Important Cultural Heritage Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquake on Cultural Heritage Sites Using High-Resolution SAR Images

Earthquakes are hard to predict, and the destruction caused by the events far outstrip the monetary damage. Important cultural heritage sites functioning as places of community and identity have a value which evades pure pecuniary calculation. This makes understanding the complete economic and social impact of earthquakes a difficult and daunting task. We use high-resolution TerraSAR-X data acquired after the 2023 earthquake in Turkey to assess its impact on selected cultural heritage sites. Leveraging different orbit and incidence angles of image acquisition allow us to show the difficulties in interpreting high-resolution SAR data. While large impacts, like the complete collapse of structures, can be detected successfully, small-scale damage and partial collapses are often difficult to detect from single SAR images. We find that single SAR scene interpretation for damage assessment of cultural heritage is not a viable option. While contextualizing data might help to understand the situation, SAR is only helpful if data of the intact cultural heritage sites have been obtained before the event.

Advancing spatial decision-making in a transboundary catchment through multidimensional ecosystem services assessment

Global change has led to significant impacts on ecosystem services, posing a threat to the livelihoods of local communities worldwide. It is essential to assess these services to integrate them into regional planning, and policy design. We conduct ecosystem services assessments to inform spatial decision-making in a transboundary catchment. We focus on Mira-Mataje (11617 km2) transboundary catchment as an example of a natural unit, rich in natural resources that hosts an important cultural heritage of Indigenous and Afro-descendant ethnic groups.We utilize three dimensions to evaluate ecosystem services: Firstly, the monetary dimension; secondly, the biophysical relevance, including current pressures and future threats; and thirdly, the social dimension. We combine globally available economic and remotely sensed datasets with the spatial ecosystem services modeling and mapping tool, Co$tingNature, and local knowledge and worldviews from community leaders.Our results show that the total valuation of ecosystem services in the catchment is USD 2013344397 per year, with pixel values ranging from 3.7 to 4905783. High values concentrated near cities and main roads. We found that monetary values and current pressures on ecosystems services are correlated to total potential services for the entire catchment (-0.58 and −0.4 respectively). In addition, with our multidimensional assessment, we distinguish areas that require different types of management due to their specificities. For instance, the Awá territories hosts the largest total potential services, and will face greater threats in the future. This demonstrates the community's capacity to maintain the natural resources, but a more efficient control of illegal and unsustainable external activities is necessary. Afro-descendant territories on the highlands show overexploitation of its natural resources. Territories and land ownership must be recognized and to promote the transition to sustainable production. We provide advances in the research on the services valuation for potential integration into differentiated regional planning and sustainable policies.

现代东巴画的发展现状研究

As an important intangible cultural heritage in China, the Dongba painting of the Naxi ethnic group holds an irreplaceable important position and artistic value. Overall, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the current development status of modern Dongba painting, and research on modern Dongba painting from an artistic perspective is also relatively lacking in existing research. This study investigates the modern Dongba painting in the northwest region of Yunnan, describes its development stage and current situation, points out the problems of relatively lagging theoretical research, the impact of economic development and cultural integration on Dongba painting art, and the shortage of young artists engaged in modern Dongba painting creation. Corresponding suggestions are proposed: government agencies assist in promoting the development of modern Dongba painting, and develop excellent modern Dongba painting products through multiple channels, and optimize the combination of modern Dongba painting and university education to cultivate more Dongba painting talents.

Kekuatan Budaya Lokal: Menjelajahi 3S (Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, dan Sipakainge’) sebagai Simbol Kearifan Lokal

Local wisdom is an important cultural heritage for a society in maintaining its cultural identity. One of these is the Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, and Sipakainge culture, which consists of three indigenous wisdom ideas that are crucial to the way of life of the Makassar tribal people. This study employs a literature review research method for examining, analyzing, and synthesizing the body of previous literature on a given research issue. The literature review approach will be employed in this study to analyze the connections between sociology learning initiatives, including character development, and the Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, and Sipakainge's local knowledge. Researchers have reviewed a total of 33 journals related to livelihood keywords such as "local wisdom 3S culture (Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, and Sipakainge'), "character learning projects," "sociological learning," and other relevant combinations of keywords. Internalization of values Bugis-Makassar cultural values ​​in sociology learning can be linked to the learning project profile, which focuses on developing student character through learning more contextually and integrated with everyday life.

