Importance Of Ethical Values Research Articles

VALUES AND GOALS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ROMANIAN FAMILY BUSINESSES

The paper discusses the issues related to the connection between the family values and the family firm goals in Romanian family businesses. The values of the family are the foundation of the values of the family firm and they represent the core of the firm’s culture according to the 7S model of McKinsey. The goals of the firm are an important component of its strategy and are influenced by the values. The family business goals are structured as a multidimensional concept combining two scales: economic versus non-economic orientation and family versus business orientation. The research method is qualitative, using the interview instrument. The analysis of the interviews indicate that the family values are characteristic to traditional family aspects and that the firm’s values are reflecting important ethical values such as trust, respect, responsibility, hard work, openness to communicate, fairness, mutual understanding, and mutual support. They also reflect business values such as efficiency, effectiveness, focus on client, quality, innovation, cooperation, accountability, and professionalism. Several conclusions and recommendation for future quantitative research were formulated.

Artificial intelligence and human autonomy: the case of driving automation

AbstractThe present paper aims at contributing to the ethical debate on the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) systems on human autonomy. More specifically, it intends to offer a clearer understanding of the design challenges to the effort of aligning driving automation technologies to this ethical value. After introducing the discussion on the ambiguous impacts that AI systems exert on human autonomy, the analysis zooms in on how the problem has been discussed in the literature on connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). On this basis, it is claimed that the issue has been mainly tackled on a fairly general level, and mostly with reference to the controversial issue of crash-optimization algorithms, so that only limited design insights have been drawn. However, integrating ethical analysis and design practices is critical to pursue the implementation of such an important ethical value into CAV technologies. To this aim, it is argued, a more applied approach targeted at examining the impacts on human autonomy of current CAV functions should also be explored. As an example of the intricacy of this task, the case of automated route planning is discussed in some detail.

“Rakstu Avots” – Latvijas Evaņģēliski luteriskās baznīcas grāmatu sērijas ideja un tās īstenojums (1932–1940)

Appreciating the essential role of books in shaping the worldview of individuals, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia (LELB) and its pastors actively published books on Christian themes in the independent Republic of Latvia (1918–1940). Among them was the book series “Source of Writings” (Rakstu Avots) initiated and edited by a pastor, bibliophile, and librarian Gustavs Šaurums (1883–1952). Almost 90 titles of books were published in the series from 1933 until the Soviet occupation in the summer of 1940. The aim of the book series was to prevent the influence of “harmful” literature on society, offering good religious reading material instead. The research aims to determine the opinion of LELB pastors about the most important ethical values and reading material needed by society, as well as society’s attitude towards this literature. The main source of the research is the book set of the series. The bibliographic method (collection of bibliographic information about the book series and its analysis) used in the research allows us to ascertain the range of authors and works chosen by the publishers, the frequency of publishing, the circulation and other important characteristics of books. The text analysis method provides an opportunity to determine the essential ideas the publisher wanted to popularise and strengthen in society. The publishing frequency of the series (one printed work every month) and the consistently low price (the annual set cost one lat) are commendable. The annual sets of the series did have 12 issues, but they were small in size, modestly designed, and mostly printed in Gothic script (except for the children’s books, which were printed in antique type and usually illustrated). The works postulated a strong Christian faith and complete trust in God’s destiny as a fundamental ethical value. The works of the series, kept in the spirit of conservatism, did not take into account the complex life situation of the 20th-century individual, in which he had to face various spiritual, intellectual movements and growing secularism. The series gained attention only in the LELB environment.

The Importance of Ethical Values in Explicit Music in English from a Parental Perspective

Given the significant influence of the English language in most Spanish educational centres in Spain as well as on main top popular music charts in this country, and considering the current crisis of ethical values on a global level, the aim of this study was to primarily assess the level of parental concern related to explicit language in songs in the English language and relate its connection with own ethical values. The instrument used to collect data was a Likert-scale based questionnaire (with 5 response-options) following the hypotheses of this study (Behaviour and emotions of minors; Level of English and understanding of the language, explicit music broadcasted globally and modification of ethical values if in a foreign language), which were defined through the structural equation model (SEM-PLS), a method recommended for studies in social sciences. A total of 160 responses were collected from parents/tutors claiming they had a lower-intermediate level of the English language and with children/students who were enrolled in different bilingual schools in Extremadura (Spain). Results actually revealed a relaxed attitude towards ethical values compromised by explicit language, should these be in a foreign language, therefore evidencing a different personal ranking of values in a foreign language.

