Important Role In Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Research Articles

Abstract 1438: Investigating the roles of EMT in small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis and chemoradiation response

Abstract In this study, we investigated the contributions of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumorigenesis and chemoradiation (CRT) response. SCLC is a highly aggressive and deadly neuroendocrine malignancy. Two major factors that contribute to the high mortality of SCLC are (1) early metastasis and (2) rapid development of therapy resistance. Recent research suggests upregulation of EMT and the EMT transcription factor Twist1 correlated with accelerated tumor progression and CRT resistance in SCLC. Due to the lack of suitable animal models, the causal relationship between the EMT program and SCLC tumorigenesis and therapy response has not been rigorously investigated. To this end, we have generated a novel genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) termed RPGT (Rb1Flox; Trp53Flox; ROSA26LSL-rtTA-IRES-EGFP; Twist1-TetO7-Luc). The RPGT GEMM enables the generation of autochthonous SCLC tumors after induction with Cre recombinase adenovirus. By withdrawing or providing doxycycline to mice, we can control Twist1 expression to activate or inactivate EMT in tumors. Upon characterizing mouse tumor samples with histological and molecular analyses, we observed that both control (no Twist1 overexpression) and Twist1-overexpressing RPGT mice developed neuroendocrine SCLC tumors. While SCLC-A was the predominant subtype in both cohorts, RPGT tumors exhibited more heterogeneity. Importantly, although no difference in tumorigenesis was observed, Twist1 overexpression dramatically increased the metastatic incidence in RPGT (87-100%) compared to control (25-50%) animals, indicating an important role of EMT in SCLC dissemination. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling of primary tumors and matching metastases in RPGT mice revealed downregulation of Twist1 and EMT in metastases, suggesting that EMT suppression was necessary for metastatic outgrowth. To evaluate the impact of EMT activation on SCLC sensitivity to CRT, we performed in vitro viability assays on primary tumor cell lines established from RPGT tumors. We found that repressing Twist1 expression enhanced SCLC susceptibility to CRT. To validate these results in vivo, we treated RPGT mice with vs. without Twist1 overexpression with CRT. Consistent with our in vitro results, our in vivo data indicated that Twist1 overexpression promoted CRT resistance in SCLC tumors. Overall, our data suggest that the EMT program plays an important role in SCLC differentiation, metastasis, and resistance against chemo-radiotherapy. Citation Format: Triet Nguyen, Jinhee Chang, Kathleen Gabrielson, Amol Shetty, Yang Song, Audrey Lafargue, Shreya Jagtap, Danielle Council, Aaron Chan, Dipanwita Dutta Chowdhury, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Nick Connis, Francesca Carrieri, Eddie Imada, Daniel Sforza, Eric Gardner, Christopher McFarland, Luigi Marchionni, Mohammad Rezaee, Christine Hann, Phuoc Tran. Investigating the roles of EMT in small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis and chemoradiation response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1438.

DOCK2 Promotes Asthma Development by Eliciting Airway Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to airway remodeling, a predominant feature of asthma. DOCK2 (dedicator of cytokinesis 2) is an innate immune signaling molecule involved in vascular remodeling. However, it is unknown if DOCK2 plays a role in airway remodeling during asthma development. In this study, we found that DOCK2 is highly induced in both normal human bronchial epithelial cells treated with house dust mite (HDM) extract and human asthmatic airway epithelium. DOCK2 is also upregulated by TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1) during EMT of human bronchial epithelial cells. Importantly, knockdown of DOCK2 inhibits, and overexpression of DOCK2 promotes, TGF-β1-induced EMT. Consistently, DOCK2 deficiency suppresses the EMT of airway epithelium, attenuates the subepithelial fibrosis, and improves pulmonary function in HDM-induced asthmatic lungs. These data suggest that DOCK2 plays an important role in EMT and asthma development. Mechanistically, DOCK2 interacts with transcription factor FoxM1 (forkhead box M1), which enhances FoxM1 binding to mesenchymal marker gene promoters and further promotes mesenchymal marker gene transcription and expression, leading to EMT. Taken together, our study identifies DOCK2 as a novel regulator for airway EMT in an HDM-induced asthma model, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for treatment of asthma.

Hsa-miR-22-3p inhibits liver cancer cell EMT and cell migration/ invasion by indirectly regulating SPRY2.

