Important Core Competencies Research Articles

Supply Chain Management Enhance NG Efficiency and Collaboration Industry Company

Purpose Collaboration may be the most important core competency and has been described as the engine of efficient supply chain management. There is a common perception, nevertheless, that not many businesses have fully realised its potential. In order to determine best practices and evaluate the state of supply chain collaboration, a research was conducted. Design, procedure, and strategy CEOs of supply chains offered advice on working together. A conceptual model characterising the behaviour, culture, and interpersonal relationships linked to productive collaboration was created using survey data, in-person interviews, and an analysis of the literature on collaboration Results. The increase of efficiency, effectiveness, and market positioning for the enterprises of the responders are positive results associated to collaboration. Research constraints and implications Although the limited sample size is a drawback, it is counterbalanced by the calibre of the respondent pool and their level of training and experience. Getting feedback from only one partner in the cooperative partnerships is another drawback. It would be possible to ascertain how collaboration-related interactions and variables evolve over time by creating a longitudinal research. Consequences for practice A "blurring of lines" between organisations was highlighted by a number of respondents in contrast to a "us vs. them" mentality. This was conveyed in several ways, including by recognising the agreements as co-owned, treating them as a single unit, and reorienting the attention to the greatest possible compromise. Even though many of the respondents said that benefits are not given out equally, they acknowledged that they benefit enough from the cooperative agreements to make them worthwhile. Uniqueness and worth Many of today's leading firms are mentioned in real-world practical experiences.

Decentralized Composting Analysis Model—The Qualitative Analysis Path

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is a significant environmental threat, and an economic and social challenge to manage. As such, the efficient treatment of OFMSW is a significant key factor in achieving sustainable waste management. Decentralized composting (DC) offers a new framework of waste management. The DC analysis model (DCAM) proposed in our previous study provides a powerful tool for decision makers, based on the quantification of the DC project characteristics. In this paper, we focus on qualitative analysis as a complementary tool to support decision making in cases where the quantitative analysis is equivocal. The qualitative analysis identifies the main players in the field, the critical stakeholders, and the potential conflicts between them. It also reveals the root problems and the core competencies for the project’s implementation. The DCAM qualitative analysis in the Shefa-Amr case study indicates that unresolved root problems, such as “lack of national regulation”, “clear ownership of the project”, and “lack of ongoing budget” can result in an unsustainable composting system. Countering that, “commitment of the municipality” together with “economic viability” and securing “suitable areas for placing composters” are among the most important core competencies for the effective implementation of DC projects.

Considering Medical Professionalism from the Standpoint of Pharmacy Education

Worldwide interest in teaching medical professionalism has increased drastically over the past two decades and is recognized as an important core competency. It is also essential in pharmacy education. However, there is no single definition of medical professionalism owing to its multifaceted nature, leading to difficulty in understanding it. The foundational concept of professionalism are the social contract and accountability, which describe the relationship between the profession and the society which it serves. Profession must understand expectations from the society, which is trustworthy, assures competence, and devoted to the public good for the contract based on their mutual trust. In "teaching," three basic educational actions ("setting expectations," "providing experiences," and "evaluating outcomes") are required. There are two learning goals of professionalism education: the minimum goal of not doing unprofessional acts and the aspirational goal of pursuing a higher level of interiorized professionalism which leads to the professional identity formation. The true professionals are "reflective practitioners," who have the ability to manage ambiguous problems using their interiorized professionalism in complicated situations. Therefore, reflection is one of the central concepts of professionalism education. The Professionalism Mini-Evaluation Exercise (P-MEX), an observational tool to evaluate medical professionalism, has some favorable aspects; the Japanese version is available and is a guide to specific actions for professionalism through its items, although some cautions must be exercised when using it. Considering that teaching professionalism includes not only formal but informal and hidden curricula, all of the staff in the educational environments should consider professionalism education by understanding professionalism.