How clinicians can respond when family members question a proxy/surrogate's judgment and decisional capacity

Many state laws specify procedures for determining surrogate or proxy decision-makers for end-of-life care in the absence of an advance directive, living will, or other designation. Some laws also set forth criteria that the decision-maker must follow when making medical decisions for an incapacitated patient and determining whether to withdraw life-sustaining treatment. This article provides analysis of a medical ethics case on the question of how to address family allegations that the proxy decision-maker suffers from dementia and is unable to make decisions for the patient. Cases such as this involve interwoven legal and ethical considerations including: how to address concerns that the proxy is making questionable or unreasonable decisions, how to evaluate the proxy's decisional capacity, strategies for enhancing communication, and standards for removing a proxy. This article suggests that “surrogacy ladders” in state law serve not only as a procedural mechanism, but also protect important ethical values such as tiers of moral authority for decision-making, relational autonomy, and privacy.

Re-Reading the Annunciation (Luke 1:26-38): Towards Comprehensive Sexuality Education

Abstract: Christianity should be a liberating and transformative resource in the defense of women's sexual and reproductive health and rights. Yet, Christianity's patriarchal grounding often invalidates the equal dignity and worth of women and girls. This paper seeks to re-read the annunciation story through the lens of African Women's theologies to unearth how scriptural texts and cultural values intersect to inhibit or affirm women's rights regarding sexual and reproductive health. The Church's focus on Mary's virginity as the rationale for perfect womanhood has resulted in control and shaming of women's sexuality. I ask, what needs to be done to ensure women's agency so that they feel empowered to reconfigure cultural and Christian values so that their sexual and reproductive health needs are attended to? What can be done to ensure that all genders have equal opportunities with regard to reproduction? The defense of women's sexual and reproductive health and rights is inherently an important ethical value within religion. It is thus hoped that the analysis will not only promote tolerance in accommodating various forms of sexualities and deconstructing patriarchal gender barriers to reproductive liberation and gender justice but also stir religious and cultural gatekeepers to partner with the other stakeholders in advocating for Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE).

Parliamentary debate in lawmaking process – technology of politics

The article analyses the duration of parliamentary debate in the lawmaking process in the period when Poland was governed by populist groups (2015–2019). These groups (the United Right) are critical of the modern idea of parliamentary democracy, and populist parties treat a debate in the Parliament as a political technique rather than an important political and ethical value. Formally, contemporary populism does not deny the Parliament but lowers its rank and clearly instrumentalises it, which is manifested in the practice of limiting discussion, not taking up talks, and imposing the majority’s will. At the same time, the Parliament reflects the real attitude of populist groups to the political opposition and their attempts at its political annihilation.

The element of fault in Roman private law

R. von Jhering’s 1867 work Das Schuldmoment im römischen Privatrecht, translated hereby into Russian, is still recommended in basic textbooks on German civil law marked “grundlegend”, which means “fundamental”. And indeed, despite the significant complication of the legal material on this issue since its publication, the work contains fundamental ideas from which one can depart in various directions, but which it is absolutely impossible and unacceptable for an educated lawyer to pass by. From a didactic point of view, the work is remarkable in terms of the accessibility of the language, the clarity of ideas and the illustrative nature of the material supporting them. The work of R. von Jhering, despite its relative brevity, is a full-fledged study and, undoubtedly, is one of the outstanding monuments of legal scholarship not only of the 19th century and Germany alone, but of all time for the whole world. It shows the path that the legal system must overcome from the unsophisticated ancient legal forms to an impartial assessment of what causes the greatest irritation in any person — the wrong committed against him. What is fundamentally important in the work is not that R. von Jhering explained what was already known, but how this work can help not to lose such important ethical values as the principle of guilt, proportionality of punishment, individual assessment of behavior on the further path of development. And much more. It seems that many readers, after reading the work, realize that their ideas about civil liability are much closer to Ihering’s description of ancient law, since the guilt component often goes far into the background compared to the idea that the injured person should be restored in property terms.

