Implicit Assumption Research Articles

To fully leverage fine-grained clinical phenomena, we have to think beyond DSM-based concepts and the presumption of diagnostic kinds.

In light of the limitations of dominant psychiatric classification systems such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), this special section positions fine-grained clinical phenomena as key to the future of psychopathology research. This shift is necessary given the constraints DSM-based diagnoses place on (a) the specificity of theories and models of psychopathology and (b) efforts to develop alternative paradigms. Fine-grained clinical phenomena offer comparative advantages, but transitioning to their study involves significant challenges. Chief among these challenges is the need to move beyond DSM as a source of concepts. Implicit assumptions that DSM-based disorders provide valid, circumscribed, and explanatory definitions of clinical phenomena perpetuate existing reification of diagnostic categories rather than reimagining psychopathology nosology beyond DSM, thus needlessly restricting and even undermining research efforts. Moving forward requires careful attention to consensual operationalization. Otherwise, we will continue to struggle to develop valid compositional explanations of clinical phenomena and to organize them into explanatory conceptual taxonomies. Scientific progress here depends on coordinated pluralism that incorporates different lenses into psychopathology and different approaches to data collection and analysis, with a firm grounding in construct validity and a corresponding commitment to continually reimagine rather than reify our concepts and objects of study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Being taken for a ride: Social and technological externalist complements to the internalist reading of the Buddhist chariot similes

Slavoj Zizek's (2014) criticism of Western Buddhism for being a late capitalist opiate of the people is partly unwarranted and partly of undeniable relevance. His implicit assumption is that Buddhism is an internalist path that only looks into in the individual inner world, leaving harmful societal systems in peace. This paper offers a response to Zizek's analysis, by interpreting the chariot simile in the Buddhist Pali Canon. Even though Pali chariot similes indeed support an internalist perspective, some of them also allow for a reading that opens up to two 'externalist' complements: the social outer world and the technological environment. In this way, while acknowledging Zizek's criticism, we point at Buddhist philosophy's inherent potential for developing a social-technological critical stance, for instance by linking it to mediation theory.

Implications of porpoise echolocation and dive behaviour on passive acoustic monitoring.

Harbour porpoises are visually inconspicuous but highly soniferous echolocating marine predators that are regularly studied using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). PAM can provide quality data on animal abundance, human impact, habitat use, and behaviour. The probability of detecting porpoise clicks within a given area (P̂) is a key metric when interpreting PAM data. Estimates of P̂ can be used to determine the number of clicks per porpoise encounter that may have been missed on a PAM device, which, in turn, allows for the calculation of abundance and ideally non-biased comparison of acoustic data between habitats and time periods. However, P̂ is influenced by several factors, including the behaviour of the vocalising animal. Here, the common implicit assumption that changes in animal behaviour have a negligible effect on P̂ between different monitoring stations or across time is tested. Using a simulation-based approach informed by acoustic biologging data from 22 tagged harbour porpoises, it is demonstrated that porpoise behavioural states can have significant (up to 3× difference) effects on P̂. Consequently, the behavioural state of the animals must be considered in analysis of animal abundance to avoid substantial over- or underestimation of the true abundance, habitat use, or effects of human disturbance.

A Quantile-Conserving Ensemble Filter Framework. Part II: Regression of Observation Increments in a Probit and Probability Integral Transformed Space

Abstract Traditional ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation methods make implicit assumptions of Gaussianity and linearity that are strongly violated by many important Earth system applications. For instance, bounded quantities like the amount of a tracer and sea ice fractional coverage cannot be accurately represented by a Gaussian that is unbounded by definition. Nonlinear relations between observations and model state variables abound. Examples include the relation between a remotely sensed radiance and the column of atmospheric temperatures, or the relation between cloud amount and water vapor quantity. Part I of this paper described a very general data assimilation framework for computing observation increments for non-Gaussian prior distributions and likelihoods. These methods can respect bounds and other non-Gaussian aspects of observed variables. However, these benefits can be lost when observation increments are used to update state variables using the linear regression that is part of standard ensemble Kalman filter algorithms. Here, regression of observation increments is performed in a space where variables are transformed by the probit and probability integral transforms, a specific type of Gaussian anamorphosis. This method can enforce appropriate bounds for all quantities and deal much more effectively with nonlinear relations between observations and state variables. Important enhancements like localization and inflation can be performed in the transformed space. Results are provided for idealized bivariate distributions and for cycling assimilation in a low-order dynamical system. Implications for improved data assimilation across Earth system applications are discussed.

