Important Historical Heritage Research Articles

Preserving the historical heritage by burying new constructions underground: the Segovia Bridge and the M-30 motorway tunnel in Madrid

PurposeThis work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of fully preserving the historical heritage at the same time reordering the cities and their traffic.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes the sustainable solution designed for the landscape change required and to maintain the bridge integrity by excavating under the pier with the maintenance of traffic during its execution.FindingsIt is concluded that the elimination of urban motorways on the surface often leads to the excavation of tunnels under the existing buildings, with little coverage in most of them. This complicates the implementation of burials in cities with an important historical heritage, which must be given conservation priority in the choice of technical solutions.Originality/valueThe Segovia Bridge over the Manzanares River, the oldest bridge in Madrid, was built in the 16th century. With the burial of the M-30 motorway, it has been necessary to build a tunnel immediately under one of the bridge piers, practically without lining between the foundations and the upper slab of the tunnel.

Mining-Induced Anthropogenic Transformations of the Wielka Kopa Massif—Case Study of Rudawy Janowickie, the Sudetes

The article presents a detailed description of the transformation of the terrain relief due to long-lasting underground and surface mining activity in the Wielka Kopa massif at Rudawy Janowickie (the Western Sudetes mountains). It includes both the anthropogenic forms and secondary transformations of these forms due to natural land-shaping processes, ongoing after mining had been discontinued. The location deserves special attention, as it shows particularly significant mining-induced relief transformations, whose scale can be compared to those of the Walbrzych hard coal basin and the Turoszow lignite basin. The presented object is also an important historical heritage and deserves special attention due to its high research, didactic and tourism potential. The article offers a description of the characteristics and a classification of the anthropogenic forms in the area of Wielka Kopa, which are hoped to serve as an aid in planning future actions related to the revitalization of the area and also as an example for future descriptions of other closed mining facilities.

Identification of Preferential Runoff Belts in Jinan Spring Basin Based on Hydrological Time-Series Correlation

The Jinan karst system is one of the typical karst systems in North China. The karst springs in Jinan are important historical heritage in China. However, in recent years, due to urbanization and the excessive exploitation of groundwater resources in Jinan City, the rate of spring flow has decreased tremendously. Preferential runoff belts are channels of karst aquifers where fractures and conduits are well-developed and serve as the main pathways for groundwater movement and solute transport. In view of this, a study was conducted in the Jinan Spring Basin to identify preferential runoff belts based on hydrological time-series correlation. Firstly, through cross wavelet transform and Pearson correlation coefficient, the time-lag and correlation of spring water level and precipitation were analyzed, the result show that the precipitation in the areas of Xinglong, Donghongmiao, Qiujiazhuang, Xiying, Yanzishan and Liubu stations has a greater impact on spring water level. In addition, combined with the hydrogeological conditions of the Jinan Spring Basin, the above stations meet the characteristics of the preferential runoff belt. In conclusion, the above stations are most likely to be located on the preferential runoff belt. The results of this study can serve as great reference points for building a correct hydrogeological conceptual model, and for the future planning of spring protection measures.

Colonial Architecture in Panama City. Analysis of the Heritage Value of Its Monastic Buildings

The Historic District of Panama City was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997 for representing an exceptional example of 17th century colonial urban planning in the Americas. This article focuses on the specific analysis of the deteriorated monastic typology, highlighting its historical role as an articulating piece of the original urban layout designed in 1673 after the transfer from Panamá Viejo to the current location and which continues today. Our methodology consisted of reviewing the different stages of each of these buildings, extracting common events, and identifying the examples of the greatest value loss, with the aim of enhancing and highlighting their historical footprint. This study includes approaches from urbanism, architectural history, and heritage preservation that allows us to discuss possible tools, either for protection or adaptative reuse, to avoid the deterioration of such important historical heritage.

Multiplatform-SfM and TLS Data Fusion for Monitoring Agricultural Terraces in Complex Topographic and Landcover Conditions

Agricultural terraced landscapes, which are important historical heritage sites (e.g., UNESCO or Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) sites) are under threat from increased soil degradation due to climate change and land abandonment. Remote sensing can assist in the assessment and monitoring of such cultural ecosystem services. However, due to the limitations imposed by rugged topography and the occurrence of vegetation, the application of a single high-resolution topography (HRT) technique is challenging in these particular agricultural environments. Therefore, data fusion of HRT techniques (terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and aerial/terrestrial structure from motion (SfM)) was tested for the first time in this context (terraces), to the best of our knowledge, to overcome specific detection problems such as the complex topographic and landcover conditions of the terrace systems. SfM–TLS data fusion methodology was trialed in order to produce very high-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) of two agricultural terrace areas, both characterized by the presence of vegetation that covers parts of the subvertical surfaces, complex morphology, and inaccessible areas. In the unreachable areas, it was necessary to find effective solutions to carry out HRT surveys; therefore, we tested the direct georeferencing (DG) method, exploiting onboard multifrequency GNSS receivers for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and postprocessing kinematic (PPK) data. The results showed that the fusion of data based on different methods and acquisition platforms is required to obtain accurate DTMs that reflect the real surface roughness of terrace systems without gaps in data. Moreover, in inaccessible or hazardous terrains, a combination of direct and indirect georeferencing was a useful solution to reduce the substantial inconvenience and cost of ground control point (GCP) placement. We show that in order to obtain a precise data fusion in these complex conditions, it is essential to utilize a complete and specific workflow. This workflow must incorporate all data merging issues and landcover condition problems, encompassing the survey planning step, the coregistration process, and the error analysis of the outputs. The high-resolution DTMs realized can provide a starting point for land degradation process assessment of these agriculture environments and supplies useful information to stakeholders for better management and protection of such important heritage landscapes.

