Important Compounds Research Articles

Exploring the anticancer activities of Sulfur and magnesium oxide through integration of deep learning and fuzzy rough set analyses based on the features of Vidarabine alkaloid

Drug discovery and development is a challenging and time-consuming process. Laboratory experiments conducted on Vidarabine showed IC50 6.97 µg∕mL, 25.78 µg∕mL, and ˃ 100 µg∕mL against non-small Lung cancer (A-549), Human Melanoma (A-375), and Human epidermoid Skin carcinoma (skin/epidermis) (A-431) respectively. To address these challenges, this paper presents an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model that combines the capabilities of Deep Learning (DL) to identify potential new drug candidates, Fuzzy Rough Set (FRS) theory to determine the most important chemical compound features, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to explain the features’ importance in the last layer, and medicinal chemistry to rediscover anticancer drugs based on natural products like Vidarabine. The proposed model aims to identify potential new drug candidates. By analyzing the results from laboratory experiments on Vidarabine, the model identifies Sulfur and magnesium oxide (MgO) as new potential anticancer agents. The proposed model selected Sulfur and MgO based on Interpreting their promising features, and further laboratory experiments were conducted to validate the model’s predictions. The results demonstrated that, while Vidarabine was inactive against the A-431 cell line (IC50 ˃ 100 µg∕mL), Sulfur and MgO exhibited significant anticancer activity (IC50 4.55 and 17.29 µg/ml respectively). Sulfur displayed strong activity against A-549 and A-375 cell lines (IC50 3.06 and 1.86 µg/ml respectively) better than Vidarabine (IC50 6.97 and 25.78 µg/ml respectively). However, MgO showed weaker activity against these two cell lines. This paper emphasizes the importance of uncovering hidden chemical features that may not be discernible without the assistance of AI. This highlights the ability of AI to discover novel compounds with therapeutic potential, which can significantly impact the field of drug discovery. The promising anticancer activity exhibited by Sulfur and MgO warrants further preclinical studies.

Ergostane-type steroids from mushrooms of Pleurotus genus.

Steroids are physiologically important compounds for animals, plants, and fungi, and they have significantly contributed to drug discovery for many years. Fungi mainly biosynthesize ergostane-type steroids such as ergosterol. However, after the basic skeleton is biosynthesized, chemical transformations can lead to the cleavage or rearrangement of the fundamental skeleton of steroids. The cleaved (seco) and rearranged (abeo) steroids are chemically and pharmacologically intriguing because they often exhibit biological activities. As ergostane-type steroids including the normal, seco, and abeo types have been isolated from the mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus, this review focuses on them as a resource of ergostane-type steroids, providing their distribution, structure determination, and biological activity.

Highly Efficient Compositional and Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis of Volatile Primary Amines and Ammonia in the Murchison Meteorite Using SPME On-Fiber Derivatization: Optimization for Bennu Sample Analyses.

Extraterrestrial amines and ammonia are critical ingredients for the formation of astrobiologically important compounds such as amino acids and nucleobases. However, conventional methods for analyzing the composition and isotopic ratios of volatile amines suffer from lengthy derivatization and purification procedures, high sample mass consumption, and chromatographic interferences from derivatization reagents and non-target compounds. Here we demonstrate a highly efficient method to analyze the composition and compound specific isotopic ratios of C1 to C6 amines as well as ammonia based on solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) on-fiber derivatization. 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate (PFBCF) adsorbed on a solid phase SPME fiber is subsequently exposed to the headspace of the water extract of the Murchison meteorite to selectively extract, derivatize and concentrate volatile amines and ammonia. PFBCF does not directly contact the aqueous solution containing other soluble organics. An aliquot of volatile amines and ammonia in the headspace are selectively derivatized on the SPME fiber and subsequently thermally desorbed onto the GC injector for analysis. Only the amounts of amines required for either compositional or isotopic analysis are derivatized and consumed in the process, preserving the bulk fraction of amines and ammonia for other analyses, and the process does not affect other volatile compound classes. Carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of amines are obtained by isotopic mass balance. The exceptional selectivity and sensitivity of SPME on-fiber derivatization of volatile amines in carbonaceous chondrite extracts allow minimization of sample consumption. Carbon and hydrogen isotopic values of individual amines in the Murchison meteorite are consistent with their extraterrestrial origin, with a substantial fraction inherited from interstellar molecular clouds. SPME on-fiber derivatization is well suited for analyzing extraterrestrial materials, especially precious asteroid return samples.