Characterization of Geoheritage and Geotourism Potential of the Fluvial-Glacial Landscapes in the Culebrillas Lagoon (Ecuador)

Geotourism is a concept that is expanding rapidly throughout the world without exception, given its versatility to value the elements of geodiversity and geoheritage; landscape elements without an apparent use or benefit usually find in geotourism a window that can exploit unsuspected conditions. Culebrillas Lagoon, located in the southern center of the Ecuadorian Andes, represents a hydrographic unit of glacio–lacustrine origin as a typical hidden place that conceals a valuable geotourism potential. Culebrillas is marked by a series of fluvio–glacial morphologies, whose forms hide an important cultural heritage expressed in its festivities, myths, and legends which have been celebrated through the centuries. Inca and Cañari civilizations have been, in the past and present, the original groups that inhabited this sector, and important vestiges of their presence are still evident, as in the case of the Qhapaq Ñan or the Inca road system. The present investigation allowed the generating of information about elements of geoheritage and other related resources that have various potential uses, and which highlight the intrinsic values present in this area, complementing each other from a holistic socio–environmental and geotourism perspective.

Spatial and temporal changes in microclimate affect disease distribution in two ancient tombs of Southern Tang Dynasty

Two tombs of the Southern Tang Dynasty (Qinling Tomb and Shunling Tomb), the most important cultural heritages in China, were built for emperors 1000 years ago and decorated with murals and stone sculptures. After their excavation in the 1950s, it was found that drastic fluctuations in the environment within the tombs had caused multiple diseases, such as salt efflorescence, powdering, and biodeterioration, which led to irreversible damage to the murals. This research comprised long-term (yearly) environmental monitoring and short-term (monthly) investigation into the distribution of salt crystallization and microbial growth within the two tombs. The objective was to unveil the relationship between the temporal and spatial distributions of the mural diseases and environmental characteristics while proposing a promising environmental regulation strategy for relic conservation. The results showed a gradual reduction in temperature fluctuation from the entrance to the back chamber and a distinct vertical stratification in relative humidity. The relative humidity in the upper areas of the tombs reached 100% during summer, while it averaged around 40–50% in the lower areas during winter. Consequently, significant condensation was observed on the ceiling in summer, whereas salt crystallization occurred on the murals in the lower space in winter. The distribution of these diseases was influenced by the airflow exchange between the interior and exterior. Furthermore, the structural disparities between the two tombs contributed to higher relative humidity and greater microorganism coverage in the Shunling Tomb compared to the Qinling Tomb. From the abovementioned findings, we suggest that microclimate control is essential for mitigating mural deterioration and should be paid more attention in the future.

Notes on Assessment of Cultural Significance of the 18th-Century Old Mosque: A Case Study of the Al-Anwar Angke Mosque Jakarta

This paper discusses the assessment process of the cultural significance of the Al-Anwar Angke Mosque in Jakarta. The mosque has been designated as an important cultural heritage, in which architectural, historical, and sociocultural values are explicitly demonstrated. Furthermore, the mosque was also considered a symbol of the diverse community in Batavia. However, the 18th-century mosque has undergone physical (including its details and ornaments) and environmental changes due to sociocultural, economic, and political dynamics. Therefore, continuous monitoring is essential to protect historic buildings, and cultural heritage values should be assessed periodically. The assessment of cultural significance includes aesthetic, historical, scientific, sociocultural, and spiritual criteria. Data collection and analysis are based on observation, interviews, and related literature. Furthermore, some critical notes indicate that assessment must be performed regularly and continuously. Thus, such an assessment is required to understand its values and unique artefacts. However, rather than determine the role of the Angke Mosque within its ever-changing context. As pointed out in the cultural significance assessment process, the article reveals the importance of recording and digitizing knowledge to comprehend the past, present, and future. Moreover, the appreciation might be understood differently due to the current urban dynamic. The assessment of the cultural significance of the Angke Mosque needs to accommodate community participation and a multidisciplinary approach to understanding architectural heritage, driven by the paradigm shift from a physical-based to a value-based system.

