well as introducing immoral women’s features.

Non-sexist Sexual Humor as Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment

Many researchers in the fields of law, sociology and psychology have already identified how sexist humor is connected with improper sexist behavior, leading to tolerance towards sexual misconduct and the exclusion of (mostly) women from the working community, among other results. However, scholars have yet to address the problematic nature of non-sexist sexual humor, which could potentially constitute sexual harassment. This paper seeks to address this gap in the scholarship by creating a distinction between two forms of humor-based sexual harassment. The first and the more familiar type is sexual harassment using sexist humor. The second type, which has been unaddressed to date, is sexual harassment using non-sexist sexual humor. Using a pragmatic-linguistic analysis of sexual humorous expressions, this paper argues that in some cases the use of even non-sexist sexual humor could be considered an inappropriate sexual advance, or a form of quid pro quo sexual harassment in the work place.

Consequences of Internet Addiction on Dietary Behavior among Adolescents in Assiut City

Background: Internet addiction has an unfavorable impact on dietary habits of adolescents. The aim was to assess the consequences of internet addiction on dietary behavior of adolescents in Assiut city. Design: Correlational descriptive research design was used in this study. Setting: Four governmental secondary schools in Assiut city were the setting of the study. Subjects: A representative sample of 400 adolescents was recruited for this study. A stratified sampling technique was used. Tools: Three tools were utilized to collect the data: Socioeconomic scale, internet addiction test, and dietary behavior and diet quality questionnaire. Results: More than one-third of the studied adolescents had occasional to frequent problem due to internet use and near to one-quarter of them had a significant problem from internet use. Also, they were skipping meals, snacking frequently, had a poorer appetite, and bad diet quality. Conclusion: Adolescent students who had significant problem from internet use had improper dietary behavior, a poorer diet quality than their counterparts who had control over internet use. Recommendations: Raising adolescents’ awareness through mass media and health education program in schools and family-centered care about adverse effects of internet addiction on their development especially dietary behavior.

Academic burnout and professional self-concept of nursing students: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundNursing students' academic burnout affects their learning behaviour and academic performance, which ultimately affect whether they will become a qualified nurse. However, little is known about the academic burnout of nursing students, or about its relationship with professional self-concept. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was (1) to assess the academic burnout of nursing students and (2) to evaluate the impact of professional self-concept on academic burnout among nursing students. DesignA cross-sectional survey. SettingsThe survey was carried out at a 3-year vocational medical college and a 4-year undergraduate medical college in Anhui province, which is located in east-central China. ParticipantsFrom March to May 2018, a total of 1139 full-time nursing students were investigated by convenient sampling, and 1083 valid questionnaires were recovered in this study. MethodsBasic information of students were collected. The Academic Burnout Scale (ABS) and the Nurses' Self-Concept Instrument (NSCI) were used to evaluate students' academic burnout and professional self-concept. ResultsThe average of the overall score of the Academic Burnout Scale was 2.77 ± 0.53, which closed to the median of the scale (median = 3). Whether class leader students or not has significant influence on influence students' academic burnout. Nursing students' professional self-concept had negative effect on their academic burnout. ConclusionsNursing students' academic burnout level was close to the median on the Academic Burnout Scale, and improper behaviour was most severe. Positive professional self-concept can reduce the level of academic burnout. It is meaningful for nursing educators to take measures to decrease nursing students' academic burnout and enhance their professional self-concept.

Exploration of Social Media for Observing Improper Tourist Behaviors in a National Park

The numerous visitors and shortages in funding and manpower of national parks in Taiwan present difficulties in the management of recreational uses, thereby resulting in issues regarding park sustainability. Using social media to describe and reconstruct travel experiences has become prevalent in recent years. Social media usage has also triggered the emergence of Internet surveillance. This study used social media to analyze the types of improper behavior among visitors at Yushan National Park in Taiwan, the message modes that visitors use to disseminate their improper behavior, and other Facebook (FB) users’ responses to posts that involve improper behavior. Content analysis was adopted to evaluate the posts of FB users who visited Yushan National Park and logged into FB from Taiwan. The findings revealed that a total of 62 (7.3%) out of 852 FB users had engaged in improper behavior, which mainly involved illegal (40.3%) and careless (30.6%) actions. The message modes adopted for posting of improper behavior were predominantly texts and photos (48.4%) and photos only (43.5%). In general, other FB users consistently responded to the posts on improper behavior with Likes and commented on the majority of the posts. However, few posts received purely unsupportive Comments and Shares. Managerial suggestions based on these findings were provided to Yushan National Park.