Improving polyketide biosynthesis by rescuing the translation of truncated mRNAs into functional polyketide synthase subunits

Modular polyketide synthases (mPKSs) are multidomain enzymes in bacteria that synthesize a variety of pharmaceutically important compounds. mPKS genes are usually longer than 10 kb and organized in operons. To understand the transcriptional and translational characteristics of these large genes, here we split the 13-kb busA gene, encoding a 456-kDa three-module PKS for butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis, into three smaller separately translated genes encoding one PKS module in an operon. Expression of the native and split busA genes in Streptomyces albus reveals that the majority ( >93%) of PKS mRNAs are truncated, resulting in a greater abundance of and a higher synthesis rate for the proteins encoded by genes closer to the operon promoter. Splitting the large busA gene rescues translation of truncated mRNAs into functional PKS subunits, and increases the biosynthetic efficiency of butenyl-spinosyn PKS by 13-fold. The truncated mRNA translation rescue strategy will facilitate engineering of multi-domain proteins to enhance their functions.

Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts From Leaves of anacardium occidentale l. (cashew) Front of Clinical Isolated from Gram-Negative Bacteria Resistant to Antibiotics

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of the hydroalcoholic extract of Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew) and the antimicrobial activity of this antibiotic against resistant gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Theoretical Framework: The spread of resistant microorganisms to available chemotherapeutic drugs is a major public health problem and points to the need for research into new antimicrobials. Plants, due to their secondary metabolism, produce compounds of biological importance, being an important source of bioprospection. Method: The collected leaves were dried at 37 °C, ground and soaked in 70% ethanol-water solution at a ratio drug / solvent of 1: 5 for seven days. After this time the mash was filtered and dried at 40 °C in a water bath until completely dry and obtain of the dry extract. The phytochemical analysis was based on the qualitative determination of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids / triterpenoids and tannins. The study of the susceptibility of the BGN extract was determined by the technique of REMA (Resazurin Microtiter Assay), using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The maintenance of the blue or pink color in the wells of the plate was interpreted, respectively, as the presence and absence of microbial growth. Results and Discussion: Phytochemicals in trials observed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and tannins and analysis of antimicrobial activity results demonstrated weak antimicrobial activity against most of the microorganisms evaluated, except for Pseudomonas sp. (7370) that showed MIC of 250µg/mL. Research Implications: Quantitative methods are necessary to better assess and quantify the secondary metabolites of the Anacardium occidentale L. in the region.

Porous Single-Crystalline Rare Earth Phosphates Monolith to Enhance Catalytic Activity and Durability

Rare earth phosphate (XPO4) is an extremely important rare earth compound. It can exhibit excellent activity and stability in catalytic applications by modifying its inherent properties. Porous single-crystalline (PSC) PrPO4 and SmPO4 with a large surface area consist of ordered lattices and disordered interconnected pores, resulting in activity similar to nanocrystals and stability resembling bulk crystals. Herein, we present a study in which centimeter-scale PSC PrPO4 and SmPO4 monoliths were developed and oxygen defects in the crystal lattice were stabilized using single-crystal nature to synergistically improve catalytic activity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE). The surface structure of the oxygen vacancies with unsaturated coordination is favorable for the adsorption and activation of ethane. The PSC PrPO4 and SmPO4 monoliths showed favorable performance with ~51% conversion of C2H6 and ~19% yield of C2H4 at 600 °C, while also exhibiting superior long-term stability during the catalytic process over a period of 115 h. In the presented work, we investigate a practical method for development and application in single-crystalline porous rare earth phosphate materials.

Irisquinone's Anti-cancer Potential: Targeting TrxR to Trigger ROS-mediated Apoptosis and Pyroptosis.

