Implicit Policies Research Articles

The Impact of External Factor on Cryptocurrency: Explicit and Implicit Policy

In recent years, the view of economists and issuers of cryptocurrencies has changed a lot, from the original price of cryptocurrencies is unpredictable, to the view that cryptocurrencies are affected by several key factors. Confidence is one of the key factors, and it is thought to be controllable. However, many economists and cryptocurrency issuers have acknowledged that the support for confidence in the cryptocurrency market is complex and volatile. The goal of this paper is to propose ways to stabilize confidence in cryptocurrencies based on these studies. Explicit and implicit policies are one of the important factors affecting cryptocurrencies. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the close connection between cryptocurrencies and information, and to analyze how explicit and implicit policies affect cryptocurrency information and markets. The impact of explicit and implicit policies on the price of cryptocurrencies is unpredictable, but it still has regularity in the impact on the price of cryptocurrencies. This article analyzes several notable cryptocurrency explicit and implicit policy events to illustrate the differences and characteristics between the two types of policies. The influence of explicit policy is not positively correlated with its propaganda intensity in the short term but will be maintained and stable in the long term. Stealth policies tend to show dramatic changes in a short period of time and are highly correlated with popularity. While hidden policies can cause sudden fluctuations, issuers of cryptocurrencies should pay more attention to the effects of explicit policies because they are more durable.

Implementation and Impact of Language Policy: The Case of Kyrgyz Students

Language policy is crucial to any society's cultural and political fabric, as it shapes how individuals and groups communicate, interact, and identify. Language policy has important implications for nation-building and the creation of national identity. Language policy can also significantly impact university students' sense of belonging. Overt and inclusive policies can provide opportunities for students to develop language skills and cultural competencies, enhancing their academic and professional opportunities. Covert and implicit policies can create barriers to interaction between different language groups, leading to social fragmentation, exclusion, and discrimination. Overt language policies are those that are openly acknowledged and implemented, while covert policies are those that are more subtle and may be hidden. Overt language policies that promote a single national language can unite diverse groups within a nation. However, these policies can also lead to the suppression of linguistic and cultural diversity within a nation, potentially undermining the cultural richness of that society. Covert language policies can also have significant impacts on identity and national unity. For example, language policies not openly acknowledged can lead to confusion or mistrust among different language groups. These policies can reinforce power imbalances between language groups, perpetuating existing inequalities. Considering these concepts, this study aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What LP has been implemented in Kyrgyzstan? 2. How has LP affected university students? Information on the language policy implemented in Kyrgyzstan was necessary to answer the first question, which involved examining laws, banknotes, newspaper titles, and dissertation catalogs. It was necessary to gather data on how the language policy has affected the students to answer the second question. In addition, in-depth interviews with LP experts helped clarify both questions. The collected information was analyzed using textual analysis and statistical methods. Data analysis showed that different models of language policy were implemented in Kyrgyzstan, including multilingualism, bilingualism, and monolingualism. Overt, covert, and vague LP were used to promote these models. These models and methods have formed segregated communities, language discrimination, and different linguistic identities within the same ethnic groups.

Implicit feedback policies for COVID-19: why “zero-COVID” policies remain elusive

Successful epidemic modeling requires understanding the implicit feedback control strategies used by populations to modulate the spread of contagion. While such strategies can be replicated with intricate modeling assumptions, here we propose a simple model where infection dynamics are described by a three parameter feedback policy. Rather than model individuals as directly controlling the contact rate which governs the spread of disease, we model them as controlling the contact rate’s derivative, resulting in a dynamic rather than kinematic model. The feedback policy used by populations across the United States which best fits observations is proportional-derivative control, where learned parameters strongly correlate with observed interventions (e.g., vaccination rates and mobility restrictions). However, this results in a non-zero “steady-state” of case counts, implying current mitigation strategies cannot eradicate COVID-19. Hence, we suggest making implicit policies a function of cumulative cases, resulting in proportional-integral-derivative control with higher potential to eliminate COVID-19.