Seat belts-related behaviors in car drivers with cardiac implantable electronic devices.

Seat belt use is the single most effective means of reducing fatal injuries in road traffic accidents. The presence of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) might influence seat belt-related behaviors due to the physical proximity of the seat belt and left subclavian area in which the device is usually implanted. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of improper seat belt use may improve safety of these patients. We performed a prospective study using a structured questionnaire with 120 CIED recipients (age, 63.9 ± 10.9 years) attending a pacing outpatient clinic. All study participants were active drivers and predominantly male. The majority of patients (79%) had undergone high-energy device implantation. We found that 18% of study participants do not fasten seat belts on a regular basis or use the seat belt in an atypical fashion (such as under the armpit). Moderate or high level of discomfort from the interaction between seat belt and CIED was present in 27%, while more than half (51%) were afraid of seat belt-induced CIED damage. In multifactorial analysis, we found the following independent predictors of improper seat belt use: (1) at least moderate level of discomfort at the CIED site (P=0.02); (2) fear of CIED damage (P=0.009); and (3) irregular seat belt use prior to CIED implantation (P=0.037). Improper seat belt-related behaviors are common in CIED recipients. They arise from previous habits and from CIED-related physical and psychological factors. Patients' education regarding the importance and safety of proper seat belt use is a priority.

Cost-Effective, Easy-to-Implement, but Still-Neglected Oral Hygiene

In rapidly aging societies, it is commonly found that the limited number of remaining teeth in elders results in chewing difficulties that cause health problems and malnutrition. Surprisingly, even the latest high-tech oral medical care achieves health maintenance results that are inferior to those regularly achieved by healthy natural teeth. Oral health issues are particularly serious in rural areas. The literature supports a close association between oral hygiene and general health. Because oral microorganisms are known to cause infections and inflammation reactions, people with poor oral hygiene often have high incidences of periodontal disease and tooth loss and an even higher prevalence of cardiometabolic-related chronic diseases, poorer life quality, and higher mortality than their peers with better oral hygiene (Ma et al., 2017; Tsai et al., 2015; World Health Organization, 2018). Although promoting oral hygiene may be done on a minimal budget and with high efficacy, many people retain improper oral-hygiene concepts and behaviors. For instance, many do not recognize the relationship between real teeth and general health, brush their teeth for inadequate durations, and/or apply improper methods. Furthermore, many do not make use of the regular dental cleaning resources available through the National Health Insurance program, leading to poor oral hygiene care outcomes such as tooth decay in school-age children, periodontal disease and tooth loss in adulthood, and the current average of fewer than 20 real teeth in adults 65~80 years of age. All of these poor oral-hygiene realities lead to Taiwan falling far short of WHO oral-health-related goals. Based on the perspective of prevention and health promotion, this column presents the important role of the nursing profession in improving the quality of oral hygiene care through the three critical phases of life: school age, active adulthood, and elderly adulthood. We look to advance national oral hygiene in Taiwan to a standard exceeding that of the World Health Organization in order to demonstrate the practical benefit of Taiwan's two-decade-long National Health Insurance system.

DEVELOPING EMOTION REGULATION SKILLS BY EMOTION REGULATION SKILLS SYSTEM TRAINING FOR CHILDREN WITH MILD INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

Intellectual disability is deficits in intellectual functions, adaptive functions, and these deficits occure during the developmental period (before the age of eighteen). Emotion regulation related to the functions and become the problems for children with mild intellectual disability. Emotion regulation is individual’s ability to refrain himself from improper behavior concerning negative and positive emotions that he feels, to manage himself so that he does not depend on his mood condition, to calm down himself when strong emotion arises, and to focus his attention when strong emotion appears. Emotion regulation is extremely needed for adaptation in maintaining relations with other people. The one of interventions that can be used to handle emotion regulation problem for children with intellectual disability is by giving emotion regulation skills system training. This research uses single subject design. The result of this research shows that emotion regulation skills system training gives positive impacts on cognitive and behavior aspects of the subject. The application of these skills in daily life is related to the roles of people around the subject who can understand how to apply the skills and remind the subject