Irisquinone, an important compound extracted from Semen Irisis, has been used clinically as a radiotherapy sensitizer for lung, oesophageal, head and neck, breast and leukemia cancers. However, the mechanism by which it acts against cancer is still unclear. The present study aims to investigate the anti-tumor activity and mechanism of Irisquinone. The effect of Irisquinone on cell viability and proliferation was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Fluorescence probe (Fast-TRFS) and DTNB assay were used to observe the inhibitory effect of Irisquinone on both intracellular and extracellular thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumour cells was assessed using the DCFH-DA probe. Annexin V-FITC/PI, staining and microscopy experiments, were used to examine the apoptosis and pyroptosis. Western blotting analyses confirmed that Irisquinone induced apoptosis and pyroptosis in cancer cells by inhibiting TrxR to increase ROS generation. Our research has shown that Irisquinone has anti-proliferative effects on several cancer cell lines while having low toxicity to normal cells. The amount of ROS induced by inhibition of TrxR activated the BAX (proapoptotic protein) and caspase-1(the pro-pyroptotic protein) to induce apoptosis and pyroptosis. Irisquinone showed anticancer activity through inhibiting TrxR. These results suggested that Irisquinone will be developed to be an anti-tumor drug possibility.

Multivariate Statistical Analyses of the Temporal Variation in the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Eucalyptus torquata in Cyprus

The genus Eucalyptus L’Hér., is native to Australia with 61 introduced taxa in Cyprus, including E. torquata Luehm., which has a wide distribution on the island. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible seasonal variations in the chemical composition of the essential oils of juvenile and mature leaves collected from Nicosia, Cyprus, by using multivariate statistical analysis. The leaves of 12 monthly collections were separately hydrodistilled, and GC-FID and GC/MS analyses were conducted. In general, the results revealed 1,8-cineole (mature: 3.6–27.8%; juvenile: 12.7–21.5%) and torquatone (mature: 27.6–48.8%; juvenile: 28.8–41.5%) as major compounds as well as an inverse relation between 1,8-cineole and torquatone content. Other important compounds found were α-pinene, β-eudesmol and α-eudesmol for all samples. The data support the existence of three major clusters, distinguished by the concentration of torquatone and miniatone. Minor compounds were also temporally relevant. The present study is among the first of its kind, analyzing the essential oils for a one-year period in Cyprus as well as conducting statistical analysis on E. torquata to reveal possible temporal variations between heterophyllous leaves, and also performing Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, determining the primary components of variability.

2‐Aminoindoles and 2‐Iminoindolines as Viable Precursors of Indole‐fused Nitrogenated Polyheterocycles.

The synthesis of architecturally complex polyheterocyclic structures embedding the indole ring represents a growing field of interest. Carbolines and their partially dehydro derivatives, pyrazinoindoles, indoloindoles, azepinoindoles and other medium‐sized derivatives are only some examples of indole‐containing polycyclic compounds featured by enhanced pharmacological and photophysical properties. Among various synthetic protocols to prepare these important target compounds those based on the utilization of 2‐aminoindoles and 2‐iminoindolines are gaining increasing interest because of the ease of their preparation. The presence of a couple of reactive sites in these derivatives is instrumental for the assembling of polyheterocyclic structures exploiting single step operations featured by efficient cascade or tandem processes. Several of these methods employ catalyzed reactions which can be developed for the asymmetric synthesis of enantiopure compounds. This review provides an up‐to‐date report on the currently available methods for the synthesis of 2‐aminoindoles and 2‐iminoindolines and their application to the preparation of polyheterocyclic derivatives.

Appearance of green tea compounds in plasma following acute green tea consumption is modulated by the gut microbiome in mice.

Foods contain thousands of unique and biologically important compounds beyond the macro- and micro-nutrients listed on nutrition facts labels. In mammals, many of these compounds are metabolized or co-metabolized by the community of microbes in the colon. These microbes may impact the thousands of biologically important compounds we consume; therefore, understanding microbial metabolism of food compounds will be important for understanding how foods impact health. We used metabolomics to track green tea compounds in plasma of mice with and without complex microbiomes. From this, we can start to recognize certain groups of green tea-derived compounds that are impacted by mammalian microbiomes. This research presents a novel technique for understanding microbial metabolism of food-derived compounds in the gut, which can be applied to other foods.