시나리오 기반 국어과 경청 교수⋅학습 모형 연구

Communication competency is an important core competency in a future society. To develop communication competency, an attitude of listening to others is necessary, and this importance should be further emphasized. A literature review was conducted to identify problems in existing listening education for good listeners. As a result, the problems of Korean language and listening education were as follows: 1) absence of a listening practice model, 2) imbalance in role rotation for mutual transaction, 3) instrumental perspective for problem-solving, and 4) lack of specific situational context. To complement these problems, a scenario-based listening teaching and learning model that emphasizes situational context is proposed. The design principle is as follows: 1) providing a teaching and learning environment where listening can occur, 2) providing scenarios containing specific situational contexts, 3) selecting the degree of self-disclosure for learners to immerse themselves in the situation, 4) analyzing and reflecting on the discourse text, and 5) learner activities and presenting feedback from the instructor who observed and investigated.

4차 산업혁명 시대의 컴퓨팅사고력 함양을 위한 소프트웨어 교육 프로그램 개발

The purpose of this study is to develop a software education program to foster computational thinking for the previous generation of software education. In an environment that is rapidly changing due to the 4th industrial revolution, developing computational thinking skills and the ability to use software are important core competencies that both future and previous generations should have. Therefore, research on educational programs that allow previous generations of software education to easily access software education is needed. Software education is conducted in various ways, and the ultimate goal of software education is to enhance computing thinking by enhancing problem-solving skills based on computing thinking. Software education methods include various teaching and learning methods such as physical computing, unplugged computing, storytelling, and flip learning. Methods using physical or unplugged computing have the advantage of being able to train software without a computer without restrictions on location. In this study, a software education program was applied to parents and students of elementary schools, which were previous generations of software education, and positive results were obtained through a post-satisfaction survey. It is expected that it will be used as a useful educational material when various educational places such as companies want to organize software education programs to cultivate computational thinking.

National core competencies and dynamic capabilities in times of crisis: Adaptive regulation of new entrants in advanced technology markets

The extent to which domestic industrial capabilities are essential in contributing to a Nations' prosperity and national well-being is the topic of long-standing debate. On the one hand, globalization and the outsourcing of production can lead to greater productivity, lower product costs, and gains from trade. On the other hand, national capabilities have long been a source of competitiveness and security during times of war and other crises. We explore the importance of domestic industrial capabilities during crises through a comparative case study of two countries - Spain and Portugal - to the sudden spike in demand for the manufacture of mechanical ventilators brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both countries had to work within the framework of EU regulations, but had very different internal competencies upon which to draw in doing so. In addition, mechanical ventilators serve as a particularly interesting context for study because they involve high risk (loss of patients' lives if incorrectly manufactured) and entering the market presents high entry barriers (including significant tacit knowledge in its production and use, and significant intellectual property embedded in proprietary software at large, established firms). To unpack the processes used by each country we leverage insights from 60 semi-structured interviews across experts from industry, healthcare workers, regulators, non-profit organizations, and research centers. We find that Spanish regulatory measures were more effective, resulting in 12 times more new products receiving regulatory approval to enter the market. Although neither country is known for their mechanical ventilator production, instrumental in informing the Spanish regulatory and industrial responses was their internal knowledge base due to domestic experts and existing capabilities in ventilator production. We conclude by proposing new theory for how nations might identify important core competencies to enhance their dynamic (regulatory) capabilities in areas likely to be critical to their social welfare.

Determinants of entrepreneurial performance of rural indigenous women entrepreneurs in Sarawak, Malaysia

PurposeThis study aims to explore the influence of internal and external factors on the entrepreneurial performance of rural indigenous women entrepreneurs (RIWEs) in Sarawak.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a qualitative approach in data collection and analysis. Data are collected by means of a semistructured interview from 19 RIWEs at rural areas in Sarawak. Data are then analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo software.FindingsThe study finds that RIWEs’ decision to start their business is mainly motivated by pull factors such as ego to succeed, ability to be self-employed and financially independent and to contribute to household income. The important personality traits of RIWEs to succeed in the entrepreneurial venture include self-belief, perseverance, commitment and risk-taking. Functional competencies and relationship competencies are cited as the most important core competencies to succeed. In terms of external factors, social networks, financial resources and support, business training and workshops and government’s preferential treatment policies are found to be important to RIWE’s entrepreneurial success.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few that explores the determinants of successful RIWEs in an emerging economy.

