Important Agronomic Characteristics Research Articles

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КЛАСТЕРНОГО АНАЛИЗА ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СЕЛЕКЦИОННОЙ ЦЕННОСТИ ЧЕЧЕВИЦЫ (Lens culinaris Medik)

The article presents the results of a study of agronomic characters of lentil, carried out in the fields of the A.I. Barayev Scientific and production center for grain farming JSC in 2021-2023. The objects of the study were 100 varieties from the genetic collections of lentil from the Institute of Plant Industry, ICARDA and foreign varieties (Turkey, Canada, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus). The Shyraily variety was adopted as a standard for large-seeded lentils, and the Krapinka variety – for small-seeded lentils. As a result of the research, sources of certain agronomic characters of lentils in the conditions of the Northern Kazakhstan were identified. Hierarchical clustering of the main components based on important agronomic characters revealed the presence of five groups with different breeding values. The most promising in practical and breeding terms are the samples belonging to the first cluster, which exhibit the highest expression of such quantitative characters as optimal yield and seed weight per plant. The second cluster includes productive and earlymaturing samples, while the samples in the third cluster can be used as sources of high protein content. Lentil samples from the fourth and fifth clusters may serve as promising parent material for the development of new lentil varieties.

Soybean WRINKLED1 protein GmWRI1a promotes flowering under long-day conditions via regulating expressions of flowering-related genes

Flowering time is an important agronomic character that influences the adaptability and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. WRINKLED 1 (WRI1) plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development. In this study, we found that the expression of GmWIR1a could be induced by long days. Compared with the wild type, transgenic soybean overexpressing GmWRI1a showed earlier flowering and maturity under long days but no significant changes under short days. Overexpression of GmWRI1a led to up-regulated expression of genes involved in the regulation of flowering time. The GmWRI1a protein was able to directly bind to the promoter regions of GmAP1, GmFUL1a, GmFUL2 and up-regulated their expression. GmCOL3 was identified by yeast one-hybrid library screening using the GmWRI1a promoter as bait. GmCOL3 was revealed to be a nucleus-localized protein that represses the transcription of GmWRI1a. Expression of GmCOL3 was induced by short days. Taken together, the results show that overexpression of GmWRI1a promotes flowering under long days by promoting the transcriptional activity of flowering-related genes in soybean, and that GmCOL3 binds to the GmWRI1a promoter and directly down-regulates its transcription. This discovery reveals a new function for GmWRI1a, which regulates flowering and maturity in soybean.

Manually annotated gene prediction of the CN14 peach genome

Peach (Prunus persica) is a fruit tree in the Rosaceae family and serves as an ideal plant for research on important agronomic characters due to its modest genome size and moderate chromosome number. The high-quality CN14 (from cultivar ‘Zhongyoutao 14′) peach genome was released in 2022. To improve the predicted gene models, RNA-Seq data from 13 individual tissue samples and a tissue mixture were manually compared to the gene models. These newly adjusted gene models (released as CN14 genome, version 2.0) were including total 31546 gene models with a 99.17% BUSCO value. In this v.2.0 annotation, gene models of 3981 transcripts were adjusted, and 742 transcripts were newly added. The number of genes increased from v.1.0 (30181 genes). The newly added and adjusted gene IDs were renamed (Ppv2.XG. XXXXX), while the original names remained for genes with no structural changes. There were 2175 transcription factors/regulators and 1251 protein kinases newly identified. The gene structures of 16 of these genes were verified using RT-PCR, and all were successfully cloned. This updated annotation of the peach genome provides new genes as well as updated gene expression profiles, which will greatly improve gene identification and functional studies in peach.

