Implicit Argument Research Articles

An Unfortunate Divorce

In his provocative contribution to this special issue of the LDQ, Scot Danforth uses the lens of history to challenge contemporary scholars in the field of learning (LD) to think critically about their implicit epistemology and methods of inquiry. Using the specific case of Hammill and colleagues' critical reviews of the process training movement (e.g., Hammill, 1972; Hammill & Larsen, 1974), Danforth argues that historical analysis helps scholars to understand how the sociohistorical context of their work influences that work. This line of argument is not new in the broader scientific discourse, or even in the LD field (e.g., Heshusius, 1974, 1989), but Danforth's close examination of salient instance in the history of our field provides useful case in point for detailed evaluation of our specific constructs and methods. At the same time, by extrapolation, he provides an implicit argument regarding the potential limitations of current approaches to the study of learning disabilities, an argument that warrants careful consideration. Danforth's Analysis In brief, Danforth argues that the critiques of process training published by Hammill and his colleagues in the early 1970s (Hammill, 1972; Hammill, Goodman, & Wiederholt, 1974; Hammill & Larsen, 1974) were shaped and, ultimately, limited by broader set of epistemological changes at work during that decade in the LD field, set of changes that altered not only the preferred methods of inquiry but also the nature of the phenomena deemed amenable to study. In Danforth's terms, these changes involved shift from to an approach to the study of learning disabilities, shift that represented a turning point in the scientific character of the young field of learning disabilities (p. 127). He characterizes the clinical approach as holistic and subjective. In contrast, he sees the actuarial approach as atomistic and objectivist. Although his concern is with one moment in the history of the field, his implicit argument is that our field is still limited by its stubborn refusal to embrace plurality of approaches. Danforth uses his analysis of the historical context of Hammill's critiques as telling example of the value of historical scholarship. His rich analysis of the work of pioneering clinical scholars in the LD field constitutes second such example. His description of their work, including his summary of the theoretical and methodological arguments made by Frostig in her dissertation, brings alive this early work, and helps us appreciate the nuanced approach taken by these scholars. In scholarly climate in which early work can be dismissed as dated or simplistic, it is valuable to have detailed reminders of the complexity of such work. Danforth's arguments are thoughtful, and the concerns he raises are important ones for the field to consider. However, I have some reservations about the conclusions he draws. I agree with him about the potential dangers of paradigmatic blinders and the value of historical analysis in highlighting those dangers. At the same time, I see some limitations to his argument, stemming in part from his analysis of the publication trends, in part from his implicit extrapolation from one period to broader assertions about the field of LD. Reflections on Danforth's Analysis The core of Danforth's historical analysis of Hammill's critiques involves the use of publication counts to characterize the paradigmatic context of that work. Danforth uses content analysis of published work from the decade of the 1970s to argue that Hammill's conclusions regarding the process training movement were biased by Hammill's methodological decisions, decisions flowing from an emerging objectivist zeitgeist in the LD field. Although Danforth's analysis is suggestive, his conclusions may need some qualification, largely because of limitations in his database and in the methodology he employs. …

Seeing Wittgenstein Anew (review)

