Important Economic Institutions Research Articles

Consular Complications: The Appointment and Rejection of Swedish Consuls in Eighteenth-Century Spain

The early modern consul was an important economic and diplomatic institution. By the end of the eighteenth century, the number of consuls had increased drastically. However, previous research has failed to appreciate how bilateral relations between states could have a significant impact on how one state’s consular service expanded. Appointments could get rejected or take a long time to secure, not least because the sender state wanted to avoid provoking tensions with the receiving state. In this article, the author explores these themes through the appointment of Swedish consuls in Spain in the eighteenth century. The article shows that the Spanish reticence to accept Swedish appointments had a severe effect on the Swedish consular service in Spain in terms of the speed and scope of its expansion. The Swedish diplomatic corps played a key role in trying to sway the Spanish authorities, and when that failed they circumvented the Spanish state’s rejections of consular appointments by authorizing agents. These agents must also be treated as part of the expansion of the early modern consular service. Their existence begs the question of what a consul really was and if we have underestimated the number of consuls in the eighteenth century.

ФОНДОВЫЙ РЫНОК КАК НЕОТЪЕМЛЕМАЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ РАЗВИТИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

This article examines the importance of the stock market for the country’s economy. In modern conditions, it is becoming an increasingly important economic institution. This is confirmed not only by purely economic factors, but also by the historical development of this industry. In Russia, the stock market has now become an important institution due to the massive influx of private investors. At the same time, his social role is increasingly being traced. Thanks to the instruments of the stock market and with proper government regulation, the stock market becomes a platform where synergy between the actions of private investors and public interests is achieved.

БАНКОВСКИЙ СЕКТОР РОССИИ: АНАЛИЗ ТЕКУЩЕГО СОСТОЯНИЯ

This article provides an analysis of the Russian banking sector. It is noted that it is the most important economic institution for the development of the state. The growth rates of lending in various fields, as well as the growth rates of fundraising, are given. To date, the entire Russian economy has faced external geopolitical shocks, so the issue of adapting different sectors to the realities of the current situation is becoming the most urgent. The role of commercial banks in the economy is difficult to reduce, they are in many ways sources of financing for businesses. This ensures the economic growth of the national economy.

СУТНІСТЬ ОЩАДНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ ТА ЇЇ РОЛЬ У ФОРМУВАННІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ ДОМОГОСПОДАРСТВ

The economic behavior of households plays an important role in the development of the country’s economy, is formed due to the impact of a significant number of factors, and produces the factors that determine further functioning of the national economy. These economic entities are important and integral economic institutions, and therefore the issues of the effective use of their economic potential are extremely relevant for further development of the sectors and spheres of the country’s economy without exception. Households play the most important role in the processes of consumption, offer formation for labor forces and development of the financial system of the country, especially its individual subsystem – the financial market. The model of the economic behavior formed by them quite often determines stability of the country’s economic behavior. The purpose of the article is to deepen theoretical provision of formation and transformation of the economic behavior of households, clarify the main components of such behavior, specify the content, determine the role of the saving behavior in the economic behavior model of households. In the article, the essence of the economic behavior of households is considered in detail (the following components are highlighted, namely: profit, consumption, entrepreneurship, labor, charity, innovation and financial), its role in formation of the saving behavior of households is specified. Considerable attention is also paid to specifying the essence of the saving behavior of households, which is implemented based on the analysis of the content of the definition "savings" and studying the features of formation of household savings in open system of the national economy. As a result, it is proposed to consider the saving behavior as a set of actions, managerial decisions that are related to the disposal of the personal financial resources and consist in the part of such resources withdrawn by these entities form the consumption process to store them for future use or to provide them to other business entities in order to obtain the additional income. The analysis of the proposed interpretation of the essence of the saving behavior of households allowed us to identify the specific features of such behavior, to justify its difference from the deposit behavior of these economic entities.

Analysis of the financial reality and its development in Cihan Bank for Islamic Investment and Finance for the period (2011-2021)

The Bank is considered one of the important economic institutions in stimulating the economic activities of any country and represents a major pillar of bringing about changes in economic development in societies now. Therefore, the research analyzes the financial reality and its development in Cihan Bank for Investment and Finance during the period (2011-2021). The importance of this research is manifested in diagnosing the bank's performance in mobilizing financial resources and its ability to direct them to the purposes that serve to stimulate economic activities. This research assumed that the bank can mobilize savings and increase the bank's cash balances and use it well to achieve economic profits. The conclusion was reached that there was a development in the total assets and cash in the fund during the research period, and also it was concluded that there was a rise in financing and investment revenues, as the compound growth rate for the research period reached (19.8%), and an increase in net profits after tax, as it reached Compound growth rate (8.86%). Finally, the research suggested a set of suggestions, perhaps the most important of which is to encourage community members to deposit their savings in banks.