Reinforcement Measures for Sustaining the Integration of Innovative Teaching and Learning Technologies in Selected Tanzanian Universities

Whereas the integration of innovative technology in facilitating learning is crucial in higher education institutions (HEIs), its sustainability has been a challenge, especially in developing countries. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study that explored academic leaders' views, perceptions, and experiences on sustainability strategies for the integration of innovative teaching and learning technologies (ITLTs). The paper contributes empirically to the educational discipline by developing a deeper understanding of specific strategies for the sustainability of the ITLTs integration in HIEs. Specifically, the study examined reinforcement measures related to rewards, culture, policies, and capacity building used by academic leaders for the integration of ITLTs in the selected Tanzanian universities. Secondly, the study looked into the perceived level of importance regarding attributes to effective integration of ITLTs in the respective universities. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data among 13 academic leaders from two public universities. Lewin’s change management model guided the study in theorising and analysis of the findings. Thematic-deductive analysis revealed that most participants favoured capacity-building strategy reinforcements. Meanwhile, implicit policies were reported to have a higher positive likelihood of enhancing the sustainability of effective integration of ITLTs. Concerning rewards, in-house training and recognition for what academics do were regarded as favourable strategies. Additionally, participants reported that the culture of offering directives and communication through online platforms has promoted the integration of ITLTs. Lastly, capacity building and policies were vital in enhancing the effective integration of ITLTs. There is a need to strengthen ITLTs policies development, rewards, and capacity-building strategies for more effective and sustainable integration of ITLTs. This further supports the cultural transformation of ITLTs usage among academics in universities.

Analyzing inclusive green growth in China: a perspective of relative efficiency.

Inclusive Green Growth (IGG) has important reference value for China's ecological civilization construction and transformation of economic development. Therefore, this study assesses China's IGG level from the perspective of relative efficiency. The IGG efficiency (IGGE) was measured at the provincial level in China from 2000 to 2020 by using Super-Epsilon-Based Measure (EBM) model that considers undesirable outputs. The spatiotemporal pattern of IGGE was analyzed by kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation. The results indicate a fluctuating trend from 2000 to 2020 for the IGGE of China, and significant differences between regional and interprovincial IGGE were observed. On average, the eastern region presented the highest efficiency, while the level in the central regions was lowest. There is a positive spatial autocorrelation in the IGGE distribution, and the agglomeration of spatial distribution fluctuated during the study period. The IGGE has spatial spillover effects at the provincial level according to the spatial Durbin model. Among the influencing factors, the spatial spillover effects of industrial structure, government administrative capability, and industrialization level are significant. The regression results also confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve effect between IGG and economic growth in China. Finally, some implicit policies can be established based on the empirical analysis.

Guidelines for improving transport policy effectiveness in developing countries: a case study of Sri Lanka

Efficient and effective policies pertaining to transportation is an important prerequisite for satisfactory provision of mobility of people and goods; an essential attribute of an economy to ensure productivity, societal welfare and environmental sustainability. Explicit transport policies formulated in Sri Lanka for that purpose have been mainly ignored by the relevant authorities, even though approved by the government. Implicit policies represented by approvals for investments and recurrent expenditures have continued without critical analysis, in most cases becoming ineffective and obsolete. The blunting of these policy instruments has resulted in the transport sector operating for decades without an effective policy-based direction. The failure of the bureaucracy that is responsible for policy implementation has also been identified as a primary reason for this situation. This paper provides guidelines based on established global best practices in policy formulation, implementation, monitoring, and review to improve the content of a transport policy and its potential for application towards meeting the country's mobility needs, as opposed to continuing the status quo in transport supply. The paper also uses examples from the current practice of transport policy in Sri Lanka, typical of many developing countries, and identifying pre-requisites and laying down guidelines for efficient policy making as well as for improving processes and practices to be improved.