The general mechanism for microRNAs to play biological function is through their inhibition on the expression of their target genes. In cancer, microRNAs may accelerate cell senescence, block angiogenesis, decrease energy supplies, repress tumor cell cycle and promote apoptosis to function as the tumor repressors. On the other hand, microRNAs can modulate tumor suppressor molecules to activate oncogene relevant signaling pathway to initiate tumorigenesis and promote tumor progression. By targeting different genes, miR-22 can function as either a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in different types of cancer. In liver cancer, miR-22 mainly functions as a tumor suppressor via its regulation on different genes. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-22 indirectly regulates SPRY2 by inhibiting CBL, an E3 ligase for SPRY2 that has been confirmed. As one of the modulators of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway, SPRY2 plays important roles in many developmental and physiological processes, and its deregulation has been reported in different types of cancer and shown to affect cancer development, progression, and metastasis. By inhibiting the expression of CBL, which stabilizes SPRY2, miR-22 indirectly upregulates SPRY2, thereby suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, and invasion and decreasing the expression of liver cancer stem cell (CSC) marker genes. The inhibitory effects of miR-22 on EMT, cell migration, and invasion can be blocked by the knockdown of SPRY2 expression in miR-22 overexpressing cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that miR-22 expression inhibits the ERK signaling pathway and that this effect is due to its upregulation of SPRY2. Overall, our study revealed a novel miR-22-3p/CBL/SPRY2/ERK axis that plays an important role in EMT, cell migration, and invasion of liver cancer cells.

Extracellular vesicles contribute to EMT in adenomyosis by inducing macrophage polarization†.

Adenomyosis is a benign disease, but it exhibits a metastatic property similar to tumors. Its pathogenesis is still unclear. One theory is that adenomyosis is the result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in displaced embryonic Muller cells. Macrophages accumulate in the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis and play an important role in EMT and the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered an important mechanism of intercellular communication, but few studies have shown the role of EVs between endometrial epithelial cells and macrophages. In this study, we collected the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis, and acquired the primary endometrial cells, then isolated EVs from the culture supernatants. We identified the characteristics of EVs by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, and western blot, and then detected the mRNA expression levels of CD163, IL-10, iNOS, and TNF-α in macrophages by qRT-PCR after co-cultured with EVs; the expression levels of E-cadherin, CK7, N-cadherin, and Vimentin by Western blot, and the migration abilities of epithelial cells by Transwell assay. The results showed that macrophages were highly expressed in the mRNA levels of CD163, IL10, and TNF-α after treated by EVs from adenomyosis patients; endometrial epithelial cells expressed lower protein levels of E-cadherin and CK7, higher levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin after co-cultured with the above polarized macrophages; and the migration abilities of epithelial cells were enhanced. In conclusion, EVs derived from adenomyosis can induce macrophages to polarize toward M2b, and the polarized macrophages could, in turn, induce EMT process in endometrial epithelial cells.

Downregulation of SLC9A8 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Cells via the IL6-JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

SLC9A8 has been shown to be involved in mucus layer formation, intestinal mucosal integrity, and hyperproliferation of colitis-associated tumor development. However, its effects on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. To explore whether SLC9A8 participates in EMT and the metastasis of CRC. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the expression of SLC9A8 in CRC patients. At the cellular level, the effect of SLC9A8 on proliferation, migration, and invasion was measured using cell viability analysis, flow cytometry analysis, and Transwell assays. Mouse tumor xenograft and metastasis models were established to analyze whether knockdown of SLC9A8 increased tumor volume, tumor weight, and metastasis. Moreover, whether downregulated expression of SLC9A8 promotes EMT via activation of the IL6-JAK1-STAT3 signaling pathway was investigated. SLC9A8 protein was downregulated in CRC tissues, and this downregulation was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node status, pTNM stage, and poor prognosis. SLC9A8 overexpression markedly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Downregulation of SLC9A8 promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, knockdown of SLC9A8 also increased tumor volume, tumor weight, and metastasis in vivo. Meanwhile, downregulation of SLC9A8 significantly promoted the in vitro migration of CRC cells via EMT by activating the IL6-JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. Downregulation of SLC9A8 plays an important role in EMT and metastasis of CRC progression and may become a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.

Doublecortin-like kinase 2 promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis.