The Course of Anxiety-Specific Cognitive Bias Following Daycare/Inpatient Treatment in Youths with Social Phobia and School Absenteeism.

Social phobia (SP) is a common mental disorder in youth often accompanied by absence from school, which may require daycare or inpatient intervention (DC/IN). Objective: The present explorative study investigates changes in anxiety-specific implicit assumptions and interpretation bias following DC/IN. Methods: The study included 16 youths with SP (M age = 15.8 [SD = 1.24], females: 62.5 %) participating in DC/IN. We assessed the main outcomes using the Implicit Association Test and Affective Misattribution Procedure. Results: A large effect was shown for reducing implicit assumptions of feeling anxious (p = .142; η2p = .171) and for reducing the implicit interpretation bias (p = .137; η2p = .162). No change was indicated by effect size in implicit assumptions of feeling socially rejected (p = .649; η2p = .016). Social phobia symptoms initially correlated with changes in implicit assumptions of feeling anxious (r = .45). Conclusion: Effect sizes indicate that implicit anxiety-specific assumptions and interpretation bias descriptively improved following DC/IN. Thus, DC/IN may lead to meaningful improvements of anxiety-specific cognition in some individuals with high SP symptoms, emphasizing the relevance of cognitive behavioral approaches in the treatment of SP. Several limitations are discussed.

Carbon Emissions Effect on Vendor-Managed Inventory System Considering Displaced Re-Start-Up Production Time

Background: The classical mathematical formulation of the vendor-managed inventory (VMI) model assumes an infinite planning horizon, and consequently, the solution derived ignored the impact of the first cycle. The classical formulation is associated with another implicit assumption that input parameters remain static indefinitely. Methods: This paper develops two mathematical models for VMI for a joint economic lot-sizing (JELS) policy. Each model considers investment in green production, energy used for keeping items in storage, and carbon emissions from production, storage, and transportation activities under the carbon cap-and-trade policy. The first model underlies the first cycle, while the second underlies subsequent cycles. Results: The re-start-up production time for subsequent cycles commences only at the time required to produce and replenish the first lot, which implies further cost reduction. Mathematical formulations are perceived as important both for academics and practitioners. For example, the base model of the first cycle (subsequent cycles) generates an optimal produced quantity with 18.42% (4.35%) less total system cost when compared with the pest scenario in favor of the existing literature. Moreover, such a percentage of total system cost reduction increases as the production rate increases. Further, the proposed models not only produce better results but also offer the opportunity to adjust the input parameters for subsequent cycles, where each cycle is independent from the previous one. Conclusions: The emissions generated by the system are very much related to the demand rate and the amount of investment in green production. Illustrative examples, special cases, model overview, and managerial insights are given. The discussion related to the contribution of the proposed model, the concluding remarks, and further research are also provided. The proposed model rectifies the base model adopted by the existing literature, which can be further extended to be implemented in several interesting further inquiries related to JELS inventory mathematical modeling.

Intermediate perfects

Abstract The cross-linguistic variation in distribution and meaning of perfect constructions building on have + past participle in Western European languages has been analysed in terms of the aoristic drift, the shift from resultative via perfect to perfective past meaning that takes us from ‘classical’ perfect languages like English to ‘liberal’ perfect languages like French. This paper challenges the (often implicit) assumption that there is a single path along the aoristic drift, resulting in a linear perfect scale. Data coming from translation corpora reveal that the perfect in three ‘intermediate’ languages (Dutch, Catalan and Breton) is sensitive to lexical aspect (state vs. event), narrativity and hodiernal vs. pre-hodiernal past time reference. These meaning ingredients appear in different combinations in the three languages, thereby establishing them as independent dimensions of variation. The conclusion that there are multiple paths along the aoristic drift has implications for the cross-linguistic semantics of tense and aspect.