Reviewed by: Seeing Wittgenstein Anew Chris Weigel William Day and Victor J. Krebs, editors. Seeing Wittgenstein Anew. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. xvii + 393. Paper, $27.99. William Day and Viktor J. Krebs' Seeing Wittgenstein Anew succeeds as an argument for the centrality of aspect-seeing in Wittgenstein's philosophy and as an argument for the more general philosophical importance of aspect-seeing to questions of mind, language, knowledge, and art. The worst that can be said about certain articles is that they merely use aspect-seeing as a springboard for an entirely different discussion, yet those discussions are fruitful and rich enough that it is difficult to see this as any sort of real fault. At best, the articles open a new path of inquiry, one that could not have been opened without the connection to aspect-seeing. For example, David R. Cerbone's "(Ef)facing the Soul: Wittgenstein and Materialism" gives a Wittgensteinian account of various post-Wittgensteinian theories of mind. It argues that part of the reason that the identity theory seems plausible is that intuitions used to support it smuggle in behavior, but not just the kind of behavior that would satisfy the behaviorist. Cerbone considers how hope is embedded in a human life, in gestures, facial expressions, and relationships. Cerbone's essay thus is an implicit argument that discussions of the extended mind hypothesis could benefit from seeing Wittgenstein anew. Cerbone also engages with eliminative materialism. He shows an important analogy between aspect-seeing and the propositional attitudes. For Wittgenstein, it is not the case that aspect-seeing is a phenomenon that arises when we add a subjective dimension to the neutral, objective data given by what is seen. Similarly, it is not the case that propositional attitudes can be understood as inferences or theories based on the neutral, objective, material facts. A longer treatment of this topic would explore the ways that Dennett himself explicitly appeals to Wittgenstein (in "Quining Qualia" for example); the essay as given, however, nicely opens pathways for understanding the direction in which such a discussion could go. Garry L. Hagberg's "In a New Light: Wittgenstein, Aspect-Perception and Retrospective Change in Self-Understanding" explores the relationship between aspect-seeing and a problem of autobiographical knowledge as exemplified in Iris Murdoch's contention, "Rethinking one's past is a constant responsibility." Hagberg's lucid explication of the middle-ground Wittgenstein steers between "intrinsic, property-reflecting brute perception" and "freely imaginative perception" does propel him toward his goal of showing "how we [End Page 262] can sustain an active or unfrozen engagement with our past" without descending into an understanding of our own past where "anything goes" and accuracy has no role to play. Like Cerbone's essay, Hagberg's essay constitutes an implicit argument for the relevance of aspect-seeing to seeing Wittgenstein anew in a contemporary debate, this time about personal identity. Thinking about the epistemological question of how to understand our own past could enrich the question of whether continuity involves empathic access, or coherent narratives, or any kind of psychological continuity for that matter. Hagberg's essay guides what it means "to make a life-defining picture of ourselves." A person's memory of an early separation trauma is neither a brute perception nor a subjective construction, on Hagberg's interpretation. Understanding our own past is central to understanding who we are, and understanding our past is aided by a clearer understanding of Wittgenstein's middle course. Lest one think that the focus on aspect-seeing in Wittgenstein is only a means to more contemporary philosophical ends, one ought to read Day's remarkable "Wanting to Say Something: Aspect-Blindness and Language." Day considers the issue of aspect-blindness, arguing that universal aspect-blindness is impossible for beings with language. Specifically, he shows that a child's first attempt at language, at trying "bloh" for "ball," is neither an indication that the child sees the ball for the first time, nor an indication that the child is giving a first label for an object seen all along. Rather, he shows that this attempt is an indication of the dawning of an aspect. The...

From Cohen to Carson: The Poet's Novel in Canada (review)

Reviewed by: From Cohen to Carson: The Poet's Novel in Canada Robert McGill (bio) Ian Rae . From Cohen to Carson: The Poet's Novel in Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2008. 400. $95.00 Why have so many contemporary Canadian novelists started out as poets? Ian Rae poses this question at the outset of his book but spends little time speculating about an answer, preferring to focus not on why authors have made the shift but on how they've done so. As successive chapters treat Leonard Cohen, Michael Ondaatje, George Bowering, Daphne Marlatt, and Anne Carson, Rae makes it clear that those who study these writers' fiction ignore the poetry at some peril. Tracking each author's transition from short lyrics to long poems and thence to the novel, Rae deftly illustrates how the writers' early preoccupations with language and narrative structure metamorphose along with changes in form, such that strategies and techniques first adopted for poetry are then productively brought to bear on fiction. Accordingly, From Cohen to Carson offers a persuasive map of continuities as well as innovations for each writer's career. However, what emerges even more strikingly is an implicit argument for a distinctive national tradition of the poet-novelist, one stretching at least as far back as A.M. Klein's 1951 [End Page 327] novel The Second Scroll. Rae is careful to emphasize that his authors don't form a 'monolithic school,' but he evokes amply a shared sense of artistic community and aesthetic mission. While recognizing biographical connections between the writers, Rae's interests are primarily formalist. He sees in his chosen authors a fascination with deconstructing varieties of narrative 'frames,' as well as a penchant for reiteration rather than chronological order. Rae's readings of novels such as Cohen's Beautiful Losers, Ondaatje's Coming through Slaughter, and Marlatt's Ana Historic are sturdy pieces of criticism building upon established scholarship. The book's highlight is a bravura reading of Carson's Autobiography of Red, a text that in this study could have been the fly in the ointment, since the book isn't self-evidently a novel. However, Rae argues Carson's text into relevance through the force of his analysis, offering exegesis that is at once impressively learned, keen to locate Carson in a Canadian poetic lineage, and scrupulously devoted to close reading. Having said that, most of Rae's book will be compelling principally for scholars studying the respective authors to whom each chapter is devoted. The exception is the final section, which offers a robust defence of Anne Michaels's Fugitive Pieces and Ondaatje's The English Patient against Stephen Henighan's now rather notorious charge in 2002 that such novels amount to little more than politically dubious purple prose. Rae takes a laudably even-handed approach in his response, identifying certain limitations of Fugitive Pieces even as he insists, pace Henighan, that these books must be understood not as shapeless products of aesthetic decadence, but rather as participants in a growing national tradition of novels that are conspicuously self-conscious about their use of form and language. Indeed, the possibility of reading From Cohen to Carson as a rigorous refutation of Henighan's polemic might be taken as a sign of success of both critics. Henighan has proven the galvanizing value of provocation, while Rae has demonstrated that academic monographs can serve as a manner of literary senate where sober second thought might hold the day. Robert McGill Robert McGill, Department of English, University of Toronto Copyright © 2011 University of Toronto Press Incorporated