Construction of an Efficient O-Succinyl-L-homoserine Producing Cell Factory and Its Application for Coupling Production of L-Methionine and Succinic Acid.

O-Succinyl-L-homoserine (OSH) is an important C4 platform compound with broad applications. Its green and efficient production is receiving increasing attention. Herein, the OSH producing chassic cell was constructed by deleting the transcriptional negative regulation factor, blocking the OSH consumption pathway, and inhibiting the competitive bypass pathways. The precursor synthesis pathways of aspartic acid and homoserine were further strengthened, and the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis pathway were modified to enhance the NADPH supply. Adaptive evolution was applied to improve the tolerance of the cell factory to the fermentation environment. With Raman online analysis, the metabolic process model was built to guide fermentation regulation. The final titer of OSH reached 121.7 g/L with conversion of 63% in a 50 L fermenter. Based on this, a coupling production route for L-methionine and succinic acid from OSH was established with good atomic economy and environmental friendliness.

Enhancement of FK520 production in Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus ATCC 14891 by overexpressing the regulatory gene fkbR2.

Ascomycin (FK520) is a 23-membered macrolide antibiotic primarily produced by the Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus. Structurally similar to tacrolimus and rapamycin, it serves as an effective immunosuppressant widely used in the treatment of rejection reactions after organ transplantation and certain autoimmune diseases. Currently, FK520 is mainly produced through microbial fermentation, but its yield remains low. Since the gene fkbR2 is a regulatory gene within the FK520 biosynthesis gene cluster that has not been studied, this paper focuses on the overexpression of the gene fkbR2 in Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus ATCC 14891 (WT). By constructing a strain with overexpressed fkbR2 gene, we initially obtained a high-yield strain R2-17 through shake flask fermentation, with a 28% increase in yield compared to WT. In the process of further improving the stability of the high-yield strain, this paper defines two indices: high-yield index and stability index. After two consecutive rounds of natural breeding, strain R2-17 achieved a high-yield index of 100% and a stability index of 80%. Finally, the high-yield strain R2-17-3-10 was successfully screened, and the yield was increased by 34% compared with the strain WT, reaching 686.47mg/L. A comparative analysis between the high-yield strain R2-17-3-10 and the original strain WT revealed differences in fermentation process parameters such as FK520 synthesis rate, pH, bacterial growth, glycerol consumption rate, ammonia nitrogen level, and ammonium ion concentration. In addition, the transcription levels of genes involved in the synthesis of precursors 4,5-dihydroxycyclohex-1-enecarboxylic acid (fkbO), ethylmalonyl-CoA (fkbE, fkbU, fkbS), and pipecolic acid (fkbL), as well as pathway-specific regulatory genes (fkbN, fkbR1), were significantly increased at different time points in the high-yield strain R2-17-3-10. EMSAs analysis showed that the FkbR2 protein could not bind to the promoter region of above genes. This suggests that the gene fkbR2 may enhance the supply of FK520 synthetic precursors by indirectly regulating the transcription levels of these genes, thereby promoting an increase in FK520 production. These results demonstrate that modifying genes within the biosynthetic gene clusters of natural products can be successfully applied to increase the yields of industrially and clinically important compounds. However, it is found that fkbR2 gene is a regulatory gene that has not been fully studied, and it is worth further studying its regulatory mechanism.

Spectroscopic characterization of radicals formed by hydrogen-atom abstraction from γ-valerolactone and γ-butyrolactone.

γ-valerolactone (GVL) and its unmethylated counterpart, γ-butyrolactone (GBL), are important compounds with a wide range of potential uses. For example, GVL is proposed as an ideal alternative renewable energy source, while GBL can be utilized as an electrolyte. Understanding the combustion mechanisms of these compounds is crucial for optimizing their use as energy sources and monitoring the products formed during combustion. During pyrolysis, reactions with hydrogen atoms play a key role. Although the reactions of lactones with hydrogen atoms have been studied at higher temperatures using theoretical and computational methods, the spectroscopic data for the radicals produced during these reactions remain incomplete. Such data could, however, be valuable for tracking radical mechanisms. This study investigated these reactions at 3.1 K using the para-H2 matrix-isolation technique. The conditions provided by this method are particularly well-suited for studying radicals, in contrast to the conditions used in pyrolysis studies. IR spectroscopy was employed to monitor the reactions, enabling us to observe the vibrational spectra of the resulting radicals. These spectroscopic data could offer valuable insights for further exploring the combustion processes of GVL and GBL.