Agronomic and ionomics indicators of high-yield, mineral-dense, and low-Cd grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

The accumulation of toxic and essential nutrient elements in wheat grain influences wheat yield, grain nutritional quality, and human health. Here, we assessed the potential for breeding wheat cultivars to combine high yield with low cadmium and high iron and/or zinc concentrations in grains, and we screened appropriate cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted to explore differences in grain cadmium, iron, and zinc concentrations among 68 wheat cultivars, as well as their relationships with other nutrient elements and agronomic characters. The results showed 2.04-, 1.71-, and 1.64-fold differences in grain cadmium, iron, and zinc concentrations, respectively, among the 68 cultivars. Grain cadmium concentration was positively correlated with grain zinc, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese concentrations. Grain copper concentration was positively correlated with grain zinc and iron concentrations, but not with grain cadmium concentration. Therefore, copper has a potential role in regulating grain iron and zinc accumulation without influencing cadmium concentration in wheat grain. There were no significant relationships between grain cadmium concentration and four important wheat agronomic characters (i.e., grain yield, straw yield, thousand kernel weight, and plant height), indicating that the breeding of low-cadmium-accumulating cultivars with dwarfism and high yield characteristics is possible. On cluster analysis, four cultivars (Ningmai11, Xumai35, Baomai6, and Aikang58) exhibited low-cadmium and high-yield characteristics. Among them, Aikang58 contained moderate iron and zinc concentrations, while Ningmai11 had relatively high iron but low zinc concentrations in the grain. These results imply that it is feasible to breed high-yield dwarf wheat with low cadmium and moderate iron and zinc concentrations in the grain.

In Vitro Mutagenesis of Dendrobium gabriella suryajaya Using Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) and Plantlet Regeneration

Plant breeding through mutation techniques has the main purpose to explore genetic diversity in the presence of useful traits for developing new plants. Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) is a widely used chemical to induce mutations in plants focused on obtaining genetic variation. EMS can induce random points of mutations and some of which can create new stop codons in the desired gene. EMS has been successfully used to generate morphological diversity and encourage the improvement of desired traits. The 3-month-old Dendrobium gabriella suryajaya Orchid protocorm-like bodies (PLB) treatment with EMS concentrations of 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.075% can change genetic diversity, especially in leaf morphology. A total of 105 orchids were soaked in EMS solution at concentrations for 12 and 24 hours respectively. The phenotypic variations observed in this population include changes in leaf color and the number of buds. This EMS mutant population will be used for further studies including screening for various traits such as through ISSR analysis to determine the level of diversity. This research shows that mutagenesis using EMS can produce the amount of variability in Dendrobium. The generation of variability for desired traits resulted in the identification of several mutants with important agronomic characteristics that can be used as germplasm for improvement.

Yerel Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotiplerinin Yazlık Ekimde Bazı Özelliklerinin Karekterizasyonu ve Ana Bileşen Analizi

A total of 170 different genotypes were studied to evaluate the local chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) populations collected from the Mediterranean, Passage belt and Central Anatolia regions, Adana, Hatay, Osmaniye, Maraş, Mersin, Karaman provinces in breeding studies and to determine some important agronomic and morphological characteristics. Qualitative and quantitative properties of genotypes in early spring sowing were investigated. Morphological characterization studies were carried out according to the definition list published by IPGRI for chickpea and the UPOV feature document of this species. The characteristics of chickpea plant and seed were examined and the differences between these examined characteristics were determined. In this study, when the weights and contribution margins of the characteristics discussed in the first three main components are examined, it is seen that the seed shape and first branch number values on the first main component have the highest values, respectively. When the second main component values were examined, it was determined that the second branch number and the third branch number had the highest values. In the third main component, the values of leaflet width and canopy height were determined as the highest values, respectively. Among the three main components, the determined features emerge as characters that may be important in the differentiation of genotypes.