중국 초등교사들의 융합수업에 대한 인식과 실행

In order to understand the recent education trends in China, this study attempts to figure how integrated education, which has become the center of education reform, is being practiced in Chinese elementary school. A survey was conducted with elementary school teachers in China, pursuing how teachers perceive the current state of the operation and practice of integrated curriculum, and how they thought to improve it. As a result, almost Chinese teachers participated in survey positively supported the implementation of the integrated curriculum and thought that they should practice it. Chinese elementary school teachers differed from Korean teachers in that they recognized the competency of ‘knowledge and information processing' as the most important core competency among core competencies, but both teachers had similar perception in recognizing ‘aesthetic and emotional competency’ as the least important. It was found that the degree to which integrated classes were being practiced in Chinese school education did not show a very high level of awareness. In general, Chinese elementary teachers considered that the educational conditions were not yet suitable for adopting integrated curriculum, in particular, and that integrated curriculum would make lower their students' academic ability because it did not carry the evaluation of student’s academic achievement. It was emphasized that the formation of the Teacher Research Cooperation Group was more necessary than on-line or off-line education for integrated education in order to improve the practice of intergrated classes. It was also raised that translating educational research terms that were interpreted reflecting the socio-cultural context of each country and compiling an annotation dictionary were necessary for the development of international comparative educational research.

DEVELOPING EMPATHY AS A CORE COMPETENCY AND LIFE SKILL IN CHILDREN

Empathy has been studied in accordance to its impact on professional skills and behavior in the fields of medicine, corporations, and educational institutions. As multiple incidents of brutal violence, killing of innocent people on the streets of Pakistan, and apathetic attitudes disseminated even towards young children in schools, the need arises to address the importance and impact of empathy on everyday lives of people in society. The dire need for empathy-building exercises from the grass root level is evident. There is hope if future generations are taught to think of others as well as themselves, giving equal importance to every member of society. This article highlights the importance of empathy and traces its development in the mind of children, as an important core competency and life skill. Prosocial skills are discussed as a precursor and complementary attribute of the essential empathic skill. Future implications of this research lead to the prospect of a national program for building empathic skills for children, in schools across the country, as has been done in the United States, Canada and countries across the world (e.g., by Dan Olweus and Mary Gordon). Keywords: Empathy, Development of Empathy, Prosocial Behaviour, Bullying, Children

Are we of one mind about core competencies of nurse preceptors? A nominal group technique study.

This paper explored the differences in perspectives on the core competencies of nurse preceptors among postgraduate-year nurses, clinical nursing preceptors and head nurses. Cross-sectional design with nominal group technique (NGT). The sample consisted of 32 postgraduate-year nurses, 42 preceptors and 27 head nurses. Two rounds of NGT were used to collect the group opinions. While the rank/level of importance varied, three groups all agreed that teaching traits, clinical nursing profession, communication and collaboration, teaching pedagogy, reaction of contingency and consultation of academic writing were important core competencies for nurse preceptors. The three groups disagreed on critical thinking and reflection, as well as lifelong learning. This study clarifies cognitive differences and expectations among three groups and can assist medical institutes in designing preceptor training courses.