Photocatalytic selective oxidation of glycerol to formic acid and formaldehyde over surface cobalt-doped titanium dioxide.

Glycerol is one of the most important biomass platform compounds that is a by-product of biodiesel production, and the selective cleavage of the CC bond of glycerol to produce liquid hydrogen carriers (i.e., formic acid and formaldehyde) offers a viable strategy to alleviate the currently faced energy shortages. However, the harsh reaction conditions, long reaction times, poor yields of liquid hydrogen carriers, and the tendency of peroxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2) make the selective CC bond cleavage of glycerol more challenging. Herein, we report the selective CC bond cleavage of glycerol to formic acid and formaldehyde using surface cobalt (Co)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) under light irradiation and ambient conditions. The optimized system exhibits a high conversion of glycerol (95%) and the yield of liquid hydrogen carriers reaches 78% (formic acid, 57%; formaldehyde, 21%) in 8h, effectively preventing their peroxidation to CO2. The outstanding photocatalytic performance is mainly attributed to the introduction of Co species and oxygen vacancies that promote the separation of photogenerated charges and holes and provide more adsorption sites for oxygen which are electron acceptors, respectively. In-depth investigations have shown that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals are the main active species in this reaction. This work presents an effective and promising strategy for the efficient utilization of biomass resources.

Optimization of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Production with Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities

Background: Biosurfactants are very important amphiphile compounds due to their interesting advantages such as low toxicity, biodegradability and also their many biological properties. Methods: In the present study, antimicrobial and anti-imflammatory activities were evaluated to determine the biological proprieties of biosurfactant BLA 2906 produced by Alcaligenes aquatilis YGD 2906 using different assays. Screening and optimization component concentrations in the medium were investigated using PBD and SRM to increase surfactant yield in term emulsification activity value (E24%). Results: The halos of antifungal activity presented a mean value of 12.33 mm to 17.67 mm. For antibacterial activity, the diameter varied from 10.33 to 12.67 mm with a very important antiinflammatory activity using a protein denaturation method that showed a maximum inhibition of 92.79%. Conclusion: These results suggest that BLA 2906 may be used as a new therapeutic and antiinflammatory agent. The PBD selected 7 significant components out of the 14 screened. The RSM resulted in the production in terms of emulsification activity of 68.37% in the optimized medium.

Potentilla fulgens Wall ex Sims. exerts anti-diabetic effects by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase: deeper insights through molecular docking

Potentilla fulgens Wall ex Sims., a local medicinal plant used by the Khasi tribe of Meghalaya, India, has been reported to be rich in tannins, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. Although several studies have been conducted on its antidiabetic and anti-oxidant properties, most reports were done with crude polar extracts. In this study, we report the inhibitory effect of the non-polar chloroform extract of P. fulgens (NPFE) on α- amylase and α- glucosidase. The extract exhibited a potent antioxidant effect comparable to the reference standard as reflected by the IC50 values in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Further, the antihyperglycemic action of NPFE was observed in alloxan-induced diabetic mice from the Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT). Spectral and chromatographic analysis using FTIR and GC-MS/MS showed the presence of important functional groups and bioactive compounds. In silico molecular docking of the identified bioactive compounds carried out against α-amylase and α-glucosidase provided more insights into its antihyperglycemic properties.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Docking and Biological Screening of Novel Chalcones and Their Pyrazoline Derivatives