Variability of Sesamum indicum L. germoplasm after reaction to suboptimal temperature and its agronomic value

The paper presents data on the influence of the minimum temperature (15 °C) on the genotypes of sesame, 40 in number, from the gene bank of the Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, by modeling artificial environmental stress under laboratory conditions. Cluster analysis (k – means) of a set of cultivars and lines of sesame highlighted a cluster of 23 genotypes with higher germination indices, length of root and stem. Among these, the genotypes L1, Iubileinâi, Cubanet 55 and Delco recorded the highest values according to the number of capsules per plant (45.5-53.9) and productivity per plant (7.4-8.3 g) in combination with indications of important agronomic characters and resistance to low temperatures obtained in the experiences of field.

Agronomic performance and selection of green super rice doubled haploid lines from anther culture

Abstract. Nurhidayah S, Purwoko BS, Dewi IS, Suwarno WB, Lubis I. 2023. Agronomic performance and selection of green super rice doubled haploid lines from anther culture. Biodiversitas 24: 819-826. Rice is the staple food of most Asian, including Indonesian people. Plant breeding plays an important role in producing high-yielding varieties of rice to meet national carbohydrate sufficiency. Green Super Rice (GSR) is an alternative for rice variety development that has the advantages of high yield, good quality, pest resistance, and efficient fertilizer use to support sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic character of GSR doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from anther culture and determine the best GSR rice lines based on index selection. The treatment was 65 genotypes consisting of 60 DH of GSR lines from anther culture of 5 combinations of crosses and 5 check varieties. The study used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that most of the tested lines had similar agronomic performances to the check variety Inpari 42 Agritan GSR. Almost all agronomic characters of the GSR DH lines had high genetic variability. Most characters had a high category of broad-sense heritability except panicle length. Line selection using index selection for economically important agronomic characters yielded 27 GSR DH lines having high productivity, number of productive tillers per hill, number of total grains per panicle, and percentage of filled grains per panicle.

The Determination of Important Agronomic and Quality Characteristics of Advanced Peanut Breeding Lines (F8 and F9) Belonging to Different Crossing Combinations

Bu çalışma, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma alanında, 2019 ve 2020 yılı üretim sezonunda ana ürün koşullarında yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya konu olan denemeler tesadüf bloklar deneme desenine göre, üç tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada, farklı yer fıstığı çeşitlerinin melezlemesinden elde edilen ve pedigri seleksiyon yöntemine göre seçilen ve denemeye değer bulunan 14 adet ileri ıslah hattı (F8 ve F9) ile Sultan, Ayşehanım, NC-7 ve Halisbey çeşitleri de (standart olarak) materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, denemeye alınan ileri kademedeki yer fıstığı hatlarına ait bitki başına meyve sayısı ve ağırlığı, 100 tohum ağırlığı, iç randımanı, meyve ve tohum verimi ile yağ ve protein oranı gibi önemli özellikler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; denemeye alınan yer fıstığı hatlarına ait meyve ve tohum verimi değerleri iki yıllık ortalamasına göre sırasıyla 427.9-791.6 kg/da ve 312.5-550.0 kg/da arasında değişim göstermiştir. Dekara en yüksek meyve verimi Osmaniye 2005 x NC-7 çeşitlerinin melezlemesinden elde edilen HA-03 (791.6 kg/da) elde edilmiştir. İki yıllık ortalama değerlere göre HA-03, HW-1, YF-8/P ve YF-19 ıslah hatlarının meyve verimi bakımından standart çeşitlerinden daha yüksek değerlere sahip oldukları gözlenmiştir.

Research Progress and Application of Plant Branching

Plant branching development plays an important role in plant morphogenesis (aboveground plant type), the number and angle of branches are important agronomic characters that determine crop plant type. Effective branches determine the number of panicles or pods of crops and then control the yield of crops. With the rapid development of plant genomics and molecular genetics, great progress has been made in the study of branching development. In recent years, a series of important branching-related genes have been validated from Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, pea, tomato and maize mutants. It is reviewed that plant branching development is controlled by genetic elements and plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin and lactones (or lactone derivatives), as well as by environment and genetic elements. Meanwhile, shoot architecture in crop breeding was discussed in order to provide theoretical basis for the study of crop branching regulation.