What drives broadband traffic?

Worldwide there is an ongoing policy and regulatory push to make very high speed broadband available as widely as possible. Underlying the policy interventions to support higher speeds is an implicit assumption that higher speeds will enable different (and socially valuable) use. In this paper we empirically test whether higher speed lines are associated with greater household data usage in the UK. We find that after allowing for demographic factors, higher speed in fact has a very limited relationship to traffic. This suggests that mid-speed broadband is not in fact a constraint on household usage (as measured by traffic), and thus the benefits of policy interventions to support higher speeds remain somewhat speculative.

The Learning Hypothesis revisited: A discussion of Sani, Shroff and White (2023)

While Sani, Shroff and White (2023) examine a plausibly exogenous shock to the information acquisition landscape that arguably changes informed traders’ incentives to generate private information without the focal firm changing its disclosure policy, the causal chain underlying their analyses shares the implicit assumptions employed in the extant empirical literature that tests the Learning Hypothesis. Thus, the focus of our discussion is to make explicit the implicit assumptions and highlight the resulting challenges faced by authors who wish to interpret Investment Sensitivity to Price as evidence of managerial learning. In the end, we suggest future research work to extend our understanding by exploring in greater detail and more directly the What and the How managers learn from outsiders.

Permissible preference purification: on context-dependent choices and decisive welfare judgements in behavioural welfare economics

ABSTRACT Behavioural welfare economics has lately been challenged on account of its use of the satisfaction of true preferences as a normative criterion. The critique contests what is taken to be an implicit assumption in the literature, namely that true preferences are context-independent. This assumption is considered not only unjustified in the behavioural welfare economics literature but unjustifiable – true preferences are argued to be, at least sometimes, context-dependent. This article explores the implications of this ‘critique of the inner rational agent’. I argue that the critique does not support a wholesale shift away from the use of true preferences as an evaluative standard in normative economics; instead, the critique implies that behavioural welfare economists need to inquire into and establish the ‘source’ of particular context-dependent choices in individuals’ decision-making. The source determines the permissibility of correcting individuals’ context-dependent choices and can, in some situations, support decisive welfare judgements.

Whose Approval Matters Most? Examining Discrepancies in Self- and Other- Perceptions of Drinking

Background Research demonstrates that perceptions of others’ attitudes toward drinking behaviors (injunctive norms) are strong predictors of alcohol consumption and problems. Personalized normative feedback (PNF) aims to reduce the discrepancy between one’s perception of others’ attitudes toward drinking and others’ actual attitudes toward drinking. An implicit assumption of PNF is that self and (perceived) other attitudes toward drinking are aligned (thus, shifting one’s perceptions of others’ attitudes shifts one’s own attitudes). However, there is minimal research on the extent to which alignment (or discrepancy) in self-other attitudes toward drinking is associated with alcohol-related outcomes. Methods College students (N = 1,494; M age = 20.11, 61.0% female, 66.4% White) who endorsed past-month heavy episodic drinking reported injunctive norms toward drinking on weekends, drinking daily, drinking to black out, and drinking and driving. Participants reported their perceptions of attitudes toward these drinking behaviors for three reference groups: close friends, typical university-affiliated peers, and parents. Outcomes included weekly drinking, alcohol problems, and alcohol-related risk. Results Response surface analyses indicated that alignment in approval (versus alignment in disapproval) of drinking demonstrated a linear association with alcohol-related outcomes. Discrepancies in self-peer and self-parent attitudes were associated with alcohol-related outcomes and one’s own attitudes (versus one’s ratings of others’ attitudes) of drinking were more strongly associated with outcomes. Conclusions Results provide evidence of how self-other discrepancies in attitudes toward drinking are associated with alcohol-related outcomes. Future work is needed to test whether self-other discrepancies in attitudes toward drinking impacts response to norms-based interventions.