Operationalizing the interpretive turn: Deploying qualitative methods toward an economics of meaning

In his original essay advocating the interpretive turn in economics, Lavoie makes an explicit argument favoring (1) an economics of meaning and (2) the growth of knowledge through discursive rivalry within the scientific community. This paper contends that within Lavoie's explicit argument is an implicit case for a particular mode of discovery that resists the excesses of formalism common within the economics discipline and instead puts the investigator, the investigator's theoretical lens, and the subject under investigation in close proximity to one another. With the nodal points of this triangulated relationship in closer proximity to one another, an iterative learning process emerges that is itself a source of social scientific discovery. Further, and in connection to this mode of discovery, is the implicit case favoring qualitative research methods that correct the economics discipline's excessive reliance upon quantitative analysis in its empirical investigations that distances the investigator from the subject under investigation. The goal of this paper is to make these implicit arguments explicit.

Equality, Quasi-Implicit Products, and Large Eliminations

This paper presents a type theory with a form of equality reflection: provable equalities can be used to coerce the type of a term. Coercions and other annotations, including implicit arguments, are dropped during reduction of terms. We develop the metatheory for an undecidable version of the system with unannotated terms. We then devise a decidable system with annotated terms, justified in terms of the unannotated system. Finally, we show how the approach can be extended to account for large eliminations, using what we call quasi-implicit products.

Glass Transition Seen through Asymptotic Expansions

Soft glassy materials exhibit the so-called glassy transition, which means that the behavior of the model at a low shear rate changes when a certain parameter (which we call the glass parameter) crosses a critical value. This behavior goes from a Newtonian behavior to a Herschel–Bulkley behavior through a power-law-type behavior at the transition point. In a previous paper we rigorously proved that the Hébraud–Lequeux model, a Fokker–Planck-like description of soft glassy material, exhibits such a glass transition. But the method we used was very specific to the one-dimensional setting of the model, and as a preparation for generalizing this model to take into account multidimensional situations, we look for another technique to study the glass transition of this type of model. In this paper we shall use matched asymptotic expansions for such a study. The difficulties encountered when using asymptotic expansions for the Hébraud–Lequeux model are that multiple ansaetze have to be used, even though the initial model is unique, due to the glass transition. We shall delineate the various regimes and give a rigorous justification of the expansion by means of an implicit function argument. The use of a two parameter expansion plays a crucial role in elucidating the reasons for the scalings which occur.

Thomas Leitch, Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From Gone with the Wind to The Passion of ChristFilm Adaptation and Its Discontents: From Gone with the Wind to The Passion of Christ. Thomas Leitch . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Pp. ix+354.

<i>Thomas Leitch,</i> Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From <i>Gone with the Wind</i> to <i>The Passion of Christ</i><i>Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From <i>Gone with the Wind</i> to <i>The Passion of Christ</i></i>. Thomas Leitch . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Pp. ix+354.

The Complex Case of Fear and Safe Space

Here I shine light on the concept of and call for safe space and on the implicit argument that seems to undergird both the concept and the call, complicating and problematizing the taken for granted view of this issue with the goal of revealing a more complex dynamic worthy of interpretive attention when determining educational response. I maintain that the usual justification for safe space covers rather than clarifies the logic of safe space and makes it difficult for an educator to respond to harassment in a constructive and fitting way. I also claim that calls for safe space can only be properly interpreted—and responded to—when the link between fear and safety is uncovered and deconstructed. In the process, I note that the assumption of “safety” as a “positive condition” for education is problematic and warrants careful consideration.