Building-up Affordable Data Collection System to Provide 3D Scaled Image for Heritage Documentation

To solve the problem of insufficient efficiency of 2D display for damaged and erosional parts of important historical heritage and a high cost of a scanning systems used, affordable data collection system to provide 3D scaled image for Heritage Documentation has been proposed to obtain scaled image with lower cost upon user. The main target of Smart Automated System (SAS) to reconstruct 3D image for various structures and terrain. Mechanically, this system was designed to apply rotation function, that a digital camera will be rotated by using a stepper motor with specific horizontal angles. While the SAS rotates; non-metric digital camera which must be ready to capture automatically a sequence of 2D images. These captured 2D images must be processed and subjected to registration process for obtaining 3D scaled image. MATLAB software has been used to perform automation function between hardware parts (explained bellow) as well as processing of images.

The Place of Concise Copyrights in Historical Awareness and Science of Kalam in the Islamic Education Tradition

Tarih bilinci sonrakilere aktarılan bir tecrübe birikimi ve gelecek nesillerin hazır bulduğu önemli bir tarihi miras olma özelliği taşır. Gelenek, örf, adet ismi de verilen bu tecrübe birikimi tarihin süzgecinden geçerek klasik olma niteliğini elde etmiştir. On dört asırlık bilgi birikimine sahip Müslümanların bu kültürü günümüze aktarmada izleyeceği yöntem de ayrıca büyük öneme haizdir. Bu çalışmada genel olarak klasikler özelde de akâid ve kelam klasiklerinin telif nedenleri ve bunların sonraki nesile neler kazandırdığı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Kelam ilmine yön verme özelliğine sahip bu klasiklerin okunmasında izlenecek metodoloji de bu vesileyle analiz edilecektir. Çünkü geleneği günümüze aktarmada sadece yazılan metinlerin satır aralarına sıkışmak, İslam’ın evrensel değerleri ile de problem oluşturabilmektedir.

인국의 사상가를 통해 할 수 있는 모든 것 : 다케우치 요시미와 루쉰, 동아시아 사상사의 한 궤적

This study reorganized the relationship between Takeuchi Yoshimi and Lu Xun and throughout his lifetime, what Takeuchi Yoshimi attempted to do through Lu Xun. For this aim, this study not only looked into the translated versions of 『Lu Xun』 but also comprehensively examined the works on Lu Xun ranging from his 20s and until his death written by Takeuchi Yoshimi. The study on Lu Xun by Takeuchi Yoshimi not only accumulated the knowledge on the thinker from another country but also showed that a researcher can establish one’s own thinking based on the research. In addition, Takeuchi Yoshimi, as an expert researcher on China, understood China but also as a social critic, criticized the Japanese society through Lu Xun. Moreover, Takeuchi Yoshimi, as a translator, delivered the words and the problem consciousness of Lu Xun to the society one lives in and, as a practitioner, aimed to create ‘the square of the people’ by using Lu Xun as a mediator. Based on the relationship with Lu Xun, Takeuchi Yoshimi was able to ercely confront the issues of modernism, liberalism, and culturalism of Japan. When referring to his actions through Lu Xun, they encompass all eorts which can be done by using a thinker of a neighboring country as a mediator and this is an important historical heritage of the East Asian history of thought.

Structural refurbishment strategies on industrial heritage buildings in Madrid: Recent examples

Madrid has a large number of industrial buildings with historical character and great architectural heritage value that after its original industrial activity had been closed a large period of time. Fortunately in recent years several actions have been taken to recover this important historical heritage. These buildings have new uses which require in many cases major architectural and structural transformations, and these transformations must be done not only thinking of fulfilling the new role, but also preserving and enhancing the value of existing buildings.This paper discusses some common strategies applied to structural intervention on several buildings in which this task has been developed by Mecanismo Structural Engineering.

Combined In-Situ and Laboratory Minor Destructive Testing of Historical Mortars

ABSTRACTMortar is of all masonry components the most difficult to be experimentally characterized in heritage buildings. This article investigates the possibility of combining different in-situ and laboratory minor destructive testing (MDT) techniques to assess the strength of mortar in historical brickwork. Lime mortar and clay brick walls were built in the laboratory and then tested in order to derive empirical correlation rules among three different MDT techniques: double punch test (DPT), helix pull-out test (HPT), and pin penetration test (PPT). The outcomes of this activity were used eventually to assess the mortar properties of an important historical heritage structure, Casa Puig i Cadafalch, located near Barcelona. The research is intended to promote the use of MDT in studies and conservation works on built cultural heritage by providing criteria for the evaluation of the strength of existing mortar with respectful sampling and testing techniques.