Doublecortin-like kinase 2 (DCLK2) is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that participates in neural development and maturation; however, whether it is involved in tumour progression remains unclear. DCLK2 overexpression and knockdown clones were established by lentivirus transfection. Western blot, PCR assays and bioinformatics analyses were conducted to observe the expression of DCLK2. CCK8, colony formation, scratch migration and Transwell assays were used to detect cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Tumour metastasis was evaluated in vivo using a tail vein metastasis model. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to analyse the expression correlation between DCLK2 and TCF4, or EMT markers in breast cancer. Our data indicate that DCLK2 is highly expressed in breast cancer cells and is associated with poor prognosis. Silencing DCLK2 does not affect the proliferation rate of tumour cells, but significantly suppresses migration and invasion as well as lung metastasis processes. Overexpression of DCLK2 can enhance the migratory and invasive abilities of normal breast epithelial cells. Moreover, TCF4/β-catenin inhibitor LF3 downregulates the expression of DCLK2 and inhibits the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that the downregulation of DCLK2 blocks the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Our study indicates that DCLK2 plays an important role in EMT, cell invasion and metastasis, suggesting that DCLK2 is a potential target for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

LINC00244 suppresses cell growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating programmed cell death ligand 1

ABSTRACT The role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in suppressing antitumor immune responses has been widely reported, and recent studies showed that PD-L1 also plays an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), determination of tumor cell phenotypes, metastasis, and drug resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in a variety of epigenetic regulatory processes. The tumorigenesis and development of most cancers cannot be studied separately from their regulation by lncRNAs. To explore the epigenetic regulation of PD-L1, we identified an lncRNA, LINC00244, which reduced PD-L1 expression and predicted good clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LINC00244 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of HCC by downregulating PD-L1 expression. In addition, low LINC00244 expression activated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways and facilitated the rapid growth and metastasis of HCC cells. Thus, LINC00244 is a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Lowered expression of CCN5 in endometriotic tissues promotes proliferation, migration and invasion of endometrial stromal cells

To explore the expression of CCN5 in endometriotic tissues and its impact on proliferation, migration and invasion of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs). We collected ovarian endometriosis samples from 20 women receiving laparoscopic surgery and eutopic endometrium samples from 15 women undergoing IVF-ET for comparison of CCN5 expression. Cultured HESCs were transfected with a recombinant adenovirus Ad-CCN5 for CCN5 overexpression or with a CCN5-specific siRNA for knocking down CCN5 expression, and the changes of cell proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay and Transwell chamber assay. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to examine the expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail-1 and vimentin in HESCs with CCN5 overexpression or knockdown. CCN5 expression was significantly decreased in ovarian endometriosis tissues as compared with eutopic endometrium samples (P < 0.01). CCN5 overexpression obviously inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HESCs, significantly increased the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expressions of N-cadherin, Snail-1 and vimentin (P < 0.01). CCN5 knockdown significantly enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of HESCs and produced opposite effects on the expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail-1 and vimentin (P < 0.01). CCN5 can regulate the proliferation, migration and invasion of HESCs and thus plays an important role in EMT of HESCs, suggesting the potential of CCN5 as a therapeutic target for endometriosis.

Knockdown of lncRNA ZEB2NAT suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition, metastasis and proliferation in breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Breast cancer metastasis which usually is observed at the last stage is the major cause of breast cancer-related death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are member of the non-coding RNA family. It is known that lncRNAs have important functions in the genes regulation of different processes and pathways such as EMT (Epithelial mesenchymal transition), metastasis and apoptosis. Therefore, it is inevitable that lncRNAs have potential contribution for the understanding of cancer pathogenesis. lncRNA-ZEB2NAT is the natural antisense transcript of ZEB2. Herein, we investigated the effects of lncRNA-ZEB2NAT on process of EMT, metastasis and apoptosis in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The effect of ZEB2NAT on the expression of important genes in EMT, metastasis and apoptosis, and some protein levels was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The effects of ZEB2NAT on cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and colony formation were evaluated using XTT, annexin V, invasion and colony assays, respectively. The ZEB2NAT knockdown caused anti-metastatic and apoptotic effects. The ZEB2NAT knockdown resulted in a decrease in ZEB2 and N-cadherin but an increase in E-cadherin protein levels. In addition, it was determined that ZEB2NAT knockdown significantly decreased cell proliferation and stimulated apoptosis in both cells. It was found that ZEB2NAT knockdown significantly decreased invasion and colony formation in both cells. ZEB2NAT knockdown showed anti-metastatic and apoptotic effect by affecting the important genes in both cells. These results have suggested that ZEB2NAT has an important role in EMT, metastasis and apoptosis in breast cancer and ZEB2NAT knockdown caused significant anti-cancer activities.