Borderlines: The Shiftings of Gender in British Romanticism. Susan J. Wolfson . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xix+430.

<i>Borderlines: The Shiftings of Gender in British Romanticism</i>. Susan J. Wolfson . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xix+430.

The Explicit Syntax of Implicit Arguments

Although they participate in control relations, implicit arguments are standardly viewed as unprojected ϑ-roles, absent from the syntax. I challenge this view and argue that implicit arguments are syntactically represented. The argument rests on the observation that implicit arguments can exercise partial control, and the claim that partial control must be encoded in the syntax (given plausible assumptions on the limits of lexical relations). I further argue that the syntactic constitution of implicit arguments is more impoverished than that of pro, explaining their differential visibility to various syntactic processes.

What we hide in words: Emotive words and persuasive definitions

In this paper we throw further light on four questions on the argumentative use of emotive words studied in the recent literature on persuasive definitions. (1) What is the semantic and argumentative structure of an emotive word? (2) Why are emotive words so powerful when used as argumentative instruments? (3) Why and (4) under what conditions are persuasive definitions (based on emotive words) legitimate? After introducing leading accounts of the argumentative effects of words, we approach these questions from a pragmatic perspective, presenting an analysis of persuasive definition based on argumentation schemes. Persuasive definitions, we maintain, are persuasive because their goal is to modify the emotive meaning of a persuasive term in a way that contains an implicit argument from values. Our theory is also based on the concept of presupposition, often used in linguistics but here applied for the first time to these four questions about emotive words and persuasive definitions.

Does Experience Imply Learning‘

Empirical research in strategic management has frequently used experience as a measure of learning. The implicit argument is that experience with an activity improves performance due to enhanced efficiency. It follows then that firms with greater experience will accumulate greater learning. We challenge this idea by suggesting that the repetition of an activity by a firm is an endogenous choice based on its existing capabilities. If a firm possesses certain pre-existing capabilities, it will engage in certain activities corresponding to those capabilities and thereby also achieve superior performance. Consequently, even though an empirical researcher is likely to find an association between experience and performance, it may not be causal in nature. It is possible that this relationship is largely driven by ex-ante capabilities of the firm rather than ex-post learning outcomes. We demonstrate this effect in an international sample of aircraft projects introduced between 1944 and 2000. We do not mean to imply that all experience-performance relationships can be explained in this way; rather we propose that in a general case both these mechanisms may reinforce each other.

Context dependence and implicit arguments in existentials

This paper discusses the semantics of bare existentials, i.e. existentials in which nothing follows the post copular NP (e.g. There are four sections). While it has sometimes been recognized that the interpretation of such sentences depends in some way on context, the exact nature of the context dependence involved has not been properly understood. It is shown that the meaning of bare existentials involves a set-denoting implicit argument, and that the range of interpretations found with bare existentials is predictable from the general properties of implicit arguments. An explicit analysis within a dynamic setting is presented.

Rhetoric and Ideology in Egypt’s Wasaiyya Movement

AbstractIslamic centrism (Wasaiyya) is commonly presented as an open-minded and dialogue-oriented form of Islamism. This article questions that view by analyzing texts written by two prominent centrists: Muammad ‘Ammāra and Fahmī Huwaydī. Focusing on rhetorical techniques, the article argues that their texts are characterized by aggressive polemics not conducive to pluralist public debate. While relying heavily on barrages of rhetorical questions and implicit arguments, they avoid serious discussion of difficult issues. These characteristics of their texts are brought out by a discourse analysis based on modern text linguistics, specifically Functional Grammar as developed by Michael Halliday. This approach to Islamism is new and helps explaining why centrism, despite its professed open-mindedness, has failed both to defuse the high ideological tension in contemporary Egyptian debates about Islam in society and to contribute to bringing those debates forward.