Fast Diffusion Characterization by Multiphoton Excited Fluorescence Recovery while Photobleaching.

Multiphoton-excited fluorescence recovery while photobleaching (FRWP) is demonstrated as a method for quantitative measurements of rapid molecular diffusion over microsecond to millisecond timescales. Diffusion measurements are crucial in assessing molecular mobility in cell biology, materials science, and pharmacology. Optical and fluorescence microscopy techniques enable non-invasive rapid analysis of molecular diffusion but can be challenging for systems with diffusion coefficients exceeding ∼100 μm2/s. As an example, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) operates on the implicit assumption of a comparatively fast photobleaching step prior to a relatively slow recovery and is not generally applicable for systems exhibiting substantial recovery during photobleaching. These challenges are exacerbated in multiphoton excitation by the lower excitation efficiency and competing effects from local heating. Herein, beam-scanning FRWP with patterned line-bleach illumination is introduced as a technique that addresses FRAP limitations and further extends its application range by measuring faster diffusion events. In FRWP, the recovery of fluorescence is continuously probed after each pass of a fast-scanning mirror, and the upper bound of measurable diffusion rates is, therefore, only limited by the mirror scanning frequency. A theoretical model describing transient fluctuations in fluorescence intensity arising as a result of combined contributions from photobleaching and localized photothermal effect is introduced along with a mathematical framework for quantifying fluorescence intensity temporal curves and recovering room-temperature diffusion coefficients. FRWP is then tested by characterization of normal diffusion of rhodamine-labeled bovine serum albumin, green fluorescence protein, and immunoglobulin G molecules in aqueous solutions of varying viscosity.

Polarization and properties of low-frequency waves in warm magnetized two-fluid plasma

This paper presents the derivation of a general wave dispersion relation for warm magnetized plasma under the two-fluid formalism. The discussion is quite general except for the assumption of low frequency and slow phase speed, for which the displacement current is negligible, under the implicit assumption that the plasma is sufficiently dense to satisfy the condition ωpe>ωce, where ωpe and ωce denote the plasma oscillation frequency and electron gyro frequency, respectively. The present discussion does not invoke charge neutrality associated with the fluctuations although it is implicitly satisfied. The resulting dispersion relation that includes the fluid thermal effects shows that there are three eigen modes, which include those corresponding to ideal MHD, namely, fast, slow, and kinetic Alfvén waves, as well as higher-frequency modes including the ion and electron cyclotron and lower-hybrid resonances. The fluid effects in the ideal MHD wave branches are influenced by the finite Larmor radius scales, and when the wave number in the cross field direction is comparable to these values, the fluid effects become significant. It is found that the Larmor radius should be interpreted in the sense as ion-acoustic gyro-radius instead of ion thermal gyro radius only. That is, it is found that the electrons also contribute to the non-ideal effect associated with the kinetic Alfvén wave. A comprehensive explanation of the polarization of each mode is also presented. The present findings indicate that the polarity may change its sign only for the kinetic Alfvén mode branch and that such a transition is based on the propagation angle. When such a change does take place, it is found that the kinetic Alfvén wave transits to an ion-acoustic mode. For each branch, it is also found that the electric field along the ambient magnetic field is purely transverse.

Classicality and Bell’s theorem

A widespread view among physicists is that Bell’s theorem rests on an implicit assumption of “classicality,” in addition to locality. According to this understanding, the violation of Bell’s inequalities poses no challenge to locality, but simply reinforces the fact that quantum mechanics is not classical. The paper provides a critical analysis of this view. First we characterize the notion of classicality in probabilistic terms. We argue that classicality thus construed has nothing to do with the validity of classical physics, nor of classical probability theory, contrary to what many believe. At the same time, we show that the probabilistic notion of classicality is not an additional premise of Bell’s theorem, but a mathematical corollary of locality in conjunction with the standard auxiliary assumptions of Bell. Accordingly, any theory that claims to get around the derivation of Bell’s inequalities by giving up classicality, in fact has to give up one of those standard assumptions. As an illustration of this, we look at two recent interpretations of quantum mechanics, Reinhard Werner’s operational quantum mechanics and Robert Griffiths’ consistent histories approach, that are claimed to be local and non-classical, and identify which of the standard assumptions of Bell’s theorem each of them is forced to give up. We claim that while in operational quantum mechanics the Common Cause Principle is violated, the consistent histories approach is conspiratorial. Finally, we relate these two options to the idea of realism, a notion that is also often identified as an implicit assumption of Bell’s theorem.