Long non-coding RNA expression in silicosis and MRAK050699 function in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Silicosis is a lung fibrotic disease caused by chronic silica exposure. Aberrations in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression are associated with fibrotic diseases, but the role of lncRNAs in silicosis pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the expression of lncRNAs during silicosis and the role of MRAK050699 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Differentially expressed lncRNAs in the lung tissues of normal and silicosis rats were compared, and their biological effects were determined using the Gene Ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. There were 1077 differentially expressed lncRNAs (378 upregulated and 699 downregulated). MRAK052509, MRAK139674, AY539881, MRAK050699, XR_6113, and BC167061 were selected to verify expression in silicosis rats using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MRAK050699 was knocked down in rat alveolar type II epithelial cells, and the molecular mechanism of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced EMT in these cells was studied. All selected lncRNAs were upregulated in the silicosis rats, consistent with the sequencing results. MRAK050699 knockdown inhibited EMT of RLE-6TN cells by regulating the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Thus, the differential expression of lncRNAs is related to silicosis development, and MRAK050699 plays an important role in EMT, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for silicosis.

MiR-219-5p targets TBXT and inhibits breast cancer cell EMT and cell migration and invasion.

miR-219-5p has been reported to act as either a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in different cancers by targeting different genes. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-219-5p negatively regulated the expression of TBXT, a known epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer, by directly binding to TBXT 3′-untranslated region. As a result of its inhibition on TBXT expression, miR-219-5p suppressed EMT and cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. The re-introduction of TBXT in miR-219-5p overexpressing cells decreased the inhibitory effects of miR-219 on EMT and cell migration and invasion. Moreover, miR-219-5p decreased breast cancer stem cell (CSC) marker genes expression and reduced the mammosphere forming capability of cells. Overall, our study highlighted that TBXT is a novel target of miR-219-5p. By suppressing TBXT, miR-219-5p plays an important role in EMT and cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.

Klotho prevents epithelial–mesenchymal transition through Egr-1 downregulation in diabetic kidney disease

IntroductionAs a key event leading to tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has drawn increasing attention from researchers. The antiaging protein Klotho attenuates renal fibrosis in...

Calotropis procera Selectively Impaired the 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells Growth by Preferentially Blocking Akt/mTOR Signaling

Abstract Objectives To investigate the mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of Calotropis procera crude phenolics extract (CphE). Methods CphE were obtained from leaves homogenized with ethanol (1g:150 mL), followed by filtration and evaporation using a rotary evaporator. Quercetin was used as a positive control since is one of the major flavonoids in C. procera. 4T1 cells were treated with CphE (31–500 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL), quercetin (Q) (0.6–3 µg/mL) or DMSO (control) to assess cell viability using resazurin kit and reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the Carboxy-H2DFFDA probe (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO). Protein and mRNA expression were investigated using standard procedures and cell migration by wound healing assay. Results 4T1 cell viability was inhibited by CphE (within 31–125 µg GAE/mL) and Q (0.6–3 µg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 = 49.6 µg GAE/mL and 1,75 µg/mL, respectively. However, ROS levels were decreased in cells treated with CphE (down to 0.7-fold of control) while Q induced ROS (up to 1.5-fold of control). These results suggest a contrasting response from 4T1 breast cancer cells to individual phenolics present in CphE. The CphE-induced caspase and PARP-dependent apoptosis and cell viability suppression were mediated by CphE-mediated oxidative stress reduction consistent with phospho-ERK1/2 downregulation (down to 0.4-fold of control). Conversely, Q apoptotic and cell viability suppression mechanisms are mediated by induction of ROS-phospho-ERK1/2 (up to 1.6-fold of control) axis. The Akt/mTOR/CREB pathway was downregulated at a similar extend by CphE and Q, consistent with cell migration (suppressed by 40% and 20% by CphE and Q, respectively) and with protein levels of phospho-Src (downregulated to ∼ 0.2-fold and 0.4-fold of control) and phospho-CREB (0.7-fold and 0.6-fold of control) by CphE and Q, respectively. Conclusions CphE inhibited cell viability, induced apoptosis and reduced cell migration. These effects were the result of the modulation of proteins that play an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell invasion. These findings provide new insights into the anti-cancer mechanisms of C. procera as a promising herb used in folk medicine for breast cancer treatment. Funding Sources Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Universidade de São Paulo (USP).

The expression of AGGF1, FOXC2, and E-cadherin in esophageal carcinoma and their clinical significance.