Ana ve ikinci ürün koşullarında yetiştirilen susam (Sesamum indicum L.) çeşitlerinin bazı önemli tarımsal ve kalite özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması

Bu çalışma; 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında, ana ve ikinci ürün koşullarında, Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Araştırma ve Uygulama alanında, bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuş ve yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada; ülkemizde tescil edilmiş susam çeşitlerinin farklı yetiştirme dönemlerinde (ana ve ikinci ürün koşullarında) önemli agronomik ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, on yedi farklı susam çeşidi denemede materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Denemeye alınan susam çeşitlerinin; bitki boyu, ilk kapsül yüksekliği, dal ve kapsül sayısı, 1000 tohum ağırlığı, tohum verimi gibi önemli agronomik özellikleri ile yağ ve protein oranı değerleri incelenmiştir. Denemeye alınan susam çeşitlerinin incelenen özellikleri arasında her iki yetiştirme döneminde de önemli farklılıklar saptanmıştır. Ana ürün koşullarında; gün uzunluğu, toplam sıcaklık ve vejetasyon süresi daha fazla olduğundan dolayı, incelenen tüm tarımsal özelliklerine ait elde edilen değerler, ikinci ürün koşullarına göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Özellikle tohum verimi değerleri, ikinci ürün koşullarına göre, ana ürün koşullarında %40 daha yüksek olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; hem ana ürün ve hem de ikinci ürün koşullarında tohum verimi ile tarımsal ve kalite özellikleri bakımından; Muganlı-57, Sarı Susam ve Osmangazi-99 susam çeşitlerinin, diğer çeşitlerden daha üstün olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Transcriptome Analysis to Explore the Cause of the Formation of Different Inflorescences in Tomato

The number of inflorescence branches is an important agronomic character of tomato. The meristem differentiation and development pattern of tomato inflorescence is complex and its regulation mechanism is very different from those of other model plants. Therefore, in order to explore the cause of tomato inflorescence branching, transcriptome analysis was conducted on two kinds of tomato inflorescences (single racemes and compound inflorescences). According to the transcriptome data analysis, there were many DEGs of tomato inflorescences at early, middle, and late stages. Then, GO and KEGG enrichments of DEGs were performed. DEGs are mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, biohormone signaling, and cell cycle pathways. According to previous studies, DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, and FALSIFLORA (FA) and ANANTHA (AN) genes were the most notable of 41 DEGs related to inflorescence branching. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for understanding inflorescence branching, but also provides a new idea for the follow-up study of inflorescence.

USING INTRODUCED SAMPLES OF ONION CROPS FOR BREEDING IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA

The biological diversity of our planet largely depends on human impact on the environment. Globally, there is a large variety of perennial plant species worldwide. One of the methods of genetic preservation of wild species is introducing them into the culture. In the conditions of Altai Krai, scientists have found approximately 28 species of wild-growing onion crops. Wild-growing onion species have important agronomic characteristics. The current research aims to examine, evaluate, and select clones, and create a variety of perennial onion crops. The research objects are samples of three types of perennial onions: Welsh onion, Altai onion, and Chinese chive. The trial establishment, observations, and selections were conducted using instructive methodological regulations. According to the Welsh onion culture, 27 samples were studied. Early growing forms and samples with a long regrowth–bolting period were selected, which determines the duration of economic use in the culture. The least volatile variables were identified. There were 18 samples of Altai onion in the research. A sample of this type with the maximum duration of the regrowth–bolting period was identified. Further research on the selection of clones allowed the identification of promising forms. The selection of clonal material on Chinese chives was carried out using 21 samples. Phenological and morphological evaluation of the samples was performed in this culture, and interesting breeding forms were identified. As a research result, one sample of each type was transferred to the state crop variety testing. According to the results, three new varieties of perennial types of onion crops were zoned: Welsh onion Premiera, Altai onion Viktor, and Chinese chive Zelyeny dol.