Sustainable Rural Development through Local Cultural Heritage Capitalization—Analyzing the Cultural Tourism Potential in Rural Romanian Areas: A Case Study of Hărman Commune of Brașov Region in Romania

This paper explores the issues connected between rural sustainable development in formerly state-socialist countries and the local cultural heritage of rural areas. It pays specific attention to the potential of cultural tourism which can enhance local rural development. This paper is a case study of the Hărman commune, and this area is investigated in depth. It is one of the most important rural and cultural areas located in Brașov County of Romania, a country with an impressive cultural heritage concentrated in its rural areas. The study uses a mixed-method analysis combining quantitative and qualitative research (focus groups, interviews, oral histories, and personal conversions), participatory ethnographic observation, and logical framework analysis (LFA). The main findings of the study illustrate that the Hărman commune has an important cultural heritage which could be more capitalized on in the future through the lens of cultural tourism to ensure local sustainability and to open up new perspectives in terms of local development, connecting rural and cultural tourism with other economic activities. Furthermore, the main findings of this study represent, beyond an informative platform for the local actors in rural development, an inspiring instrument that could frame new policies in local rural sustainable development and fertile backgrounds for new debates in local rural sustainability, enriching local agendas on rural sustainable development through cultural heritage capitalization and cultural tourism.

A PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION WORKFLOW FOR DIGITIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE 14 CENTURY CHURCH OF SV. NIKOLA IN KALOTINA, BULGARIA

Abstract. The church of Sv. Nikola, dated to the mid-14th century, is an important medieval cultural heritage monument with vivid fresco iconography located in the village of Kalotina, Bulgaria. The church consists of a small narthex and a larger naos with an apsidal wall. Much of the decorative details are beginning to degrade which makes the need for documentation of the current state important for preservation. Due to its remote location, public access is limited for both visitors and researchers. During the recent campaign, a workflow was designed with the purpose of obtaining complete documentation of the church. The workflow aimed to be low-cost and relatively quick. Complete photographic documentation was conducted including close-range photogrammetry of the interior and exterior of the church, Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) of a selection of the graffiti within the frescoes, and 360-degree HDR panoramas. Additionally, a field survey of the surrounding area was performed by archaeologists and a geodetic survey which was used for the georeferencing of the photogrammetric 3D models. This detailed workflow developed for this project serves as a case study of a methodology for complete documentation of immovable cultural heritage.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POINT CLOUDS ACQUIRED FROM A TLS SURVEY AND A 3D VIRTUAL TOUR FOR HBIM DEVELOPMENT

Abstract. This paper presents a comparative analysis of point clouds acquired from a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) survey and a 3D virtual tour using Matterport technology for heritage building information modeling (HBIM) development. The study uses the Cloister of the Royal College of Corpus Christi Seminary, an important cultural heritage site in Valencia, Spain, as a case study. The point clouds from the TLS survey and Matterport scans were compared both quantitively in CloudCompare software and visually to assess their accuracy and quality. The Matterport point cloud data was found to be slightly lower in quality and accuracy compared to the TLS data, but still sufficient for developing some low-tolerance geometry in the HBIM model. The study shows that Matterport point cloud data has potential to supplement TLS scans, particularly in areas missed during the TLS survey due to range limitations. Matterport technology is accessible, affordable, and easy to use, making it a feasible option for heritage sites with limited resources. Moreover, Matterport technology captures high-quality visual data, including color and texture, providing a detailed representation of the heritage site. Thus, Matterport technology can be a valuable contribution to cultural heritage documentation and preservation, particularly for sites requiring a quick and efficient surveying process. The findings of this research offer insights into the relative advantages and limitations of these two reality capture techniques for cultural heritage documentation and preservation, and could potentially inform decision-making processes for future heritage preservation projects.