Estrategias de intervención estructural sobre edificios del patrimonio histórico industrial de Madrid: realizaciones recientes

Madrid has a large number of industrial buildings with historical character and great architectural heritage value that after their original industrial activity have been closed for a long period of time. Fortunately, in recent years, several actions have been taken to recover this important historical heritage. These buildings have new uses, which in many cases require major architectural and structural transformations, and these transformations must be done, not only thinking of fulfilling the new role, but also preserving and enhancing the value of existing buildings.This paper discusses some common strategies applied to structural interventions on several buildings in which this task has been developed by Mecanismo Structural Engineering.

Učilnica na prostem – Primer Poti miru

OPEN‑AIR CLASSROOM: THE WALK OF PEACE EXAMPLEThe Walk of Peace from the Alps to the Adriatic is a project created under the auspices of the Walk of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation. Walk of Peace is a trail following the remnants of the Isonzo Front. Its intention is to emphasise the values of peace and remembrance of an essential part of the nation's collective consciousness, conveying the tragedy of World War I in light of the important historical heritage. Thus this trail is an extraordinary didactic element, as its authentic locations and areas of remembrance provide a direct link with the past and allow for the efficient implementation of an open‑air classroom.

Assessment of wire-frame analysis models of a historical planked timber arch

This paper describes theoretical and experimental work undertaken to obtain a structural model for assessment of historical Latin-American vertically laminated planked timber arches, as built by the Spanish, mainly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Many such arches still stand, and represent an important historical heritage. Following initial historical and construction studies, a structural analysis is being undertaken; the first stage is described here. Two wire frame analysis models are developed and assessed: a finite-element model using elasto-plastic constitutive equations (implemented in SAP2000), and another model using limit analysis. An experimental programme is also conducted. The structure presents elasto-plastic behaviour with an important plastic range, which is a relevant and favourable property for a structure. The numerical elasto-plastic model shows good agreement with experimental results for the elastic range and deviations around 60% for the plastic range. The plastic model shows a deviation of around 40%, which is an important outcome at this stage. The models show the key problem of the structure: the transference of the bending moment along planks is poor, restricting its overall load-bearing capacity. Additional tests and more complex material models (including failure in tension perpendicular to the grain), using two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite elements, are now under development to recalibrate the models presented.

Seismic performance of the historical masonry clock tower and influence of the adjacent walls

Ancient masonry towers are regarded as among the most important historical heritage structures of the world. These slender structures typically have orthogonal and circular geometry in plane. These structural forms are commonly installed with adjacent structures. Because of their geometrical shapes and structural constraints, ancient masonry towers are more vulnerable to earthquake damage. The main goal of the paper is to investigate the seismic behavior of Erzurum Clock Tower under earthquake loading and to determine the contribution of the castle walls to the seismic performance of the tower. In this study, four three-dimensional finite element models of the Erzurum Clock Tower were developed and the seismic responses of the models were investigated. Time history analyses were performed using the earthquakes that took place in Turkey in 1983 near Erzurum and in 1992 near Erzincan. In the first model, the clock tower was modeled without the adjacent walls; in the second model, the clock tower was modeled with a castle wall on the south side; in the third model, the clock tower was modeled with a castle wall on the north side; and in the last model, the clock tower was modeled with two castle walls on both the north and south sides. Results of the analyses show that the adjacent walls do not allow lateral movements and the horizontal displacements decreases. It is concluded that the adjacent structures should be taken into consideration when modeling seismic performance in order to get accurate and realistic results.

Fractured-karst spring-flow protections: a case study in Jinan, China

Jinan Springs are an important historical heritage in China and have been well known for hundreds of years. Over-abstraction of groundwater in the Jinan area has seriously endangered the hydrological system of the springs, which have stopped flowing for significant periods of time in recent years. A three-dimensional finite-element model programmed primarily at the Hefei University of Technology has been developed to simulate groundwater level change in the large fractured-karst aquifer system in the Jinan Springs field. Various spring protection plans have been explored and their effects on the water table analyzed and compared. It was found that the present rate of groundwater withdrawal from the fractured-karst system in this area was inappropriate for spring protection. The simulated results suggest that decreasing the rate of groundwater pumping from 6.9×105 to 2.7×105 m3/day is needed to protect spring flows. Additional water resource requirements in that area may be met by use of surface water and recycled waste water.

Richard Liversidge, 1926–2003

Richard Liversidge, 1926–2003

L'évolution des armatures urbaines : Pays-Bas et Danemark

The Netherlands ?nd Denmark are a good field for a comparative study of the evolution of urban networks, owing to the likeness of their physical and human conditions but also long standing differences in the density of population and urbanization. The importance of the capital region (in spite of decentralisation), the weakness of «regional metropolis», the strengthening of the lower levels in the urban hierarchy, the recent integration of the urban network in planning targets, are common to the two States. However the Dutch network, grounded on an important historical heritage, seems more «mature» than Denmark's one, which is still in evolution.