Analisis Meningkatkan Simpan Pinjam Koperasi dan UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) pada Masa Covid-19 di Provinsi Sumatera Utara

Cooperatives are a necessary and important economic institution. Cooperatives are a form of joint effort based on the principle of family to improve welfare. And cooperatives have a goal to increase economic activity. Cooperatives and MSMEs have contributed significantly to regional and national income, especially in the North Sumatra Province. MSMEs play a role in absorbing labor in the distribution of development results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of the economic sector, especially MSMEs, could not develop and many ended up in bankruptcy and a slowdown in the economic sector in Indonesia with its various derivatives. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector which is the most important part of the economic sector that is feeling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the Covid-19 period, MSMEs experienced various problems such as decreased sales, capital, distribution was hampered, raw material difficulties, decreased production and the occurrence of many layoffs for workers and hunting which later became a threat to the national economy. With the purpose of this research, the analysis is to increase Savings and Loans for Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) during the Covid-19 period in North Sumatra Province, this research method is by taking secondary data and interviews, solving problems using qualitative methods from existing descriptions. in the mass media and then concluded by researchers.
 Keywords : Savings and Loans, UKM, Covid 19

Analisis Meningkatkan Simpan Pinjam Koperasi dan UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) pada Masa Covid-19 di Provinsi Sumatera Utara

Cooperatives are a necessary and important economic institution. Cooperatives are a form of joint effort based on the principle of family to improve welfare. And cooperatives have a goal to increase economic activity. Cooperatives and MSMEs have contributed significantly to regional and national income, especially in the North Sumatra Province. MSMEs play a role in absorbing labor in the distribution of development results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of the economic sector, especially MSMEs, could not develop and many ended up in bankruptcy and a slowdown in the economic sector in Indonesia with its various derivatives. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector which is the most important part of the economic sector that is feeling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the Covid-19 period, MSMEs experienced various problems such as decreased sales, capital, distribution was hampered, raw material difficulties, decreased production and the occurrence of many layoffs for workers and hunting which later became a threat to the national economy. With the purpose of this research, the analysis is to increase Savings and Loans for Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) during the Covid-19 period in North Sumatra Province, this research method is by taking secondary data and interviews, solving problems using qualitative methods from existing descriptions. in the mass media and then concluded by researchers.
 Keywords : Savings and Loans, UKM, Covid 19

Financialization, Structural Power, and the Global Financial Crisis for Europe’s Core and Periphery

In the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), European governments intervened to support domestic financial systems; several years later, peripheral European economies were at greater risk of having domestic financial crises transform into fiscal crises. While mainstream economic thinking predicts financial markets will punish risky bank behavior with higher interest rates and punitive resolution measures, in fact, banks in core European economies, which engaged in riskier activity in the subprime mortgage market, faced preferential treatment in the aftermath of the GFC. This article argues that financialization, the increased structural economic power of financial institutions, increased the structural power of core members of the Eurozone to direct supranational policies after the GFC. It supports these claims with financial data from balance sheets for a sample of EU economies, as well as institutional analysis of the financial aspects of European integration, and the financial, monetary, and fiscal responses that followed the onset of the GFC. While banks in the Eurozone core were more likely to have engaged in risky behavior, they were more likely to receive liquidity assistance from monetary authorities like the Federal Reserve due to their activity in the US. As Eurozone governments consider how to respond to crises, such as the Covid-19 pandemic going forward, policies that more equitably support governments rescuing domestic financial actors should be considered in tandem with broader financial regulations of structurally important economic institutions.