President’s Message

Continuing professional development—or more informally, continuing education (CE)—is an important core competency and member benefit of the Association for Vascular Access (AVA). It is why so many of our 3200 members and 7000 guests have embraced our vast array of digital education over the past 2 years of COVID-19. Never before have the healthcare professions seen such a dramatic shift from the comfortable and familiar face-to-face seminars, conferences, and local events to the dynamic delivery of impactful webinars, podcasts, and online education. While I believe it is safe to say that we all miss the personal interaction with our peers, digital continuing education has opened up AVA’s tremendous resources to so many more clinicians who want to improve their practice.The question is why, when we are all exhausted, does the demand for quality, innovative CE continue to increase? A recent article, “Lifelong Learning and Nurses’ Continuing Professional Development, a Metasynthesis of Literature,” provides a solid exploration of the why and indicates what more needs to be done.1 While the article focuses on nurses, I believe the core elements can be extended to physicians, advanced practice providers, and allied health providers.There are 5 overarching themes to continuing education, according to the article. I have condensed them to (1) organizational culture and a supportive environment, (2) personal motivation and attitudes toward CE, and (3) perceived impact on professionalism and desire to improve patient care standards.Numbers 2 and 3 are easy: Not only is continuing education required in the healthcare professions, but it is also part of our very fiber. Vascular specialists value lifelong learning; we are a curious and innovative cohort.Organizational culture and an environment supportive to learning is a little more problematic. The article notes that CE (and academic learning) is vital to improving our skills, acquiring new knowledge, and applying recent evidence to practice. There is sometimes a disconnect between what is offered by our institutions and what the individual healthcare professional wants and needs. This is especially important to the vascular access specialty. Our institutions simply cannot provide the cutting edge, best-practices education that will make the impact we want to deliver in patient safety and comfort. The last decade has seen employers continuing to cut employee professional development allowances. Many times, this results in employee dissatisfaction and, in turn, has had a detrimental effect on retention, according to a Becker’s Hospital Review article.2In this time of the “great resignation,” I implore our employers to support our vascular specialists by increasing both staff and money so that we, both as a VA team and as individuals, can improve patient care and our professions. This is where AVA excels with its specialized CE offerings and the new ACE by AVA program, which offers education, skills development, and a competency verification method. Additionally, the prelicensure Fundamentals of Peripheral IV Access curriculum (which will have a professional-level course in late 2022) supports the demand for new skills as outlined in the 2022 Health Care Talent Scan report by the American Hospital Association.3So here’s your call to action: Support your professional development by taking this article to your chief nursing, chief medical, or professional development directors, to your department chair, or to whoever approves professional development programs so that they can better understand that AVA makes a difference to you and why they should support your AVA participation and membership.

A Guide for Medical Students and Residents Preparing for Formative, Summative, and Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): Twenty Tips and Pointers.

The most important core competencies for medical learners to master are reviewing history, performing physical examination, communication skills and clinical reasoning. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) provides a consistent, reliable, and valid assessment of these integrated skills and is considered to be the gold standard. OSCEs are advantageous because they provide opportunities in evaluating skills that written tests cannot do (stage 3 of Miller’s Pyramid of Learning). In this article, we have provided tips and helpful pointers to medical students and residents, based on available literature and authors’ expertise in managing formative, summative, and virtual OSCE experiences. In virtual OSCEs, in-person learning objectives need to be modified to the virtual milieu and new competencies such as “webside manner” need to be introduced. Harmonizing the process and content of the OSCEs create operational challenges, thus learning the various moving parts of the OSCEs such as psychometrics, tasks of the standardized patients and checklists will ease optimal performance.

Assessment of Desired Core Competencies and its Acquisition Barriers of Agricultural Extension Advisors in Nepal

Modern agriculture is the era of 21st century. Competency is an indispensable in every aspect of delivering services to their ultimate users. Competency is integration of skills, knowledge, attitude and behavior that trigger to perform the delegated services in precise and methodical manner. The objective of this study was to identify important core competency required and its acquisition barrier for extension advisors of Nepalese agriculture extension service. Data were obtained using survey questionnaire from officers working at federal, state and local government offices of the selected 18 districts. The questionnaire was composed of open and close-ended questions based on 56 indicators of the nine core competencies. The descriptive statistics were used to analyze the responses. The findings indicated respondent perceptions on its all nine core competencies- program planning, program implementation, communication skills, extension education and information technology, program evaluation, personal and professional development, diversity, subject matter expertise and emotional intelligence from important to very important ranges. Subject matter expertise was perceived most important and communication skills as least one. Subject matter expertise, extension education and information technology skills positively correlate with education. The limited training opportunities and high cost for acquiring training personally are major barriers to gain competencies.