Child support systems and government budgets: thorny policy choices to recover costs

Abstract Australia, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA instituted child support agencies in the late 1900s and had some policies that resulted in having lowered governmental expenditures when child support was paid. Building on previous research comparing these four countries, this article examines the extent to which these countries currently use explicit cost recovery policies, implicit policies revealed in programme interactions, and fees. Using data from country informants on hypothetical families, we show the percentage of child support payments that are retained through these different tools. In addition to characterizing country approaches, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of different cost-recovery strategies.

Language Guerrillas: Signing Multilingualism into Action

This article opens an analytical window into the creation of multilingual guerrilla translations by participants in a preservice language teacher program at a public university in the United States. As an intervention responding to the prevalence of English monolingual signage on this highly diverse university campus, the college students invited a public audience into a joint critical interrogation of implicit institutional language policies, as their signage offered a necessarily incomplete and intentionally makeshift alternative to the official English displays. Inspired by the three-phase model of critical pedagogy, this grassroots endeavor embraced Freire’s notion of transformative praxis defined by the symbiotic relation of action and reflection. A closer examination of the scaffolding, which guided the planning and implementation, lends insight into activity design with the potential to nurture an activist aptitude among students. Comments from participants suggest that the conceptual stepping stones towards students’ collective critical engagement had a positive influence on their perception of language (teacher) advocacy and activism.

Exploration of Teacher Agency in the Implementation of the ESP Language Education Policy in a Chinese University

This case study investigates language teacher agency in the context of ESP curriculum reform in a Chinese university. Data collected from classroom observations and semi-structured interviews with both teachers and students from five ESP classes are analyzed by conducting a thorough thematic analysis. It is revealed that instead of following the national curriculum and institutional requirements, language teachers as policy arbiters make their own implicit policies which are creating spaces for their own discourses, and in this sense, they are “adjusting” the curriculum policy rather than “implementing” it. Teachers’ academic background, their views on the nature of language learning, their profound distrust of the efficacy of ESP courses, and students’ explicit performance are the main causes of teachers’ actual resistance to the policy. Unlike previous studies of teacher agency, an analysis of students’ needs and implicit discourses indicates that teachers’ agency excised through their hidden agenda may turn out to be a defense of their unwillingness to change, to the detriment of students’ academic performance. This study then suggests that policymakers should notice the negative side of teacher agency and stresses the necessity of a bottom-up survey on teachers’ ideologies in the implementation of a language education policy, and argues that creating spaces for negotiating and adjusting the policy at the instructional level, and offering effective teacher education programs are the key to the enactment of the national curriculum.

English and internationalization of Korean universities

Abstract The internationalization of higher education in South Korea has brought marked changes to the linguistic and cultural diversity of university campuses. This ethnographic case study examined language policies, language use, and intercultural interactions in two localized English-Medium-Instruction courses that incorporated both English and Korean as mediums of instruction. The results drawn from interviews with ten participants and observations of classroom interactions show that English was a primary medium for students’ academic literacy and Korean as an additional communication tool in the absence of any explicit Medium of Instruction policy. They also illustrate how the different statuses of the two languages limited students’ investment in learning Korean as a second language and created unequal intercultural interactions between speakers of different languages. The results illuminate how a neoliberal ideology adopted and enacted at a national and institutional level through internationalization translated into implicit policies and practices at different levels on campus.

Family Policy and Complex Contemporary Families: A Decade in Review and Implications for the Next Decade of Research and Policy Practice

AbstractPrior Journal of Marriage and Family decade‐in‐review articles have grappled with the definition and role of family policy for research and policy practice while emphasizing its value to both. In this article, we begin with a broad conceptualization of family policy that encompasses actions intended to achieve explicitly stated goals for families (explicit policies) and those that affect families without an explicitly stated goal for doing so (implicit policies), which we believe provides a solid framework for guiding and understanding both research and practice in the field. Second, we review major U.S. policy initiatives in the past decade and their documented and potential effects on families. Third, we describe several key aspects by which contemporary families have become more diverse and complex. Fourth, we discuss the implications of ongoing family complexity for public policies. We conclude with a discussion about future research and policy development in the context of contemporary family complexity.