Analisis Meningkatkan Simpan Pinjam Koperasi dan UKM pada Masa Covid-19 di Provinsi Sumatera Utara

Cooperatives are a necessary and important economic institution. Cooperatives are a form of joint effort based on the principle of family to improve welfare. And cooperatives have a goal to increase economic activity. Cooperatives and MSMEs have contributed significantly to regional and national income, especially in the North Sumatra Province. MSMEs play a role in absorbing labor in the distribution of development results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of the economic sector, especially MSMEs, could not develop and many ended up in bankruptcy and a slowdown in the economic sector in Indonesia with its various derivatives. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector which is the most important part of the economic sector that is feeling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the Covid-19 period, MSMEs experienced various problems such as decreased sales, capital, distribution was hampered, raw material difficulties, decreased production and the occurrence of many layoffs for workers and hunting which later became a threat to the national economy. With the purpose of this research, the analysis is to increase Savings and Loans for Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) during the Covid-19 period in North Sumatra Province, this research method is by taking secondary data and interviews, solving problems using qualitative methods from existing descriptions. in the mass media and then concluded by researchers.
 Keywords : Savings and Loans, UKM, Covid 19

ANTHROPOLOGY OF MEMORY OF RURAL WOMEN OF ZHYTOMYR REGION ABOUT POST-WAR EVERYDAY LIFE

The purpose of the study. The peculiarities of everyday life in the Ukrainian village during the late Stalinism in the framework of women’s survival experience during the first postwar decade are highlighted in the article. The research is based on the memories of peasant women of Zhytomyr region, whose childhood took place in the 1940s. Methodological basis of the study is historical-anthropological approach, with one of its manifestations being the history of everyday life. Scientific novelty. The research of rural everyday life of peasants in Zhytomyr region from the standpoint of gender approach is accomplished for the first time. The survival strategies of rural women in the postwar period are emphasized. The following components of rural everyday life are analysed: work in a collective farm, ways to meet the material and household needs of the family, the behaviour of peasants in the famine circumstances in 1946-1947. Conclusions. Women’s survival strategies in the post-war everyday life were distinguished by extreme nature and ability to adapt to circumstances. During that period, the epicenter of rural life was not a private family but a collective farm as an important economic and social institution. The famine, hard work of the collective farm and the poverty of post-war everyday life still remain a painful stigma in the social memory of rural women.

Działalność wydawnicza i prasotwórcza lwowskiej Izby Handlowej i Przemysłowej (do 1918 roku)

Among the most important economic institutions operating in Lviv in the times of Galician autonomy were the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and its subordinate Institute of Technology, which had existed since 1909. The most important functions of the Institute included publishing activities on the book and press markets. The Institute of Technology specialised in publishing trade titles targeted at Galician industrial entrepreneurs and craftsmen. Particularly noteworthy was a biweekly magazine called “Rękodzielnik” published between 1912 and 1914. Before the outbreak of World War I, it was the most widely read magazine in Lviv and Eastern Galicia dedicated to small and medium-sized craft businesses. It published primarily specialised articles on the latest production techniques used in crafts and industry, as well as journalistic texts that attempted - mostly successfully - to discuss vital issues related to the current economic policy of the state (Austria-Hungary) and the country (Galicia). In addition, the Institute of Technology (and, through it, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry) also made its presence known in the book market. Only in the years preceding the war were several highly specialised books on handicraft production methods and science materials published under the Institute’s name. The Institute’s publishing activity came to a halt temporarily during the Great War and the ensuing Russian occupation of Lviv. The residents of Lviv had to wait until the early 1920s for the Chamber and Institute of Technology to resume their publishing activities

What is the Priority of the Dimensions, Components and Indicators of the Intellectual Capital Model in State Banks with the Competency Approach of Managers?

Competency management and development are vital tools to increase competition in organizations and the goal of the competency-based approach is to determine the competencies needed by top people in key positions across the organization, efforts to close competency gaps through effective selection and training and ensuring that good performance is recognized and rewarded. Now, considering the increasing role of state banks as the most important financial and economic institution in the construction of the country, the present study seeks to provide an intellectual capital model with a competency approach of managers in state banks and intends to enumerate the dimensions of the main and important competencies of the managers of state- banks to help senior executives of state banks identify the right people, with the advent of the information technology revolution, the global economic paradigm changed dramatically after the 1990s. In today's economy, knowledge, as the most important asset, has replaced financial and physical capital. Intellectual assets are non-competitive assets. Unlike physical assets that can only be used to do a particular task at a particular time, intellectual assets can be used simultaneously for several specific purposes. This ability is one of the most important criteria for the superiority of intellectual assets over physical assets.This research seeks to provide an intellectual capital model with a competency approach of managers in state banks. Based on the findings, intellectual capital can be influenced by the factors of customer capital, social capital, structural and human capital, knowledge capital, foreign capital, domestic capital, spiritual capital, technical capital and communication capital. The components and indicators related to each of the mentioned dimensions have been discussed separately in the previous pages. Based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts, it can be concluded that: human capital, structural capital and social capital as the first to third priorities are the dimensions of the intellectual capital model of state-owned banks with the competency approach of managers.