Comparison of self and simulated patient assessments of first-year medical students\u2019 Interpersonal and Communication Skills (ICS) during Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE)

BackgroundInterpersonal and communication skills (ICS) are important core competencies in medical education and certification. In this study, we identified self- and simulated patient (SP)-reported ratings of US first-year medical students’ ICS and the influence of age and gender on performance appraisal during the Objective-Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE).MethodsOSCE participants, including 172 first-year medical students and 15 SPs were asked to evaluate the students’ ICS using the American Board of Internal Medicine–Patient-Satisfaction Questionnaire (ABIM–PSQ), electronically and via paper, respectively. Self- and SP-reported ratings of students’ ICS were presented as the median on a 5-point Likert-scale and as three categories defined as “good,” “very good,” and “inadequate.”ResultsSPs assessed all 172 students in the OSCE, while 43.6% of students assessed their own performance. The majority of students and SPs evaluated the students’ ICS as very good. 23.3% of SPs and 5.3% of students rated the medical students’ ability to encourage patient question-asking and answer questions as inadequate (P < 0.002). Neither age nor gender influenced the medical students’ self-assessment of ICS. Female SPs assigned lower scores to students in regard to respecting patients and encouraging patient question-asking and answering. Older SPs was more likely to assign lower scores on all survey questions.ConclusionsIn the present study, self- and SP-reported ratings of first-year medical students’ ICS were mainly “very good” with no influence of students’ age or gender. Older age and female gender among the SPs were associated with a reduction in SP-reported ratings of students’ ICS.

Strategic management approach for port state control

Purpose The purpose of this study is to fill the gap and apply a fault tree analysis (FTA) in detention lists of Black Sea Region published port state reports from 2005 to 2016. The study analyzes valid records of 2,653 detained ships with 6,374 deficiencies based on a strategic management approach. This paper sets up FTA technique to assess the detention probability of a random ship which calls the Black Sea Region with the help of detention lists published within subject years. Design/methodology/approach This paper is not published elsewhere, and it is based on an original work, which figures out detention probability of a regular ship at Black Sea Region port state control from published lists of Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). By utilizing these detention lists, a generic fault tree diagram is drawn. Those probabilities could be used strategically with the most seen deficiencies in the region which all could guide the users, rule makers and the controllers of the maritime system. Findings FTA has conducted based on the data which was collected from website of BS MoU detention lists that published from 2005 to 2016. Those lists have been published on monthly basis from 2011 to 2016 and on quarterly basis from 2005 to 2010. Proper detention records have been included into the research, whereas some missing records were excluded. Subject lists have been harmonized and rearranged according to Black Sea MoU Detention Codes which was published on October 2017 at Black Sea MoU’s website. According to BS MoU Annual Reports, 58,620 ships were inspected from 2005 to 2016 as seen in Table 1. Those ships were inspected by each member country’s PSOs in the light and guidance of predefined selection criteria of the region. Detention frequency of inspected ships detected as 0.103116 which explains any ship that called any port in the Black Sea Region could be 10% detained after inspected by PSO. Also, each intermediate event-calculated frequency enlightens the probabilities of nonconformities of ships. Although those deficiencies show structural safety and security nonconformities, those probabilities also prove us that management side of the ships are not enough to manage and apply a safety culture. By the light of that, ship owners/managers could see the general nonconformities according to regional records and could manage their fleet and each ship as per those necessities. Research limitations/implications In the light of the above analysis, the future research on this subject could be studied on other regions which might enable a benchmark opportunity to users. Also, insurance underwriters have their own reports and publications that could clarify different points of view for merchant mariners and regulators. In this research, FTA is used as a main method to figure out the root causes of the detentions. For future researches, different qualitative and quantitative methods could be used under the direction of subjects. Practical implications Detention frequency of inspected ships detected as 0.103116 which explains any ship that called any port in the Black Sea Region could be 10% detained after inspected by PSO. Also, each intermediate event-calculated frequency enlightens the probabilities of nonconformities of ships. Although those deficiencies show structural safety and security nonconformities, those probabilities also prove us that management side of the ships are not enough to manage and apply safety culture. By the light of that, ship owners/managers could see the general nonconformities according to regional records and could manage their fleet and each ship as per those necessities. Social implications With the nature of carriage, shipping business carry out its essential economic attendance in world trade system via inclusion in national and international transportation. As a catalyst in international trade, shipping itself enables time, place and economic benefits to users (Bosneagu, Coca and Sorescu, 2015). Social and institutional pressures generate shipping industry as one of the most regulated global industries which creates high complexity. Industry evolved to multi-directional structure ranges from international conventions (IMO and ILO) to “supra-national interferences” (EU directives), to regional guidance (MoUs) to national laws (flag states). Ship operators endeavor to adopt/fit its industry environment where rules are obvious. With adaptation of industrial environment, ship operators are able to create an important core competency. Originality/value This study enlightens the most recorded deficiencies and analyzed them with the help of fault three method. These calculated frequencies/probabilities show the most seen nonconformities and the root causes of detentions in the Black Sea Region in which those results will be benefited strategically that enables a holistic point of view that guide the owners/managers, charterers/sellers/shippers, classification societies, marine insurance underwriters, ship investors, third parties, rule makers and the controllers of the system to apply safety culture.