New Form of National Language Policy? The Case of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) in Japan

Language policies in Japan have been mainly discussed in the context of national provisions and regulations regarding the Japanese language, or foreign language education. This paper examines the possible emergence of a new national language policy, embedded in a bilateral economic partnership agreement (EPA) signed between Japan and Southeast Asian countries. Besides its economic orientation, the EPA encourages and regulates the movement of people, in particular migrant healthcare workers from the signatory countries. Under the EPA, the migrants are required to take one year of Japanese language training before they start working in Japan and are expected to pass the national licensure examinations in the Japanese language if they wish to continue to work. In order to address the EPA as a newly emerging form of language policy, I firstly identify three unique features of the EPA: its international outlook, the number of policy actors involved, and its close relationship to Japan’s immigration scheme. Second, I analyse EPA policy documents, demonstrating another distinctive feature of the EPA—the representation of language on the ‘policy-paper’ level, with a focus on preemployment Japanese language training. Third, I examine how language training under the EPA is interpreted and appropriated as a language policy and the potential influence of language ideologies in those processes. This paper concludes with a call for more investigations from the perspective of language policy and planning on implicit language policies in Japan and beyond, in particular those embedded in immigration policies.

Evaluation Policy in a Nonprofit Foundation

This study explores the relationship between evaluation policies and evaluation practice. Through document analysis, interviews, and a multiple case study, the research examined the explicit and implicit policies overarching the evaluation work commissioned by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) and explored how these policies are implemented in the field. This examination of evaluation policies at RWJF has pointed out some significant strengths, including emphasis on the importance of evaluation; collegiality in defining, formulating, and monitoring evaluations; using a variety of evaluation products to communicate results; and use of evaluation advisory committees to strengthen evaluation approaches. However, these policies have evolved somewhat haphazardly over time. Consequently, some written policies are absent or inadequate and some policies are followed with less consistency than others. The findings point to the importance of a comprehensive and integrated set of evaluation policies grounded in intended outcomes and the need for additional studies on this topic.

Brazilian Health Biotechnology Innovation System: an essay about the public policy rationale

O surgimento da biotecnologia é uma das transformações mais importantes dos sistemas de inovação em saúde. Este artigo visa discutir a lógica das políticas públicas de promoção da biotecnologia para saúde humana no Brasil no período 2004-2014. Com base num exaustivo trabalho de revisão documental e levantamento primário de dados, o artigo salienta como as políticas públicas brasileiras seguiram um roteiro de desigual acumulação, onde convivem diferentes fundamentações teóricas para as políticas, sejam elas explícitas ou implícitas. A análise conclui com a discussão dos limites das políticas publica, salientando duas dimensões que afetam o alcance das mesmas: i) a mudança na orientação e na lógica das políticas, ii) que coloca novos desafios para a governança, os quais, por sua vez, requerem novas coordenações com outras políticas implícitas.

SJTs as Measures of General Domain Knowledge for Multimedia Formats: Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words?

Lievens and Motowidlo (2016) present a case for situational judgment tests (SJTs) to be conceptualized as measures of general domain knowledge, which the authors define as knowledge of the effectiveness of general domains such as integrity, conscientiousness, and prosocial behaviors in different jobs. This argument comes from work rooted in the use of SJTs as measures of implicit trait policies (Motowidlo & Beier, 2010; Motowidlo, Hooper, & Jackson, 2006), measured with a format described as a “single response SJT” (Kell, Motowidlo, Martin, Stotts, & Moreno, 2014; Motowidlo, Crook, Kell, & Naemi, 2009). Given evidence that SJTs can be used as measures of general domain knowledge, the focal article concludes with a suggestion that general knowledge can be measured not only by traditional text-based or paper-and-pencil SJTs but also through varying alternate formats, including multimedia SJTs and interactive SJTs.

Ideologies of artistic vocation – implicitly gendered cultural policies?