Benchmarking bed and breakfast industry in a sharing economy: a frontier-based technology forecasting approach

The sharing economy affords new opportunities to the global tourism industry, accelerating the development of tourism at a striking rate. This paper examines productivity of the bed and breakfast (B&B) industry and how to improve the performance of the B&B industry in a sharing economy. A modified global Malmquist index using slack-based measures is developed to measure productivity, and benchmark selection models using technology forecasting are proposed to improve future performance. The future technology is forecasted by averaging the frontier shifts (technology changes) in previous periods. This study challenges the implicit assumption that the technology will be stationary in traditional benchmarking, and suggests that how the information of frontier shifts derived from Malmquist index can be used to forecast future technology in a rational manner. The empirical results inform that there is a productivity growth in the B&B industry in a sharing economy, and the main driver of the growth is technology progress rather than performance improvement. In particular, a counterintuitive but interesting result is that the B&B industry experienced a slight productivity growth after the outbreak of COVID-19. The benchmarks in 2021 and 2022 are forecasted to improve the performance of the B&B industry.

Modification of the RUSLE slope length factor based on a multiple flow algorithm considering vertical leakage at karst landscapes

Heterogeneous karst surfaces exerted scaling effects whereby specific runoff decrease with increasing area. The existing RUSLE-L equations are limited by the default implicit assumption that the surface-runoff intensity is constant at any slope length. The objective of this study was to modify the L-equation by establishing the functional relationship between surface-runoff intensity and karst slope length, and to evaluate its predictive capability at different resolution DEMs. Transfer grid layers were generated based on the area rate of surface karstification and considered the runoff transmission percentage at the exposed karst fractures or conduits to be zero. Using the multiple flow direction algorithm united with the transfer grid (MFDTG), the flow accumulation of each grid cell was simulated to estimate the average surface-runoff intensity over different slope lengths. The effectiveness of MFDTG algorithm was validated by runoff plot data in Southwestern China. The simulated results in a typical peak-cluster depression basin with an area rate of surface karstification of 6.5% showed that the relationship between surface-runoff intensity and slope length was a negative power function. Estimated by the proposed modified L-equation ((alx(b+1)/22.13)m), the L-factor averages of the study basin ranged from 0.35 to 0.41 at 1, 5, 25 and 90 m resolutions respectively. This study indicated that the modified L-equation enables an improved prediction of the much smaller L-factor and the use of any resolution DEMs on karst landscapes. Particular attention should be given to the variation of surface-runoff intensity with slope length when predicting L-factor on hillslopes with runoff scale effect.

Protracted displacement and housing systems in intermediary cities: the case of Syrians in Torbalı, Türkiye

This article investigates the dynamics of complex housing systems within the context of large-scale protracted displacement in Turkey/Türkiye. It presents new empirical findings from a qualitative study conducted in Torbalı, a rapidly growing intermediate city with a significant population of Syrian displaced people. Drawing on theoretical and conceptual insights from housing studies, urban studies and migration studies, the article assesses the ways in which displacement materialises in place through housing and contributes to city-making and urbanisation processes informally, incrementally, and in locally and historically contingent manners. We argue that the forms and dynamics of emerging housing exhibit both continuity but most markedly significant disjuncture from past housing trajectories in Torbalı. This challenges the implicit assumption of legal uniformity of self-builders common in incremental housing debates and suggests that the notion of incremental housing has limited relevance in contexts of protracted urban displacement. Furthermore, findings underline the significance of legal dimensions in energising housing informalities; in grading socio-legal statuses of resident populations; in bounding displaced people’s mobilities; in demarcating labour flows; in moulding rental markets; and in directing the flows of housing materials. These in turn shape current and future urban built environments and mould the ways in which the urbanisation of refuge manifests.