Effect of creativity training on teaching for creativity for nursing faculty in Taiwan: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundCreativity and innovation are considered important core competencies in Taiwan for nursing students. Teachers play a critical role in the development of student creativity. Although studies have investigated creativity training, there is no consensus on how best to evaluate the effectiveness of the training. ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a teaching for creativity module (TCM) can enhance teaching behaviors and self-efficacy of teaching creativity for capstone course nursing faculty. The TCM intervention was taught in two stages by experts in diverse areas of industrial design. A 2-day teaching creativity workshop was followed by reinforcement of creativity skills in the classroom with nursing and design faculties teaching side-by-side for 6 h of the 18-week capstone course. DesignThis quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design to compare an intervention and control group. Participants and settingCapstone course nursing faculties were recruited from five science and technology universities in Taiwan. ResultsForty-two capstone faculty members participated; 21 completed the TCM intervention and 21 were in the control group. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated the TCM intervention group had significantly better post-test mean scores for creative teaching behaviors and self-efficacy of teaching creativity than the control group. Our findings suggest participation in a creativity workshop and reinforcement of teaching skills with classroom interdisciplinary teacher training can augment teaching for creativity of nursing faculty. ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate that an intervention program in creativity can increase teaching behaviors as well as perceptions of self-efficacy regarding teaching for creativity, which could foster student creativity. These findings have important implications for educational settings, as they suggest that the workshop and reinforcement of learning with hands-on guidance in creativity with interdisciplinary teaching should be integrated into the curriculum, which could facilitate student creativity by increasing teaching behaviors and improving self-confidence regarding teaching creativity.

Developing a framework for assessing teaching effectiveness in higher education

Evaluating the effectiveness of teaching and learning core knowledge outcomes and professional skills is a highly challenging task that has not yet been satisfactorily addressed at higher education level. The iTeach European project consortium developed a framework for assessing the effectiveness of various pedagogical methodologies in chemical engineering education, including those aiming to promote important core competencies related to employability, in a range of geographical and educational contexts.The framework was firstly implemented in a core chemical engineering area (reaction engineering) to check its usability and robustness, and subsequently was also tested on a range of subject areas from various branches of engineering and other disciplines, one of which is analysed in more detail in this contribution. The results of this broader assessment encompassed a much more diverse student body with varying educational experiences and a wider range of different teaching methodologies. The outcomes of this assessment are highlighted and the benefits of such an objective approach for evaluating teaching effectiveness is discussed.