Ethical Challenges and Implications of Deactivating Mechanical Circulatory Support for Patients With Preserved Cognitive Function.

Ethical Challenges and Implications of Deactivating Mechanical Circulatory Support for Patients With Preserved Cognitive Function.

Evaluating current ethical values of OpenStreetMap using value sensitive design

ABSTRACT The crowdsourced OpenStreetMap mapping platform is utilized by countless stakeholders worldwide for various purposes and applications. Individuals, researchers, governments, commercial, and humanitarian organizations, in addition to the engineers, professionals, and technical developers, use OpenStreetMap both as data contributors and consumers. The storage, usage, and integration of volunteered geographical data in software applications often create complex ethical dilemmas and values regarding the relationships between different categories of stakeholders. It is therefore common for moral preferences of stakeholders to be neglected. This paper investigates the integration of ethical values in OpenStreetMap using the value sensitive design methodology that examines technical, empirical, and conceptual aspects at each design stage. We use the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, an existing volunteered geographic information initiative, as a case study. Our investigation shows that although OpenStreetMap does integrate ethical values in its organizational structure, a deeper understanding of its direct and indirect stakeholders’ perspectives is still required. This study is expected to assist organizations that contribute to or use OpenStreetMap in recognizing and preserving existing and important ethical values. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate ethical values methodically and comprehensively in the design process of the OpenStreetMap platform.

Fair Allocation of Scarce Therapies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for nonhospitalized patients with mild or moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and for individuals exposed to COVID-19 as postexposure prophylaxis. EUAs for oral antiviral drugs have also been issued. Due to increased demand because of the Delta variant, the federal government resumed control over the supply and asked states to ration doses. As future variants (eg, the Omicron variant) emerge, further rationing may be required. We identify relevant ethical principles (ie, benefiting people and preventing harm, equal concern, and mitigating health inequities) and priority groups for access to therapies based on an integrated approach to population health and medical factors (eg, urgently scarce healthcare workers, persons in disadvantaged communities hard hit by COVID-19). Using priority categories to allocate scarce therapies effectively operationalizes important ethical values. This strategy is preferable to the current approach of categorical exclusion or inclusion rules based on vaccination, immunocompromise status, or older age, or the ad hoc consideration of clinical risk factors.

The ethics of informed consent and shared decision-making in pediatric surgery

Informed consent is a required feature in the practice of pediatric surgery. Surgeons cannot practice the trade without it and most of us learned to do it as part of our “apprenticeship” in surgical training. We were bystanders when the senior resident or attending spoke to the patient and family and we were silent witnesses to the signing of the document called a “consent.” Intentional instruction about informed consent is rudimentary in most residencies. By the time we become surgical fellows, it is assumed that we have the requisite skill set to perform this “task” so we can get on with what we like to do best; operating. For many, it is viewed as a perfunctory step which, if done properly, will comply with hospital policies, might someday be exhibited during medical litigation, and ultimately it will occupy a tiny bit of memory in the hospital EMR system. However, this “thing” called the informed consent is much more than an item on a pre-op check list. The re-branding of the term “informed consent” into “shared decision-making” underscores the “re-evolution” that has occurred in thought and practice from the act of obtaining an individual's permission for treatment toward the process leading up to that act.1 It reflects some of our most important ethical values in healthcare and is still the source of scholarly inquiry and controversy. In this paper, the terms “informed consent” and “shared decision-making” will be used interchangeably but the intention is focused on the process of how physicians and their patients make choices together. If you have not thought about this topic recently, I encourage you to take a moment and explore some of the interesting and challenging questions which are still unanswered. Although the ethical principles underlying informed consent are shared by adult and pediatric medicine, there are many aspects which are unique to the medical care of children. This article highlights some of those challenges and controversies illustrated by two case studies and viewed through the lens of bioethics.