Territorial planning of transport in Russia: current condition, problems and prospects of development

The paper considers the current condition and problems of territorial planning of extra-urban transport in Russia. The paper analyzes the key parameters of improving the transport system of Russia as one of the most important elements of the economic system. The main social and economic requirements for documents of territorial planning of transport in Russia at the regional level are contained in the regional standards of urban planning design. They set the time limits for maximum transport accessibility from places where people live to places where important social and economic objects and service institutions are located. The paper provides examples of the most important promising projects in the construction of extra-urban transport infrastructure. Similarities and differences between general layouts and master plans in terms of territorial planning of transport infrastructure are shown. The problems of planning transport systems of urban agglomerations are considered. Recommendations are given for changing the methodology of territorial planning of extra-urban transport in Russia.

What’s Wrong with Institutions? A Short History of the Clash between IRAs and Turkish Populists

AbstractThe aim of this article is to reveal the institutional dimensions of populism, which tend to be ignored because of the hegemony of economic analysis of the subject. Whereas many researchers assume that populism is a result of the negative economic effects of neoliberal policies on the middle class, I argue that populism is also a corollary of neoliberal institutions’ effect on the political power of so-called ordinary people. To illustrate this, I focus on the rhetoric of Turkish populists concerning two important economic institutions in Turkey: the Public Procurement Authority and the Central Bank. This examination shows that Turkish populists view the independent institutions of neoliberalism as a barrier against the people’s political will and define themselves as fighters for democracy.

Flint Goodridge Hospital and Black Health Care in Twentieth-Century New Orleans

Flint Goodridge Hospital and Black Health Care in Twentieth-Century New Orleans

Accounting perspective on the budgets of Częstochowa and Dąbrowa Górnicza on the eve of the Second Republic of Poland

From the perspective of the period 1918-2018, it is possible to conclude that budget is the most important economic, political and social institution in both the state sector and the self-government sector. Budget related assumptions are major determinants of each municipality’s accounting, from financial planning, through recording to reporting. The article aims to present the informative value of budgets and their structures in 1918 in two selected municipalities, i.e. Częstochowa and Dąbrowa Górnicza. In addition, partial comparative analysis was made of both municipalities’ 1918 budgets and their structures and budgets for the year 2018. Research methods employed in the article are predominantly based on critical analysis of the budgets, relevant reports, partial records and other documents for 1918 and 2018. The analysis comprised materials in the National Archives in Częstochowa and Katowice, in libraries and in digital databases. Fragmentary legal regulations that were binding in the interwar period were analysed along with domestic literature devoted to public finance and budget accounting.

Understanding of the features of political justice in the concept of John Rawls

The article deals with the features of the interpretation of political justice in the concept of John Rawls. The emergence of the concept of justice by American researcher John Rawls would mark a new stage in the scientific study of the problem of justice. He raises the question of the lack of development of modern capitalism in terms of solving social, political and economic problems. According to Rawls’s concept, the future society should not only be effective, as the theorists and practices of industrial society have called for, but also fair. First of all, for the existence of justice, an unbiased system of ordering institutions is needed. The main subject of justice, according to Rawls, is the basic structure of society, under which he understands the whole set of the most important social, legal, political and economic institutions, the main function of which is the distribution of advantages and burdens arising from the social cooperation of members of the society. From Rawls’s point of view, justice issues are on the agenda when there is a need for a public assessment of the activities of the relevant institutions in order to balance legitimate competing interests and harassment of members of society. In other words, the problem of legitimacy arises when the legitimate rights of people come into contact with each other. Justice in the first place begins with the choice of the fundamental principle of the political, social and legal system of society, which should regulate all further institutional reforms. J. Rawls defines political justice as «the constitutionality of justice», that is, in his understanding, the validity of the functioning of the political sphere, the organization of public administration and the political regime.