Angiogenic factor with G-patch and FHA domain 1 (AGGF1) is a newly initiator of angiogenesis. Forkhead box C2 (FOXC2) that is a member of the winged spiral transcription factor family plays an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Epithelial-cadherin (E-cad) that is an adhesion molecule is also involved in EMT. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of AGGF1, FOXC2, and E-cad in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and their clinical significance.Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the expression of AGGF1, FOXC2, and E-cad in 170 ESCC specimens and corresponding normal esophageal mucosa tissues. Follow-up data was also collected.The positive rates of AGGF1 and FOXC2 expression were significantly higher in ESCC group when compared with the control group; the positive rate of E-cad expression was significantly lower in ESCC group when compared with the control group. Positive rates of AGGF1, FOXC2, and E-cad expression were significantly associated with grades of differentiation, tumor grades, lymph node metastasis stages, as well as tumor-node-metastasis stages. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that positive expression of AGGF1 or FOXC2 for ESCC patients had significantly unfavorably overall survival time when compared with patients with negative expression of AGGF1 or FOXC2; and positive expression of E-cad for ESCC patients had significantly longer overall survival time when compared with patients with negative expression of E-cad. Multivariate analysis indicated that AGGF1, FOXC2, and E-cad expression and tumor-node-metastasis stages were postoperative independent prognostic factors for ESCC patients.AGGF1, FOXC2, and E-cad may be considered promising biomarkers of ESCC patients’ prognosis.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer is promoted by survivin.

ObjectiveRecent studies demonstrated that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) contribute to the metastasis of prostate cancer. Survivin knockout could inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and suppress several metastatic tumors. In this study, we examined the potential involvement of survivin in EMT in CTCs.MethodsCTCs were isolated from the peripheral blood of 100 patients with prostate cancer as EpCAM+/CD45− cells via FACS sorting and identified by immunofluorescence staining of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). CTCs and DU145 cells were transfected with survivin siRNA. Then, the levels of survivin, E-cadherin, and vimentin in CTCs and DU145 cells were detected via immunofluorescence staining, and the invasiveness of CTCs and DU145 cells was examined using a Transwell chamber.ResultsThe results revealed the abundant expression of PSA in the cytoplasm of CTCs. Transfection of survivin siRNA significantly decreased the levels of survivin and vimentin in CTCs and DU145, whereas that of E-cadherin was significantly increased, suggesting survivin plays an important role in EMT of CTCs. In addition, survivin siRNA significantly inhibited the invasiveness of CTCs and DU145 cells.ConclusionsSurvivin plays an important role in EMT of CTCs in prostate cancer, which might mediate the metastasis and invasion of prostate cancer.

Determination of cancer-associated fibroblast and stromal phenotypes as novel prognostic factors for colorectal carcinomas associated with tumor budding

Objective: Tumor microenvironments consisting of stroma and extracellular matrix play important roles in tumor progression, particularly through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It has been suggested that the phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in stroma might be correlated with the prognosis of patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We aimed to determine the stromal and CAF types for prognostic determinants of CRCs associated with tumor budding (TB) grade, reflecting EMT. Materials and Methods: Using hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin wax sections from 23 patients with CRC, three stromal and two CAF phenotypes were evaluated, TB grades, invasion depth, lymph node metastases, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were also analyzed as established prognostic determinants. Data were analyzed statistically using the Chi-squared tests. Results: There was a significant association between CAF phenotype and TB grade (P < 0.01). CRC specimens with immature CAF have higher TB grades than the mature phenotype. Nevertheless, a significant association between stroma and TB grade could not be demonstrated. Moreover, high TB grades were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01) and LVI (P < 0.01). However, there were no significant associations between CAF phenotype and either of these prognostic determinants. Conclusion: CAF phenotype could be considered as a prognostic determinant of CRC through its association with TB grade, indicating the role of CAFs in EMT processes. Future studies are required to examine the secretomes of CAFs that play important roles in EMT and determine the prognosis for patients with CRCs.

BRM270 Inhibits the Proliferation of CD44 Positive Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells via Downregulation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling.

Pancreatic cancer has a poor survival rate as compared to other types of cancer. Surface marker CD44 plays important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell phenotype. Therefore, targeting CD44 positive pancreatic cancer cells might enhance therapies effectiveness. Our previous studies indicated the antitumorigenesis effect of BRM270 in osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and glioblastoma; however there is no evidence on BRM270 impacts on pancreatic cancer growth. In this study, we investigated the effect of BRM270 on the isolated CD44 positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (CD44+ PDAC). Results showed that CD44 positive cells undergo apoptosis induced by BRM270. Moreover, BRM270 also inhibits stemness and metastasis traits in CD44+ PDAC via Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and SALL4 expression. In vivo study indicated that tumor growth derived from CD44+ PDAC was suppressed as daily uptake by BRM270 5 mg/kg. These data suggest the alternative approach in antipancreatic tumorigenesis via herbal plants extract and selectively targeting CD44+ PDAC cells in tumor.