Non-isothermal consolidation: A systematic evaluation of two implementations based on multiphase and Richards equations

In this paper, the governing equations of non-isothermal two-phase flow in unsaturated, deformable porous media are presented based on different representations of the gaseous phase along with their implementations in the open-source FEM code OpenGeoSys 6. As one implementation utilises the Richards equation to represent the unsaturated system whereas the second implementation relies on a two-component two-phase flow formulation, the impact of a free gaseous phase on model predictions is illustrated by a series of tests of increasing complexity, motivated by similar investigations in Task C of the DECOVALEX 2023 project. We demonstrate that the governing equations of both implementations collapse and become identical in fully saturated regions and that the numerical implementations remain stable in the special cases. Furthermore, the implicit assumptions made in the Richards equation are explicitly applied to the physically more complex and comprehensive TH2M model. Thus, the impact of a constant residual gas pressure on the model predictions is investigated. Finally, the examples chosen for this work feature thermal consolidation and pore fluid pressurisation effects in the Opalinus Clay due to heat release from a nuclear waste canister as well as dry-out with subsequent resaturation of a bentonite buffer around the heat source. All test cases are evaluated on the level of the governing equations of each model as well as on the level of results obtained by each model for a discussion of conceptual model uncertainty.

Breaking and Fixing Garbled Circuits When a Gate has Duplicate Input Wires

Garbled circuits are a fundamental cryptographic primitive that allows two or more parties to securely evaluate an arbitrary Boolean circuit without revealing any information beyond the output using a constant number of communication rounds. Garbled circuits have been introduced by Yao (FOCS’86) and generalized to the multi-party setting by Beaver, Micali and Rogaway (STOC’90). Since then, several works have improved their efficiency by providing different garbling schemes and several implementations exist. Starting with the seminal Fairplay compiler (USENIX Security’04), several implementation frameworks decoupled the task of compiling the function to be evaluated into a Boolean circuit from the engine that securely evaluates that circuit, e.g., using a secure two-party computation protocol based on garbled circuits. In this paper, we show that this decoupling of circuit generation and evaluation allows a subtle attack on several prominent garbling schemes. It occurs when violating the implicit assumption on the circuit that gates have different input wires which is most often not explicitly specified in the respective papers. The affected garbling schemes use separate calls to a deterministic encryption function for the left and right input wire of a gate to derive pseudo-random encryption pads that are XORed together. When a circuit contains a gate where the left and right input wire are the same, these two per-wire encryption pads cancel out and we demonstrate that this can result in a complete break of privacy. We show how the vulnerable garbling schemes can be fixed easily.

QuanDA: GPU Accelerated Quantitative Deep Neural Network Analysis

Over the past years, numerous studies demonstrated the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs) to make correct classifications in the presence of small noise. This motivated the formal analysis of DNNs to ensure they delineate acceptable behavior. However, in case the DNN’s behavior is unacceptable for the desired application, these qualitative approaches are ill-equipped to determine the precise degree to which the DNN behaves unacceptably. Towards this, we propose a novel quantitative DNN analysis framework, QuanDA, which does not only check if the DNN delineates certain behavior, but also provides the estimated probability of the DNN to delineate this particular behavior. Unlike the (few) available quantitative DNN analysis frameworks, QuanDA does not use any implicit assumptions on the probability distribution of the hidden nodes, which enables the framework to propagate close to real probability distributions of the hidden node values to each proceeding DNN layer. Furthermore, our framework leverages CUDA to parallelize the analysis, enabling high-speed GPU implementation for fast analysis. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated using the ACAS Xu benchmark, to provide reachability probability estimates for all network nodes. Moreover, this paper also provides potential applications of QuanDA for the analysis of the DNN safety properties.