This paper argues that notions of artistic vocation – the idea that artists receive a metaphysical calling to follow their path – can be understood as implicit cultural policies, among other functions deepening the connection between art and spirituality, as well as regulating gender access to creative production. The matter is addressed generally and with reference to two specific case-studies: the musical era of German Romanticism and contemporary Mexican indigenous groups of the Huasteca, both of which display reliance on narratives of vocation. Also, both cases – one historically remote, and the other removed from Western main-stream musical practices – are to act as mirrors to invite future discussions concerning the continuing cultural currency of ideas of vocation and their complex and subtle complicity in the perpetuation of arguably desirable (such as the promotion of creativity) and oppressive practices within the art world.

Water and Liberalisation - European Water Scenarios

In most network industries, new dynamics are leading to an unprecedented opening up to competition and private sector participation. With the development of a single European market, the in-stages liberalisation process of public utilities has spread to almost all sectors. However, the water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector is considered somehow different and it has been excluded until recently from the restructuring processes achieved in other sectors.Water and Liberalisation: European Water Scenarios presents a better understanding of the specific demands of the WSS sector. Covering the operators' strategies, the regulatory dynamics as well as their interactions on the evolution of the sector, it addresses the likelihood, the nature, and the forms the WSS sector may take in Europe in the foreseeable future. Adopting a neutral political stance, the book analyses the implications of alternative scenarios in economic, ecological, social, legal, and institutional terms.Key Sections include:In depth introduction to the current situation in the WSS sector.The European Water Supply and Sanitation MarketsThe Institutional Framework of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the EU: a Comparative Analysis; Analysis of the EU Explicit and Implicit Policies and Approaches in the SectorAnalysis of the Strategies of the Water Operators in EuropeScenarios on the Evolution of the Water Sector in EuropeEconomic, Environmental, & Social Implications of the Scenarios; Major implications per scenarioThis title belongs to European Water Research SeriesISBN: 9781843391135 (Print)ISBN: 9781780402420 (eBook)

Access to culture in Croatian cultural policy: moving towards explicit policies

In this paper through the analysis of the access to culture issue in the Croatian cultural policy agenda, we illustrate the current cultural policy developments in Croatia in the broader European context. Taking the differentiation between explicit and implicit policies at both macro and micro level we analyse discourses on access to culture in the Croatian cultural policy at the constitutional level, parliamentary political parties’ level, the governmental level and the level of cultural organisations. On the one hand the policies regarding access to culture remain mostly implicit and revolve around traditional models connected to instruments dating back to socialism; while on the other selected cultural organisations develop instruments for fostering it where European projects have an influence. The orientation more towards cultural production issues and less to access to culture and cultural participation issues draws similarities of cultural policy developments in Croatia with the general European cultural policy framework.

The co-influence of the natural, built, and linguistic landscape: indexing security

This study examines physical aspects of place and how such visible aspects work to index a discourse of insecurity, including an insider–outsider binary, particularly through security signs in the linguistic landscape (LL). Our main focus is the relationship between policy and the uses of written language that appear in the LL in different census tracts in Palm Springs, California. Data includes community demographic and discourse data, geographical information systems maps, and comprehensive photography of the three census tracts, which include contiguous low income, middle-income, and high-income tracts. Findings demonstrate that the discourse of insecurity is indexed differently in each of the tracts as explicit and implicit policies are enacted in the LL based in the way that residents in each tract reproduce a discourse of insecurity. Implications include the effects that these different ways of indexing the discourse of insecurity through the LL may have on social inequality.

Educational Turbulence: The Influence of Macro and Micro-Policy on Science Education Reform

Enactment of federal educational policy has direct implications for states and local school districts across the nation, particularly in the areas of accountability and funding. This study utilized constructivist grounded theory to examine the impact of policy on science education reform in a large, urban school district over a 5-year period. The existence and interaction between macro and micro, and explicit and implicit policies created educational turbulence. Findings further extend upon Fullan’s (Change theory: a force for school improvement, 2006) change theory adding high-stakes accountability as a prevalent distractor issue and the need for quad-level, rather than tri-level engagement in reform. Suggestions for addressing educational turbulence are provided.