Ancient mural inpainting via structure information guided two-branch model

Ancient murals are important cultural heritages for our exploration of ancient civilizations and are of great research value. Due to long-time exposure to the environment, ancient murals often suffer from damage (deterioration) such as cracks, scratches, corrosion, paint loss, and even large-region falling off. It is an urgent work to protect and restore these damaged ancient murals. Mural inpainting techniques refer to virtually filling the deteriorated regions by reconstructing the structure and texture elements of the mural images. Most existing mural inpainting approaches fail to fill loss contents that contain complex structures and diverse patterns since they neglect the importance of structure guidance. In this paper, we propose a structure-guided two-branch model based on the generative adversarial network (GAN) for ancient mural inpainting. In the proposed model, the mural inpainting process can be divided into two stages: structure reconstruction and content restoration. These two stages are conducted by using a structure reconstruction network (SRN) and a content restoration network (CRN), respectively. In the structure reconstruction stage, SRN employs the Gated Convolution and the Fast Fourier Convolution (FFC) residual block to reconstruct the missing structures of the damaged murals. In the content restoration stage, CRN uses the structures (generated by SRN) to guide the missing content restoration of the murals. We design a two-branch parallel encoder to improve the texture and color restoration quality for the missing regions of the murals. Moreover, we propose a cascade attention module that can capture long-term relevance information in the deep features. It helps to alleviate the texture-blur and color-bias problem. We conduct experiments on both simulated and real damaged murals, and compare our inpainting results with other four competitive approaches. Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms other approaches in terms of texture clarity, color consistency and structural continuity of the restored mural images. In addition, the mural inpainting results of our model can achieve comparatively high quantitative evaluation metrics.

ASSESSMENTS ON THE DEFINTION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY AREA AND BUFFER ZONE OF HACI BEKTAS VELI COMPLEX

The significance of intangible cultural heritage in the definition of cultural heritage has increased in recent years. Particularly, the areas where beliefs and doctrines are produced and which are strongly associated with faith leaders cannot be considered separately from the intangible cultural heritage. In this study, the Haci Bektas Veli Complex, which was included in the UNESCO Tentative List of Türkiye in 2012 by emphasizing its strong ties with the Bektashi belief and the role it played in the emergence of the belief, was discussed. For this purpose, world heritage sites, which express the environments in which beliefs or teachings that emerged under the leadership of a leader, were researched and the definitions of world heritage sites and buffer zones were examined. The definitions were compared to the statement of outstanding universal value for the complex. It has been observed that in the definitions of the world heritage sites a wide area containing many structures that are valued within the doctrine or more than one area and / or buffer zone with the same characteristics is preferred. Therefore, it has been concluded that in order to define the relationship established between the Bektashi belief and the heritage site, a heritage definition that includes only the complex may be insufficient compared to the world heritage sites. Within the scope of the study, it has been observed that there is an important cultural heritage accumulation related to the formation of Bektashism belief, in the immediate vicinity of the complex. It has been determined that a world heritage candidacy that takes this heritage accumulation into account will be more compatible with the definitions of world heritage sites with similar features. Keywords: History of Art, Architectural Conservation and Restoration, World Heritage Site and Buffer Zone, Outstanding Universal Value, Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Collapse mechanism of narthex part of historical masonry mosques