Targeting lipid metabolism to overcome EMT-associated drug resistance via integrin β3/FAK pathway and tumor-associated macrophage repolarization using legumain-activatable delivery.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is closely associated with the development of drug resistance. Lipid metabolism plays an important role in EMT. This work was to study the cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin for reversing EMT-associated resistance to chemotherapy via lipid metabolism.Methods: The combination of simvastatin and paclitaxel was used to overcome the EMT-associated drug resistance. For dual-action on both cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), the tumor microenvironment-activatable multifunctional liposomes were developed for drug codelivery. The liposomes were modified with a hairpin-structured, activatable cell-penetrating peptide that is specifically responsive to the tumor-associated protease legumain.Results: It was revealed simvastatin can disrupt lipid rafts (cholesterol-rich domains) and suppress integrin-β3 and focal adhesion formation, thus inhibiting FAK signaling pathway and re-sensitizing the drug-resistant cancer cells to paclitaxel. Furthermore, simvastatin was able to re-polarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), promoting M2-to-M1 phenotype switch via cholesterol-associated LXR/ABCA1 regulation. The repolarization increased TNF-α, but attenuated TGF-β, which, in turn, remodeled the tumor microenvironment and suppressed EMT. The liposomal formulation achieved enhanced treatment efficacy.Conclusion: This study provides a promising simvastatin-based nanomedicine strategy targeting cholesterol metabolism to reverse EMT and repolarize TAM to treat drug-resistant cancer. The elucidation of the molecular pathways (cholesterol/lipid raft/integrin β3/FAK and cholesterol-associated LXR/ABCA1 regulation) for anti-EMT and the new application of simvastatin should be of clinical significance.

Plastin3 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and poor prognosis in gastric cancer.

The plastin3 (PLS3) gene, which encodes an actin bundling protein known to inhibit cofilin-mediated depolymerization of actin fiber, has been previously reported to serve an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of PLS3 and its role in regulating EMT, as well as in promoting cell invasion and migration in gastric cancer. The expression of plastin3 mRNA was measured in 163 resected gastric cancer specimens, in order to determine the clinicopathological significance. Furthermore, in vitro invasion and migration assays were performed on gastric cancer cells, which revealed that PLS3 expression was suppressed. The high PLS3 expression group had a higher incidence of advanced tumour stage, cancer differentiation, tumour invasion depth and distant metastases compared with the low PLS3 expression group (P<0.05). In addition, the high PLS3 expression group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the low expression group (P=0.012). Multivariate analysis indicated that high PLS3 expression was an independent prognostic factor for survival. The present study also identified that suppression of PLS3 in gastric cancer cells was associated with decreased cell invasion and migration. The findings from the present study indicate that high expression of PLS3 in gastric cancer is independently associated with a poor prognosis, and that PL3 serves an important role in EMT.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Inhibitor, a Cytokine of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family, is Associated With Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Previous studies have revealed that the activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) endows metastatic properties upon cancer cells to promote invasion and migration. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 50 cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and paired normal kidney tissues. We detected the expression of vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) and EMT markers (E-cadherin, fibronectin, and Slug) and recorded the clinical, pathologic, and follow-up (median follow-up: 79.0 mo) information. The expression of VEGI and E-cadherin was significantly lower in RCC tissues compared with normal kidney tissues (P<0.001). However, the expression of fibronectin and Slug was higher in RCC tissues (P<0.05). VEGI and EMT marker expression marginally differed in tumor size and stage. Significant differences were found in the pathologic grade (P<0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis suggested a positive correlation between VEGI and E-cadherin (r=0.451, P<0.01). A negative correlation was shown between VEGI and fibronectin (r=-0.465, P<0.01). There was also a negative correlation between VEGI and Slug (r=-0.758, P<0.01). During the 79.0 months (range, 7 to 119 mo) of follow-up, 6 patients died due to RCC, and the tumor-free survival rate was 88% (44/50). We did not find a significant correlation between VEGI/EMT markers (E-cadherin, fibronectin, and Slug) and overall survival (P>0.05). Our findings indicate that VEGI plays an important role in EMT in RCC. It suggests that VEGI may be investigated as a disease biomarker and therapeutic target in RCC.