Identification and Allele Combination Analysis of Rice Grain Shape-Related Genes by Genome-Wide Association Study.

Grain shape is an important agronomic character of rice, which affects the appearance, processing, and the edible quality. Screening and identifying more new genes associated with grain shape is beneficial to further understanding the genetic basis of grain shape and provides more gene resources for genetic breeding. This study has a natural population containing 623 indica rice cultivars. Genome-wide association studies/GWAS of several traits related to grain shape (grain length/GL, grain width/GW, grain length to width ratio/GLWR, grain circumferences/GC, and grain size/grain area/GS) were conducted by combining phenotypic data from four environments and the second-generation resequencing data, which have identified 39 important Quantitative trait locus/QTLs. We analyzed the 39 QTLs using three methods: gene-based association analysis, haplotype analysis, and functional annotation and identified three cloned genes (GS3, GW5, OsDER1) and seven new candidate genes in the candidate interval. At the same time, to effectively utilize the genes in the grain shape-related gene bank, we have also analyzed the allelic combinations of the three cloned genes. Finally, the extreme allele combination corresponding to each trait was found through statistical analysis. This study’s novel candidate genes and allele combinations will provide a valuable reference for future breeding work.

Estimation of heterosis for yield and yield components in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Exploitation of heterosis is primarily dependent on the selection of available germplasm that could be produced by better combinations of important agronomic characters. The heterosis was recorded for fruit and its fifteen component characters. The crosses showing significant heterosis over standard check were Varsha Upahar x Kashi Kiranthi for plant height and days to 50% flowering, 307-10-01 x Arka Anamika for number of leaves, Parbhani Kranthi x ZARS for internodal length, Varsha Upahar x ZARS for number of branches per plant, Pusa Makhmali x ZARS for number of nodes on main stem, Phule Utkarshi x Kashi Kiranthi for stem diameter, Punjab Padmini x ZARS for fruit length, Pusa Makhmali x Kashi Kiranthi for fruit diameter,VRU-109x Arka Anamika for number of fruits per plant, Punjab Padmini x ZARS for average fruit weight per plant and for total fruit yield per plant was maximum in the hybrid VRU-109 x Arka Aanamika, followed by Phule Utkarshi x Kashi Kiranthi were these hybrids may be used for exploitation of hybrid vigour on commercial scale.

Meta-Analysis of Flowering-Related Traits and Mining of Candidate Genes in Maize

Maize flowering is an important agronomic character, which is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). Over the years, a large number of flowering-related QTL have been found in maize and exist in public databases. However, combining these data, re-analyzing and mining candidate loci and fine mapping of flowering-related traits to reduce confidence intervals has become a hot issue in maize. In this study, the QTL of 6 important agronomic traits of maize flowering were collected from 15 published articles, including flowering period (DA), Days to tasseling (DTT), Days to silking (DS), Days to pollen shedding (DTP), anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and the photosensitive (PS). Through meta-analysis, 622 QTL were integrated into 26 meta-QTLs (MQTL). Finally, the candidate genes related to maize flowering (Gene IDs: ZM00001D005791, ZM00001D019045, ZM00001D050697, ZM00001D011139) were identified by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and hierarchical cluster analysis of expression profile. Based on the results of this study, the genetic characteristics of maize flowering traits will be further analyzed, which is of great significance to guide the improvement of important agronomic characters and improve the efficiency of breeding.