숙박기업의 종사원급여가 기업성과에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of the average wage per employee on business performance of lodging companies. Human resource is one of the most important core competencies of the companies, and human resource management of lodging companies, which is a labor intensive service industry, will be more important. This paper focuses on wage, which is a representative item related to human resource. Analysis of 2,515 firm-year from 2000 to 2017 showed that the relationship between the average wage per employee and business performance appeared to be positive. All analyses, such as correlation, univariate, and regression reported consistent results. It appears that high wage served as a motivation for employees of low-paying lodging companies, and therefore, performance has improved. Despite the importance of the study of employees, which constitutes a large part of the companies, only a fragmentary study of a particular hotel company has been made while little research on the entire lodging business has been conducted due to the limitations of data collection. This study is meaningful in that it has verified the relationship between the average wage per employee on business performance for the externally audited lodging companies. Lodging companies will need to make efforts to improve their performance through appropriate compensation to their employees.

Integrated Cumulative Grade Point Average (iCGPA): Benefits and Challenges of Implementation for the Medical Faculty

The Ministry of Higher Education introduced the integrated cumulative grade point average (iCGPA) system in 2016, in an aspiration to produce graduates who are holistic and balanced in their abilities based on Malaysian Qualification Agency’s (MQA) learning domains. In this article, we provide a comparison of iCGPA with other established medical competency frameworks and shared our experience of trying to implement iCGPA in the medical faculty. Throughout implementation process, it was noted that medical educators need several core competencies to be able to implement iCGPA successfully in their courses. Two of the most important core competencies are understanding the pedagogies of the 21 st century (heutagogies, paragogies and cybergogies) and understanding the concept of outcome-based education. On top of the requirement of core competencies, there were also challenges of tailoring teaching and learning to meet the requirement of Industrial Revolution 4.0. We also described in detail the benefits and other challenges of iCGPA implementation in our faculty. We conclude this article with our recommendation for successful iCGPA implementation in the future for the medical faculty.

Comparing high-income and low- and middle-income country host perspectives on students’ short-term experiences in global health: a qualitative analysis

Abstract Background Thousands of students travel yearly from high-income countries (HICs) to low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) for short-term experiences in global health, with much less travel by LMIC students to HICs. Little structured research has been done to seek host perspectives, particularly from LMICs, on what they would like to teach learners. By seeking LMIC host perspectives, we aimed to improve global pedagogy, curriculum design, assessment, and experiential learning, better meeting host goals and expectations. Our additional aim was to improve mutual respect and trust, share power honestly and ethically, and facilitate more genuinely collaborative agenda setting between LMIC and HIC partners. Methods We previously did a hybrid quantitative and qualitative web-based survey from Sept 1, 2015, to Dec 31, 2015, exploring global competencies with particular attention to LMIC hosts supervising and housing trainees in short-term experiences in global 274 host perspectives were gleaned from 38 countries speaking 22 languages. In this qualitative study, we analysed open-ended questions and responses not previously covered from the same survey data. 97 of 274 responses were selected for qualitative analysis, conducted via content analysis and coding, ensuring inter-rater reliability, and comparing HIC and LMIC responses. Findings Four core themes emerged in our content analysis regarding desired global core competencies: most important global core competencies; biggest mistakes students make; biggest challenges students face; and what students should remember most in experiential global education. Interpretation Our qualitative study revealed intriguing comparative results addressing core controversies in global health, such as who does global health and where one must be to do global health. Moving forward we hope this initial survey research will facilitate more genuinely collaborative agenda setting between North–South and East–West partners. Funding Child Family Health International.