Historical mosques are important cultural heritages that should be confidently transferred to the future. These structures are damaged due to earthquakes. The minarets, domes and load-carrying walls of historical mosques are the most damaged and studied in the literature. Field observations made after the earthquakes show that; the narthex part of the historical mosques is also very seismic sensitive. However, there is no study in the literature about the collapse mechanisms of these structures/parts. In this study, 3 narthex places with different architectural features were considered. By creating a finite element model of the narthexes, dynamic analyses were carried out under the earthquake records of 1999 Düzce (Bolu) (Mw = 7.1), 2011 Van (Mw = 7.0), 2020 Elazığ (Sivrice) (Mw = 6.8). An evaluation has been done to assess mode shapes, maximum strains, displacements, damage distributions, and failure mechanisms of the narthex parts. As a result of dynamic analyses, the general collapse mechanism of each narthex was revealed. As a result of all analyses, it has been seen that the most seismically sensitive areas of the narthex are stone columns.

MOBILE MAPPING FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE SURVEY OF THE COMPLEX OF ST. JOHN OF THE HERMITS IN PALERMO (ITALY)

Abstract. During the 11th and 12th century, the Arab-Norman architectural style characterized the most beautiful and important Cultural Heritage buildings in Sicily, and especially in Palermo (Italy). The relevance of these monuments is highlighted by their inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 2015. For many years, the University of Palermo has been studying and documenting several Arab-Norman cultural assets, and in particular, the complex of St. John of the Hermits in Palermo (Italy). A first detailed 3D survey of the main structures of this complex was carried out using a terrestrial laser scanner while the 3D survey of the entire complex was made using a Mobile Mapping System (MMS). The paper describes the workflow and the results of the mobile mapping survey undertaken with a Handheld Mobile Laser Scanner (HMLS) based on Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) technologies. The work allowed surveying the entire site with an extremely fast acquisition and obtaining the geometric information useful for historical architectural evaluations. In addition, due to the characteristics of the site, the work enabled the assessment of the HMLS data processing testing different automatic algorithms for point cloud filtering.

Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of traditional villages: the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, China

Henan Province is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and one of the earliest human settlements, which means that the area has an important national cultural heritage. Traditional villages are an important facet of this cultural heritage, and studying their spatiotemporal characteristics in different periods has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in the region. This paper takes the traditional villages of the Yellow River basin in Henan Province that were formed before 1919 as the research object. Information on the ancient river was obtained through a literature search as well as via field research, and the important tributaries of the Yellow River in different periods were mapped using ArcGIS 10.0 software. The nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse and other methods were adopted to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the traditional villages. The factors that influenced the evolution of traditional villages were explored in depth by combining changes in the course of the river and water conservancy projects. The results show that the formation of traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province has experienced a historical track of growth, contraction, growth and prosperity and stability. The traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province generally show a clustered pattern, forming a dense concentration of traditional villages in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The center of gravity shows a migration trend from southeast to northwest. In terms of influencing factors, the spatiotemporal evolution of the relationship between villages and their distance to water is closely related to climatic fluctuations, changes in channel, water conservancy projects and social and cultural factors. This paper deepens our understanding of the relationship between traditional village evolution and watersheds by improving the consistency between village spatial distribution and historical geography and provides a useful theoretical reference for the sustainable development of China’s traditional villages.

Study on the Influence of Electron Beam Radiation Sterilization Method on Chinese Mural Pigment