The novel chalcones and their pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized by the Claisen–Schmidt condensation method. The aim of the synthesis was their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. These compounds were characterized by FTIR technique and NMR (1H, 13C). The synthesized moieties were screened for their in vitro biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. Among the synthesized compounds, 3b showed more promising antifungal activity, better than the standard fluconazole and cytotoxicity with LD50 (92.5 µg/mL). The second important compound was 5b with higher antioxidant potential with IC50 (90 µg/mL) and at the same time better antibacterial activity with MIC 20 μg. Molecular docking studies was performed to elucidate the molecular basis of the experimental inhibitory activities of new synthetic compounds. The calculated final docking energies for 3b, 4b and 5b against DNA gyrase were -7.6, -8.4 and -9.8 Kcal/mol, while against cytochrome P450 they were -10.3, -10.5 and -12.6 - respectively. The docking results showed that the ligand molecules can be a substrate binding region for the active site.

Comprehensive phytochemical exploration of red, sweet and sour tamarind genotypes through GC-MS analysis

Tamarind fruit pulp is a significant spice and flavouring agent used in various cuisines worldwide. Tamarind pulp has potential therapeutic value due to the presence of numerous bioactive components and widely utilized in preparation of different Ayurvedic medicines for treating the different illness. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents in the fruit pulp of different phenotypic variants of red, sweet and sour Tamarind clones. The Tamarind fruits were collected from the Tamarind germplasm bank at the ICFRE-Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding and subjected to phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. The Tamarind clones IFGTBTI-4, IFGTBRT-4 and IFGTBST-5 were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The methanol extract of fruit pulp was analysed by GCMS for identify the bioactive component present in the different phenotypic variants of Tamarind. The GCMS analysis revealed 22 components in sour Tamarind, 18 components in red Tamarind and 22 components in sweet Tamarind. The most important bioactive compounds present in all the Tamarind types are myo-inositol, 4-Cmethyl-, L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, and 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl) and also the components such as ?-calacorene, gammasitosterol and levoglucosenon. Therapeutic potential, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral and anticancer properties. The findings contribute to the pharmacological validation of Tamarind extracts and to supporting their utility in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. This study highlights Tamarind's role as a source of natural bioactive compounds with significant health benefits, emphasizing its potential in the development of new therapeutic agents and supplements based on sustainable, bio-based chemicals.

CaHY5 Mediates UV-B Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Purple Pepper

Anthocyanins are important flavonoid compounds in plants that are associated with the color formation and antioxidant activity of flowers, fruits, and other organs. Ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) is one of the key environmental factors that influence anthocyanin accumulation in plants and HY5 is involved in plant photomorphogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism of the signal network of UV-B regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in capsicum via HY5 remains unclear. In this study, we identified the transcription factor CaHY5, which mediates UV-B signaling, and demonstrated its regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The results showed that there were photoresponsive and hormone-responsive elements on the CaHY5 promoter that responded to UV-B, indoleacetic acid, salicylic acid, 6-benzyladenine, abscisic acid, and melatonin treatments. UV-B treatment induced the expression of CaHY5 and anthocyanin structural genes. CaHY5 gene-silenced positive plants showed different degrees of the yellowing phenomenon, which affected the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis structural gene. The expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes in CaHY5-silenced positive plants increased considerably. This study provides insights into the role of CaHY5 in UV-B-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple pepper.

Identification of phenols and their formation network during the brewing process of Shanxi aged vinegar.

Phenols are important functional compounds present in vineagr, however, their composition and formation pathways remain uncertain. Herein, non-targeted metabolomics and macrotranscriptomics methods were applied to identify phenols and analyze their formation network during the brewing process of Shanxi aged vinegar. A total of 82 phenols were detected from the raw material and the brewing process. Results indicated that phenolic acids were the major phenols and were mainly formed during acetic acid fermentation stages. Water, reducing sugars, lactic acid, and 7 amino acids influenced the formation and transformation of phenols, as shown through Spearman analysis. Furthermore, 16 genera and 38 enzymes were involved in substrates decomposition and phenols formation according to the metabolic pathway analysis, with Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism identified as the main pathway for phenols formation. Lactobacillus and Acetobacter were the key genera responsible for the phenols transformation. This study provides new insights into the phenols formation mechanisms in cereal vinegars and it is helpful for isolating the functional strains to reinforce the phenols formation.