Patient autonomy

Patient autonomy is one of the most important ethical values in the health care practice. Patients’ autonomy means the right of patients to make decisions about their medical care without their health care provider trying to influence the decision. Patients’ autonomy allows health care providers to educate the patients but do not allow them to make the decision for the patients. Â

Consumers' purchasing intentions for efficient water-saving products: the mediating effects of altruistic and egoistic values

Abstract Efficient water-saving appliances are an essential part of changing water consumption toward a more sustainable future. Unlike previous studies, this research focuses on egoistic and altruistic values as determinants of consumers' willingness to buy efficient water-saving appliances. In this study, a convenient sampling technique was used to solicit data from 308 potential consumers. Using a two-step structural equation model method for data analysis, the results show that both egoistic and altruistic values affect the willingness of consumers to purchase efficient water-saving appliances. However, compared with altruistic values, egoistic values had a greater influence on consumers' purchasing intention. From the Chinese perspective, this study is one of the primary efforts to understand the association and importance of ethical values and consumers' willingness to support water-saving innovations. The findings of this study put forward significant policy effects that could serve as a benchmark for measures that are likely to promote purchasing intentions toward efficient water-saving appliances.

Do-(Not-)Mechanical-Circulatory-Support Orders: Should We Ask All Cardiac Surgery Patients for Informed Consent for Post-Cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Circulatory Support?

Post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (PC-ECLS) has seen a substantial increase in use over the past 10 years. PC-ECLS can be a life-saving procedure and is mostly applied in the presence of unexpected, severe cardio-respiratory complication. Despite PC-ECLS being critical in allowing for organ recovery, it is unfortunately closely connected with an unpredictable outcomes, high morbidity, and, even in the case of cardiac function improvement, potential sustained disabilities that have a life-changing impact for the patient and his or her family. Since the decision to start PC-ECLS is made in an acute setting, there is often only limited or no time for self-determined choices. Due to the major impact of the intervention, it would be highly desirable to obtain informed consent before starting PC-ECLS, since the autonomy of the patient and shared-decision making are two of the most important ethical values in modern medicine. Recent developments regarding awareness of the impacts of a prolonged intensive care stay make this a particularly relevant topic. Therefore, it would be desirable to develop a structural strategy that takes into account the likelihood of such an intervention and the wishes and preferences of the patient, and thus the related autonomy of the patient. This article proposes key points for such a strategy in the form of a PC-ECLS informed consent, a do-(not-)mechanical-circulatory-support order (D(N)MCS), and specific guidelines to determine the extent of the shared decision making. The concept presented in this article could be a starting point for improved and ethical PC-ECLS treatment and application.

TOLERANCE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION OF STUDENT YOUTH

It is impossible to ensure the effectiveness of radical reforms in education related to the country's development prospects without taking into account the worldview and values of an individual, his/her creative self-regulation, training, general spiritual culture, implementation of tolerant behavior and high morals of the younger generation. This determines the relevance of the research problem. The purpose of the study is to clarify and analyze the essence and identify the characteristics of tolerance as a result of spiritual and religious education. To achieve this goal, the following research methods are used: analysis of domestic and foreign philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical literature on the problem (to generalize the theoretical foundations and clarify the essence of tolerance as a result of spiritual and religious education of students; analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization (to substantiate the organizational and pedagogical conditions of spiritual and religious education of youth). Therefore, religious tolerance is an important moral and ethical values, worldview and psychological quality of the individual, which consists in awareness, perception, understanding and respect of various religious beliefs, in the recognition and practical assertion of the right of everyone to have religious or free-thinking beliefs. Religious tolerance involves the use of tolerant behavior as one that ensures security in interpersonal relationships; awareness of tolerance as an effective practice of interpersonal communication; recognition of the individual's right to their own worldview and awareness of moral and legal responsibility for compliance with the principle of religious tolerance; practical construction of tolerant relations. For formation of tolerant interpersonal relations in educational work trainings, role games, individual conversations and consultations on a subject of national customs, religious rites, family traditions are used.