The importance of a green screen acting course within the South African film acting curriculum

South Africa’s film and television industry is an important economic institution and it is crucial to invest in the skill development of the individuals involved in the industry. This investment includes the skills of the South African film actor who, due to the advent of digital visual effects, has to deal with a green screen environment in order to successfully portray a character in the diegetic reality of a film. The green screen limits the actor’s stimuli, impedes his belief in the diegetic circumstances, and requires the actor to imagine and be congruent to elements not present while filming. This article offers possible approaches to a green screen acting strategy which should be incorporated in existing film acting courses. Based on existing acting strategies and cognitive neuroscience principles, we hypothesize that acting explorations can be developed into a green screen acting method. This will assist the South African actor in successfully traversing the green screen environment, and lead to an integrated cinematic experience.

Review and ranking the private insurance companies in Iran based on TOPSIS model

Insurance companies are the most important economic institutions in each country and they support other economic entities. Their proper performance play an important role in the booming the economy. Insurance companies to achieve effective and strong performance should be familiar with performance of competitors and themselves and according to their information take necessary measures. For this purpose, the current study aims to rank the private insurance companies. In this regard, financial and non-financial indicators as well as performance index for 17 private insurance companies are extracted over 4 years (2011 to 2014) based on their financial statements. The weight of each index was determined using the Shannon entropy. Then, insurance companies were ranked using TOPSIS. The results showed that based on financial indicators, Arman insurance company in 2011 and 2012 had the optimal performance from the standpoint of the criteria (1st). In the years, 2013 and 2014 Kosar insurance Company and Mihan insurance companies were at the 1st place. In addition, Alborz insurance Company had a good performance in terms of performance indexes in 2011 and 2013, (1st). In the years 2012 and 2014, Parsian and Pasargad Insurance Companies ranked 1st. Based on non-financial indicators, Asia insurance company in the period under review (2011 to 2014) ranked in the first place.

Testing the Level and Factors of Institutional Rationality in Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionInsufficient level of development of the institutions and dissatisfactory character of their use in practice represent a big problem in Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many of the influential economists explained the importance of institutions for economic development. D. North (1987), R. Levine and W. Easterly (2003) concluded that development of institutions is the only variable that can explain the difference in the achieved level of development between countries.The existence and reproduction of institutional deficit in the economic sense are reflected through the low level of institutional rationality. This problem is manifested through high transaction costs and bad economic indicators. Consequences are numerous, and some of the most significant ones are as follows: low living standard, economic downturn, insufficient motivation to increase economic efficiency, high monopolization, connections between business and the authorities, degradation of production activity and national resources, underdeveloped ownership structure in entrepreneurial activities, boom of privileged entrepreneurship (individualism), high degree of non-market enrichment and social differentiation, significant scope of disinvestment, etc.Due to the aforementioned, this paper analyzes perception of the level of institutional rationality (dependent variable) and its basic (selected) impact factors (independent variables) in the mentioned countries of South East Europe (SEE).In these countries the official economic policy was, and still remains, neoliberal. Many authors emphasize that it actually experienced a fiasco, and that it was even abused by the establishments (nomenklatura) in power. For that reason, it is logical that it is blamed for all of the economic mistakes. Because, an economy is not comprised of economic entities only, which mutually interact, but there is also a system of institutions that guide and direct them.The recent global economic crisis showed that neoliberal monistic theses of uncontrolled and self-regulatory market are ungrounded. An additional problem in the observed countries of SEE is the opportunistic activity of the so-called alternative institutions, which represent the very heart of the inhibitors to development. It is considered that out-of-market distribution of privileges lead to numerous conflicts not only between the different manners of organization of political and economic activity in the country, but within these social sub-systems as well. Besides, following the expressed institutional monism of a neoliberal type, it was suitable for the development of alternative institutions, which prevented the establishment and strengthening of pluralistic institutions (Delibasic, 2016, p. 150). Numerous economists from the SEE countries agree that deficit, rejection, ignoring and imitation of real institutional changes enabled for the domination of interest-oriented anti-institutional development inhibitors.State regulation represents an important economic institution. Its function is to create the conditions for the development of all other economic institutions (market and property regulation) in accordance with the social preferences. In order to do that, it is necessary to have efficient legislative, judicial and executive power. For that reason, the rule of law is marked as the first factor of impact on the level of institutional rationality. The second factor of impact is the level of development and efficiency of pluralistic institutions. The third factor of impact is the development of the overall institutional environment, comprised of the civil society and the socio-cultural capital. Finally, the fourth important factor of impact is the existence of the opportunistic behavior (privileged, corruptive and non-market) and the corresponding alternative institutions - shadow ones (Infante and Smirnova, 2016, pp. …