&lt;i&gt;Native Peoples and Water Rights: Irrigation, Dams, and the Law in Western Canada&lt;/i&gt; (review)

Reviewed by: Native Peoples and Water Rights: Irrigation, Dams, and the Law in Western Canada Ted Binnema (bio) Native Peoples and Water Rights: Irrigation, Dams, and the Law in Western Canada. by Kenichi Matsui. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009 The topic of indigenous water rights, long a topic of scholarly interest in the United States, has received little attention in Canada—until now. Because of the combination of remarkable similarities and distinct differences in legal traditions and Indian policies in Canada and the United States, the history of indigenous water rights in both countries should be of considerable interest to all scholars interested in either country. For that reason, although this study has significant weaknesses, scholars on both sides of the border should welcome this pioneering book. The most disappointing shortcoming of this book is the lack of any clear explicit or implicit central argument. To be fair, Matsui admits that he does “not seek to offer a definitive account of Native water rights history,” but more modestly to present “an account of the intertwined stories that both Natives and newcomers created” (14). But the book is too interpretively timid. Its introduction draws on Nicholas Thomas, Edward Said, and Homi Bhabha, but that discussion seems divorced from the body of the book. In terms of the Native side of the story, Matsui remains relatively true to his stated aim of avoiding “victim narratives” (xiv), although Natives do sometimes disappear from the discussion. The conclusion represents Matsui’s best attempt at some broader arguments about the significance of his findings (beyond perhaps implying—as his introduction seems to do—that his findings seem to fit the theoretical frameworks of those discussed in his introduction), but it is too short and unfocused to be effective. The lack of any real, convincing, overarching argument or theme means that the book can be read as a collection of five thematically connected chapters. The first, which surveys the history of water and property rights quite broadly, is followed by two that examine conflict over Native irrigation rights in the dry belt of the British Columbia interior. They discuss three interior Salish communities: the St’at’imc [End Page 133] (Lillooet), the Nlaka’pamux (Thompson), and in most detail, the Secwepemc (Shushap). The second of these (chapter 4) is a revised version of an article Matsui published in Wicazo Sa Review in 2005. Chapter 5 looks at the early history of water and irrigation issues on the Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee) and Siksika (Blackfoot) reserves of today’s southern Alberta. The last chapter explores the question of waterpower rights on the Nakoda (Stoney) reserve at Morley. The individual chapters are also more focused on reconstructing the complex and ambiguous history (not that this was an easy feat, by the looks of it), than offering deep analysis and argumentation. Matsui is at his best when presenting his archival discoveries. That means that his chapter on property and water rights law is weak. Its flaws range from the general (it overemphasizes the influence of John Locke and Thomas Jefferson), to the specific (it mysteriously identifies Abraham Lincoln’s administration as Whig [21], and inadvertently, because of poor writing, will lead unaware readers to assume that the Canadian expedition led by Henry Youle Hind may have been sent to the prairies in 1830, rather than 1857 [22]). The chapters based on archival research are much better. Chapters 3 to 6 (those based most heavily on archival research) reveal much about the way water rights principles evolved in Canada (and Matsui’s conclusion does hint at this). We get a sense of the chaotic and inconsistent ad hoc functioning of often cash-strapped and understaffed bureaucracies and corporations, the competing interests of government departments (some weak, some strong), the competing interests of federal and provincial governments, and the different strategies (from conciliation to confrontation) employed by bureaucrats and officials in the Department of Indian Affairs to solve problems, sometimes at the expense of Native communities. In these complex and confused circumstances, Native leaders tried to represent their own interests, with more or less success. In what is probably the most intriguing argument of the book, Matsui contends that the...

The Dress of the People: Everyday Fashion in Eighteenth-Century England

‘Ordinary people often succeeded in owning changes of at least some items of clothing. Many possessed a mix of clothes, some of them coarse and inexpensive, but others costlier and more decorative. Regional variation was muted’ (p. 55). Such are the conclusions of John Styles's investigation into the dress of working men and women who formed the bulk of the population in the eighteenth century. These painstaking conclusions, arrived at from a wide variety of sources, should change our understanding of everyday, non-élite experience. Styles writes from the perspective of an historian who has worked at the Victoria and Albert Museum: his book is sensitive to the crucial questions of economic and cultural history, but it is not monopolised by them. So he is interested in the sartorial choices of individual men and women, ‘their expectations and preferences as consumers’, however they came about, and whether or not they drove the industrial revolution (p. 8). One of the book's most notable features is the huge number of images which begin to retrieve rarely-surviving ‘ordinary’ clothing, its subtle distinctions of quality obvious at the time but elusive now. The evidence which Styles uses is strikingly novel: instead of the inventories beloved of studies of consumption—these mainly relate to those of higher social status and in any case rarely list clothes—and the views of social commentators, he analyses trial records, household accounts, pictures and swatches of cloth. As a result his book reveals life-cycles of individual and familial consumption in a way that more temporally static sources cannot. And he sews his piecemeal sources together into a pragmatics of dress—how clothing was washed, its rates of wear, how and when it was worn, how it formed the texture of everyday life. Against the often dense details of different cloths and cuts, the images are even more shocking: an old woman trying to maintain her fire stares directly out of the back cover in William Bigg's ‘Poor old woman's comfort’, and the numerous swatches of tiny pieces of clothing left with orphans at the Foundling Hospital for identification carry on an implicit emotional argument about plebeian dress.