Murals are one of the important cultural heritages of mankind. The microbial control of murals is an important subject in mural painting conservation. In recent years, electron beam radiation sterilization has attracted more and more attention in the field of cultural relic protection. Murals are immovable cultural relics, so conventional electron beam irradiation equipment can not be used. However, the development of small mobile electron beam irradiation equipment shows the potential of radiation’s application in the sterilization protection of immovable cultural relics such as murals. A feasibility study of radiation sterilization in mural paintings is needed to investigate the effect of sterilization and the influence of sterilization dose on the stability of mural painting pigments and bonding materials. In this paper, the radiation effects of typical bacteria in tomb murals and mineral pigment powder in ancient Chinese paintings were studied in a laboratory. Firstly, aeromonas hydrophila (Aer.h) and penicillium flavigenum (PNC) were selected as representative strains to determine the appropriate sterilization dose for murals. Then, the effects of radiation on seven kinds of ancient Chinese mineral pigments and white calcium carbonate in the ground layer were verified. The results are as follows: the radiation dose of 10 kGy can effectively remove the two typical strains. This sterilization dose will cause a color difference in calcium carbonate and lead white, while other color pigments are essentially stable. Based on the color difference and UV-vis intensities of the four white carbonate samples, the color change in two of them increased with increasing the dose up to 30 kGy, after which signs of saturation began to appear. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra showed that the chemical structure of the samples did not change after irradiation. The formation of free radicals in treated samples was confirmed using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum test. According to all characterization results, the color difference between the four white carbonate samples may be due to the combination of unpaired electrons and defects in the process of electron beam irradiation to form color centers. After forming the color center, the light absorption of the four samples changed. This is a reversible change, but the samples will take a long time to return to their original state. This study focuses on the influence of electron beam radiation on pigment composition, which is a preliminary exploration of whether radiation sterilization can be applied to the protection of ancient Chinese mural paintings, and the experimental results can provide basic data for later application.

Evaluating the durability and performance of polyoxometalate-ionic liquid coatings on calcareous stones: Preventing biocolonisation in outdoor environments

Rock-based materials exposed to outdoor environments are naturally colonised by an array of microorganisms, which can cause dissolution and fracturing of the natural stone. Biocolonisation of monuments and architectures of important cultural heritage therefore represents an expensive and recurring problem for local authorities and private owners alike. In this area, preventive strategies to mitigate biocolonisation are generally preferred to curative approaches, such as mechanical cleaning by brush or high-pressure cleaning, to remove pre-existing patina. The aim of this work was to study the interaction between biocidal polyoxometalate-ionic liquid (POM-IL) coatings and calcareous stones and evaluate the capacity of these coatings to prevent biocolonisation through a series of accelerated ageing studies in climate chambers, carried out in parallel with a two-year period of outdoor exposure in north-eastern France. Our experiments show that POM-IL coatings did not affect water vapour transfer nor significantly alter the total porosity of the calcareous stones. Simulated weathering studies replicating harsh (hot and wet) climatic weather conditions demonstrated that the colour variation of POM-IL-coated stones did not vary significantly with respect to the natural uncoated stones. Accelerated biocolonisation studies performed on the weathered POM-IL-coated stones proved that the coatings were still capable of preventing colonisation by an algal biofilm. However, a combination of colour measurements, chlorophyll fluorescence data, and scanning electron microscopy imaging of stones aged outdoors in northern France for two years showed that coated and uncoated stone samples showed signs of colonisation by fungal mycelium and phototrophs. Altogether, our results demonstrate that POM-ILs are suitable as preventative biocidal coatings for calcareous stones, but the correct concentrations must be chosen to achieve a balance between porosity of the stone, the resulting colour variation and the desired duration of the biocidal effect over longer periods of time, particularly in outdoor environments.

Genetic Diversity and Association Mapping of Grain-Size Traits in Rice Landraces from the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System in Yunnan Province.

The Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System (HHRTS) of Yunnan Province is an important agricultural and cultural heritage landscape. Until now, a large number of local rice landraces have been planted. Mining excellent genes contained in these landraces provides a reference for variety improvement and new variety breeding. In this study, 96 rice landraces collected from the Hani terraces were planted in Honghe Mengzi, Yunnan Province, in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2021, and five major grain traits were measured and analyzed. The genomic variation of 96 rice landraces was scanned by 201 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic relationships of the natural population were analyzed. The mixed linear model (MLM) method of the TASSEL software was used to analyze the associations between markers and traits. A total of 936 alleles were amplified by 201 pairs of SSR primers. The average number of observed alleles (Na), the effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon's information index (I), heterozygosity (H), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) per marker were 4.66, 2.71, 1.08, 0.15, and 0.55, respectively. Ninety-six landraces were divided into two groups by population structure, clustering, and principal component analysis, and indica rice was the main group. The coefficients of variation of the five traits ranged from 6.80 to 15.24%, and their broad heritabilities were more than 70%. In addition, there were positive correlations among the same grain traits between different years. Through MLM analysis, 2, 36, 7, 7, and 4 SSR markers were significantly associated with grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), grain length-width ratio (LWR), and thousand-grain weight (TGW), respectively. The explanation rates of phenotypic variation were 16.31 (RM449, Chr. 1)-23.51% (RM316, Chr. 9), 10.84 (RM523, Chr. 3; RM161/RM305, Chr. 5)-43.01% (RM5496, Chr. 1), 11.98 (RM161/RM305, Chr. 5)-24.72% (RM275, Chr. 6), 12.68 (RM126, Chr. 8)-36.96% (RM5496, Chr. 1), and 17.65 (RM4499, Chr. 2)-26.32% (RM25, Chr. 8), respectively. The associated markers were distributed on 12 chromosomes of the genome.

China-NIAHS Perspective of Ancient Jujube Forest in Sichuan Plateau of Lingbao, Henan Province Study on the Characteristics of Landscape Spatial Pattern

Based on the research background of China 's important agricultural cultural heritage perspective (China-NIAHS), this paper takes the landscape of the ancient jujube forest in Lingbao City, Henan Province as the research object, and uses the landscape pattern index analysis method in landscape ecology to analyze spatial pattern characteristics of the ancient jujube forest in Lingbao City. The results show that: (1) Jujube forest accounts for the largest proportion of all landscape types. Jujube forest, as the dominant landscape type in the study area, plays a supporting role in the study of landscape pattern characteristics in the whole area. (2) The spatial distribution of jujube forest is closely related to the distribution of roads and settlements in the study area. The jujube forest accounts for a large proportion of the total landscape area in the study area. From the characteristics of the number of patches, it can be seen that the jujube forest has low fragmentation and the landscape distribution is concentrated. (3) From the landscape shape index, it can be seen that the complexity of jujube forest patches is low, the artificial effect is obvious, and the shape is regular; in addition, from the analysis of the spatial adjacency characteristics of the landscape, the correlation between the distribution of jujube forest landscape and other landscape elements can also be proved again. The research results have certain guiding and reference significance for the protection and development of agricultural cultural heritage, the development and utilization of agricultural landscape resources and rural revitalization.

Thangka Sketch Colorization Based on Multi-Level Adaptive-Instance-Normalized Color Fusion and Skip Connection Attention

Thangka is an important intangible cultural heritage of Tibet. Due to the complexity, and time-consuming nature of the Thangka painting technique, this technique is currently facing the risk of being lost. It is important to preserve the art of Thangka through digital painting methods. Machine learning-based auto-sketch colorization is one of the vital steps for digital Thangka painting. However, existing learning-based sketch colorization methods face two challenges in solving the problem of colorizing Thangka: (1) the extremely rich colors of the Thangka make it difficult to color accurately with existing algorithms, and (2) the line density of the Thangka brings extreme challenges for algorithms to define what semantic information the lines imply. To resolve these problems, we propose a Thangka sketch colorization method based on multi-level adaptive-instance-normalized color fusion (MACF) and skip connection attention (SCA). The proposed method consists of two parts: (1) a multi-level adaptive-instance-normalized color fusion (MACF) to fuse sketch feature and color feature; and (2) a skip connection attention (SCA) mechanism to distinguish the semantic information implied by the sketch lines. Experiments on colorizing Thangka sketches show that our method works well on two small datasets—the Danbooru 2019 dataset and the Thangka dataset. Our approach can generate exquisite Thangka.