Structural properties of starch from single kernel of high-amylose maize

Cereal grain weight is an important agronomic character, influencing crop yield and quality. The high-amylose cereals usually have grains with different weights. However, it is unclear whether starches from kernels with different weights have different structural properties. In the research, the amylose content, amylopectin structure, crystallinity, and thermal properties of single-kernel starch were investigated in two high-amylose maize inbred lines, and the relationship between amylose/amylopectin content and kernel weight and the differences of starches from kernels with different weights were analyzed. The results showed that kernel weight had significantly positive relationship with amylose content and amylopectin B3+ chains (DP > 36) and average branch-chain length and negative relationship with amylopectin A chains (DP6-12) and B1 chains (DP13-24). The amylopectin A and B1 chains, relative crystallinity, and ordered degree had positive relationship with each other. The amylose content, amylopectin B3+ chains and average branch-chain length, and gelatinization temperature range were positively correlated with each other. Starches from kernels with different weights had different amylose contents, amylopectin structures, and thermal properties. The above results would offer references for breeding of high-amylose cereal crops and applications of grains with different weights.

Overexpression of GmGAMYB Accelerates the Transition to Flowering and Increases Plant Height in Soybean.

The flowering time and plant height of soybean are important agronomic characters, which control the adaptability and yield of soybean. R2R3 MYB transcription factor plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development. In this study, soybean GmGAMYB gene of R2R3-MYB type was induced by long-days (LDs). GmGAMYB showed higher transcriptional levels in the flowers, leaves and pods of soybean. Overexpression of GmGAMYB in transgenic soybean showed earlier flowering time and maturity in LDs and short-days (SDs). GmGAMYB interacted with GmGBP1 and might promote flowering time by up-regulating the expression of GmFULc gene in soybean. Moreover, the expression level of GmGAMYB was also induced by gibberellins (GAs) and the plant height of GmGAMYB-ox plants was significantly increased, which was caused by the enlargement of internode cell in stem. Furthermore, GmGAMYB overexpression led to increased GA sensitivity in the hypocotyl of soybean seedlings compared with WT. GmGAMYB may be a positive regulator of GA response of promoting plant height by up-regulating the expression of GmGA20ox gene in soybean. Together, our studies preliminarily showed that the partial functions of GmGAMYB in regulating flowering time and GA pathway.

Molecular Analysis Associated with Early Flowering Mutant in Brassica napus

Flowering time in crops is an important agronomic character and is closely related to yield. However, the molecular mechanisms of flowering regulation in rapeseed remain elusive. In the current study, we report a rapeseed mutant with an early flowering (eaf) phenotype. The results of field observation showed that the flowering time of the mutant was about 18 days earlier than that of the wild type (WT, Zhongshuang 11), but there were no significant differences in other agronomic characters. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that flowering and hormone-related proteins and genes were significantly differentially expressed between WT and eaf, indicating that the differential expression of flowering and hormone-related genes may be the main reason for early flowering in the mutant. Besides, the up-regulation of stress-related genes in the eaf mutant may be another possible reason of the mutant’s early flowering. Taken together, our findings provide a clue for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of early flowering in the mutant, and also potential materials for rapeseed molecular biology research.

Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Populations from Banja Luka Area (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

This study aims to do a morphological and biochemical characterization of selected wild hop populations from the Banja Luka region, as plant material with potential value for introduction into plant selection. Female inflorescences (cones) from seven populations (DKH3, DKH5, DKH6, DKH8, DKH9, DKH10, and DKH11) were sampled in 2018 and 2019. Hop cones were collected in October 2018 and 2019 for morphological characterization, when 50 cones per population were analyzed, and also the cones were collected in mid-September in 2019 for biochemical characterization. Morphological parameters were carried out for: cone length (cm), number of nodes per cone spindle, cone density, and number of seeds per cone, all important agronomic characters in hop production. Also, 27 components of essential oil and 6 components of hop resins were analyzed. Statistical analysis of morphological characteristics was performed by factorial analysis of variance (year × population), and the significance of individual differences was determined by LSD test. The grouping of examined hop populations according to the manifested morphological characteristics was performed by cluster analysis. Statistical analysis for biochemical characteristics was performed by analysis of variance, and the significance of the differences was tested by Tukey’s statistical test. In order to determine similarities between different population multivariant statistical method Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. According to morphological and biochemical analysis, DKH6 hop population is singled out as the most valuable for hop breeding.