Editing Music in Early Modern Germany

This excellent book combines the philologist's method, offering up page after page of archival discovery and textual insight, with a cultural historian's grasp of the various reception discourses of the new scholarship on early modern Europe. Hammond's historical point of view itself is strikingly fresh for the discipline of musicology. Only very recently have some music historians begun to join their colleagues from the related disciplines in considering the years between about 1400 and 1700 in the longue durée terms of a unitary ‘early modern’ period. Further, the interdisciplinarity so richly evident in Hammond's work testifies to the fruitfulness of the cooperative trend over the past twenty years among Renaissance, Reformation and baroque historians, not least among them Anthony Grafton, whose Princeton seminar on the highly ramified early modern print culture inspired the author to her present investigation. One of the principal challenges of the new early modern scholarship has been to the great dates and events—the before-and-after watersheds—that have constituted the positivistic markers of historiography since the nineteenth century. In the field of musical editing, 1850 has long held such canonical status. As late as the tenth printing of The New Harvard Dictionary of Music (2001) and The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (2001), 1850—the founding of the Bach Gesellschaft and origin of the critical edition—continued to serve as the date only after which one could claim that ‘musicologists have produced an enormous quantity of distinguished editions’ (Grove 7, p. 886). Randel's volume dedicates a single paragraph to the history of editions before 1850 (pp. 264f.); Sadie's gives one column (p. 896) to pre-1850 editions, which were allegedly useful ‘less for their content than as illustrations of the history of music scholarship’. Hammond's book, distinguished in both style and content, may be taken as an implicit argument, not for rejecting outright, but for revising through greater historical appreciation the disciplinary certainty that authentic musical editions began only in the mid-nineteenth century. Stated another way, Hammond's analysis, which applies Peter Burke's bricolage model of diffusion (meaning in this case: early modern northern European editors of anthologies of Italian madrigals and canzonettas operated pragmatically, choosing and adaptating according to criteria predicated on utility—an unpardonable sin in the minds of the Romantics), finds much about German editorial practice in the seminal years between Friedrich Lindner's Gemma musicalis I–III (1588–90) and Martin Rinckart's Triumphi de Dorothea (1619) that is worthy of being called ‘critical’ in its own right. For this achievement alone, Editing Music in Early Modern Germany deserves special recognition.

The Idea of English Ethnicity (review)

Reviewed by: The Idea of English Ethnicity Stefan Berger (bio) The Idea of English Ethnicity by Robert J.C. Young; pp. 312. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008. $29.30 cloth. The idea of English ethnicity, as outlined in this latest offering from the intriguing Blackwell Manifestos series, is a patriot's tale. In a nutshell, Robert Young argues that the idea of Englishness was transformed in the course of the nineteenth century from a national identity for the English living in England to a diasporic and global identity without firm geographical borders. This, Young's more implicit than explicit conclusion, makes Englishness more open, tolerant, and inclusive than other national identities. Young begins with accounts of the rise of Saxonism in nineteenth-century England and the juxtaposition of the Saxon to the Celt (ch. 1, 2). Focusing on Robert Knox and W.F. Edwards, he subsequently describes the merger of philosophy, history, and morality with anatomy and the attribution of moral qualities to physiognomy (ch. 3). After devoting much attention to the vociferous anti-Celtic campaigns of The Times newspaper from the 1840s onwards, he outlines the growing resistance to anti-Celticism. Paradoxically, the arguments for a more inclusive Englishness that incorporated the Celts (often holding out the "generous" possibility of assimilating them) were based on more "scientific" racial theories than that of their opponents. Matthew Arnold's critique of "Englishism" completed the reintegration of the Celt in a more inclusive Englishness, although, as Young does not fail to point out, the rise of anti-Semitism paralleled the downplaying of anti-Celtic discourse in constructions of Englishness. The incorporation of the Celt in more inclusive constructions of Englishness provided a stepping stone toward further expansion of Englishness, which ultimately came to incorporate the entire English-speaking empire (ch. 6, 7). Young traces the making of a "transnational brotherhood" (179-80) and a "globalised race" (180) and postulates that Anglo-Saxonism possibly represented the "first hyphenated identity" (181). Charles Dilke, John Ruskin, Cecil Rhodes, John Seeley, and J.A. Froude figured prominently in the construction of this hyphenated identity. Throughout the book, Young stresses the importance of historians and historical discourse for constructions of national identity—something confirmed by the five-year European Science Foundation-funded project "Representations of the Past: The Writing of National Histories in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe" (www.uni-leipzig.de/zhsesf). While Young is always intriguing and mostly convincing in outlining the changing discourse on Englishness in the nineteenth century, his conclusions, as presented in the final chapter of the book, are not. For it is here that he unconvincingly links the global identity of the English with a cosmopolitan and open nationalism that makes the English into a tolerant and welcoming people. He even goes so far as to say that today's refugees desperately try to get across the Channel because they want to enjoy the greater tolerance of the English and to live in "a comparatively gentle, compassionate and inclusive society" [End Page 155] (240 ff.). He presents no evidence for this assertion, and it would seem entirely reasonable to refer to other reasons as to why today's illegal refugees prefer Britain to France (language being one, and the relative ease with which one can disappear from the radar of the British authorities being another), and this lack of evidence points to a greater problem in Young's argument. Throughout the book he chooses to ignore any evidence that does not fit his argument about the global extension of a cosmopolitan Englishness. Thus, he does not engage at all with Bernard Porter's important intervention in the wider debate on "absentminded imperialism" (Porter, see title) and he systematically excludes any discussion of the exclusive othering that went on even under a more diasporic and globalized construction of English ethnicity. Clear enmities and hostilities characterized this definition of Englishness, and it is by no means obvious that it was more open or tolerant than other national identities in Europe. In fact, this implicit comparative argument in Young's book cannot be made on the basis of an exclusive discussion of Englishness. It would need a thorough comparative treatment of the construction of English ethnicity...

Campaigning and the Catch-All Party

Otto Kirchheimer’s well-known diagnosis of ‘catch-all’ partism in Western Europe rests on an implicit causal argument about the consequences of social change for political parties. This article takes up the causal story underlying Kirchheimer’s account and traces its implications for a specific, though central, party activity: campaigning. As Kirchheimer discerned, the transformation of advanced industrial societies radically altered the context of parties’ strategic decision-making. In the area of election campaigning, parties confronted heightened incentives to approach the electorate with ‘persuasive’ rather than more traditional ‘mobilizing’ appeals and developed a greatly increased demand for reliable information about voter preferences. These shifts, in turn, had consequences for party organization, promoting the centralization and marginalization of individual members Kirchheimer associates with the catch-all party type. Through the lens of campaign change, then, we can observe the causal processes that unite the diverse features Kirchheimer links to his catch-all party — although our attention is also drawn to ways in which party development has not conformed to Kirchheimer’s expectations. This article illustrates these intersecting processes with a discussion of Labour and Conservative campaigns in Britain.

Interaction between grammar and pragmatics: The case of implicit arguments, implicit predicates and co-composition in Hungarian

After an overview of previous approaches to the relation between grammar and pragmatics we define grammar and pragmatics as two separate but not independent components of the theory of language modeling grammatical and pragmatic competences, respectively. In addition to assuming their co-operation in contexts of language use, we also accept that detached from their contexts, some pieces of contextual information can become context-independent. Furthermore, such kind of encyclopedic information and information concerning the use of language can be considered an integral part of lexical-semantic representations as well. The analysis of three types of Hungarian utterances, namely utterances containing implicit arguments, implicit predicates and co-composition, in the framework we propose demonstrates that grammatical factors (including lexical-semantic representations and morphosyntactic properties) and pragmatic factors (general and context-dependent pragmatic knowledge) thoroughly and intensively interact in various ways. On the basis of the analysis it can also be concluded that, in the absence of pragmatic information, use or interpretation predicted by grammar can often be evaluated as only typical or even underspecified, and, if the context is more specific, it can determine the utterance meaning to a greater degree.