The ethics of DNR-decisions in oncology and hematology care: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn cancer care, do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are common in the terminal phase of the illness, which implies that the responsible physician in advance decides that in case of a cardiac arrest neither basic nor advanced Coronary Pulmonary Rescue should be performed. Swedish regulations prescribe that DNR decisions should be made by the responsible physician, preferably in co-operation with members of the team. If possible, the patient should consent, and significant others should be informed of the decision. Previous studies have shown that physicians and nurses can experience ethical dilemmas in relation to DNR decisions, but knowledge about what ethical reasoning they perform is lacking. Therefore, the aim was to describe and explore what ethical reasoning physicians and nurses apply in relation to DNR-decisions in oncology and hematology care.MethodsA qualitative, descriptive and explorative design was used, based on 287 free-text comments in a study-specific questionnaire, answered by 216 physicians and nurses working in 16 oncology and hematology wards in Sweden. Comments were given by 89 participants.ResultsThe participants applied a situation-based ethical reasoning in relation to DNR-decisions. The reasons given for this were both deontological and utilitarian in kind. Also, expressions of care ethics were found in the material. Universal rules or guidelines were seen as problematic. Concerning the importance of the subject, nurses to a higher extent underlined the importance of discussing DNR-situations, while physicians described DNR-decisions as over-investigated and not such a big issue in their daily work.ConclusionThe study revealed that DNR-decisions in oncology and hematology care gave rise to ethical considerations. Important ethical values described by the participants were to avoid doing harm and to secure a peaceful and “natural” death with dignity for their dying patients. A preference for the expression “allow for natural death” instead of the traditional term “do not resuscitate” was found in the material.

Cultural Differences as Excuses? Human Rights and Cultural Values in Global Ethics and Governance of AI

Cultural differences pose a serious challenge to the ethics and governance of artificial intelligence (AI) from a global perspective. Cultural differences may enable malignant actors to disregard the demand of important ethical values or even to justify the violation of them through deference to the local culture, either by affirming the local culture lacks specific ethical values, e.g., privacy, or by asserting the local culture upholds conflicting values, e.g., state intervention is good. One response to this challenge is the human rights approach to AI governance, which is intended to be a universal and globally enforceable framework. The proponents of the approach, however, have so far neglected the challenge from cultural differences or left out the implications of cultural diversity in their works. This is surprising because human rights theorists have long recognized the significance of cultural pluralism for human rights. Accordingly, the approach may not be straightforwardly applicable in “non-Western” contexts because of cultural differences, and it may also be critiqued as philosophically incomplete insofar as the approach does not account for the (non-) role of culture. This commentary examines the human rights approach to AI governance with an emphasis on cultural values and the role of culture. Particularly, I show that the consideration of cultural values is essential to the human rights approach for both philosophical and instrumental reasons.

An Excess of Love

Abstract In both the social sciences and pop cultural representation, gay men’s open relationships are consistently described according to a contradictory logic in which coupled gay men may enjoy non-exclusive sexual practices because they are able to separate sex from emotional attachment and only on the condition that they separate sex from emotional attachment. Since the emotional response to outside sexual partners that should not occur always is a threat, gay men are cautioned to institute and obey rules to produce and enforce a boundary or separation, in the interest of protecting primary coupled relationships. This article argues that the failure to forestall an emotional response outside, beyond, and despite the boundaries of the couple has an important ethical value in the post-Obergefell world of gay normalization. An excess of love, flaring up where it shouldn’t, holds open the possibility of other forms of community, sociality, and relationality.

Comparison of Attitudes towards Sex Education and Ethical Positions of Teacher Who Work with Intellectually Disabled Individuals

Bu araştırmada zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerle çalışan öğretmenlerin cinsel eğitime yönelik tutumları ile etik durumları arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Cinsel eğilimler doğru yönlendirilmediğinde olumsuz sonuçlara yol açabilirler. Zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerde cinsel eğitimin önemi bilinmektedir. Zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerle çalışan öğretmenlerin cinsel eğitime yönelik tutumlarına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve olumsuz olanların ortadan kaldırılarak olumlu olanların desteklenmesinin bu alandaki sorunları aza indireceği düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda etik değerlerin önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. İlişkisel desende tarama modelli bir çalışma olan araştırma kapsamında İstanbul’un 7 ilçesinde toplam 329 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda cinsel eğitime yönelik tutumlarında branş değişkenine göre özel eğitim öğretmenleri lehine tüm alt faktörleri kapsayacak şekilde, çevresinde zihinsel yetersizliği olan birey bulunma değişkenine göre çevresinde zihinsel yetersizliği olan birey bulunanlar lehine anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Etik Durum Ölçeği verileri analiz edildiğinde öğretmenlerin idealizm alt boyutuna ilişkin hesaplanan ortalama puanları görecelik alt boyutu için hesaplanan ortalama puanından oldukça yüksektir. Cinsel eğitime yönelik tutumlarla etik durumlar arasında ise anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır.