Implicit Argument Research Articles

의미역자질을 이용한 영어 수동문 분석

Since Grimshaw (1992) discussed their close relationship between the passive construction and the external argument seriously, the perspective of the relevant researches has radically changed from the classical Case theory based analysis to the subject oriented Theta theoretical analysis. The approach from this direction can deal with both the unexpected passives of some intransitive verbs and the ungrammatical passives of some transitive verbs more easily than one from the other direction. Wanner (2009) particularly argues that an external argument in passives is suppressed so that it is not realized at syntax but it is there as an implicit argument and interpreted as such. In this paper, two-place verbs with no passive versions are focused and claimed to have two internal arguments. It was shown that the Theta System in Reinhart (2016) provides not only a systematic analysis for mapping of theta roles and their syntactic positions but also can be extended to explain the exceptional cases of transitive verbs with no passives.

Melodia and the “Disposition of the Soul”

In 1607 Claudio Monteverdi’s younger brother, Giulio Cesare, published his Dichiaratione, arguably the most significant document of the famous and influential polemic known as the Artusi-Monteverdi controversy. He there attempted to rebut Giovanni Maria Artusi’s criticism of the technical “licenses”—especially with regard to dissonance treatment—that the great composer had sought to justify as essential elements of the new approach to text setting that he called the seconda pratica. In support of his argument, Giulio Cesare quotes passages from Plato’s Republic in order to claim the great philosopher’s authority for his brother’s revolutionary musical poetics. As I show in this study, the Platonic pronouncements concerning what the Monteverdis call melodia, that is, song (melos), provide Giulio Cesare with virtually the whole of his implicit argument for the artistic validity of Claudio’s subversive compositional practices. The article’s principal aim, however, is to demonstrate that Giulio Cesare exploits a lexical peculiarity in Ficino’s Latin translation of the Republic to misrepresent Plato’s thought on a point of great importance to the philosopher: the power of song to influence a people’s ēthos, their ethical or moral character. Ficino’s idiosyncratic rendering in the crucial passage of ēthos tēs psychēs as affectio animi (“affection of the soul”) enables, and indeed invites, Giulio Cesare to elide the true object of Plato’s concern and instead implicitly associate the philosopher’s dicta regarding the ethical force of melos with what the Dichiaratione identifies as the goal of the seconda pratica: “moving the affections of the soul.”

The Interpretation of Implicit Arguments in Paraguayan Guaraní

Paraguayan Guaraní allows for implicit arguments, that is, arguments that are neither cross-referenced on the verb nor realized by an independent noun phrase. Building on prior description of the distribution of implicit arguments in the language, this paper describes the interpretations such arguments can receive. Specifically, the paper shows that implicit arguments in Paraguayan Guaraní can receive elided and existential interpretations, in addition to the anaphoric interpretation described in prior work.

Anthropocentrism as the scapegoat of the environmental crisis: a review

Anthropocentrism has been claimed to be the root of the global environmental crisis. Based on a multidisciplinary (e.g. environmental philosophy, animal ethics, anthropology, law) and multilingual (English, Spanish, French, German, Japanese) literature review, this article proposes a conceptual analysis of ‘anthropocentrism’ and reconstructs the often implicit argument that links anthropocentrism to the environmental crisis. The variety of usages of the concept of ‘anthropocentrism’ described in this article reveals many underlying disagreements under the apparent unanimity of the calls to reject anthropocentrism, both regarding what exactly is the root of the problem, and the nature of the possible solutions. It highlights the limitations of the argument of anthropocentrism as the scapegoat of the environmental crisis and identifies two main challenges faced by attempts to go beyond anthropocentrism: an epistemological challenge regarding knowledge and the place of sciences, and a metaethical challenge related to values and cultural pluralism. Beyond the issue of an anthropocentric point of view, the core of the problem might be an intertwinement of views and assumptions that work together to undermine attempts to protect the environment from the greed of some humans, such as the human-nature dichotomy, capitalism, consumerism, industrialism, etc. Finally, this article suggests that making the nuances and the presuppositions that underlie various versions of the anti-anthropocentric rhetoric explicit is necessary to foster constructive dialogue among different anti-anthropocentrism proponents, as well as with their detractors.

Implicit Arguments in Ugandan English

In standard British/American English, some transitive verbs, which are ontologically specified for objects, may be used with the objects not overtly expressed (for example, leave), while other transitive verbs do not permit this syntactic behavior (for example, vacate). The former have been referred to as verbs that allow implicit arguments. This study shows that while verbs such as vacate do not ideally allow implicit arguments in standard British/American English, this is permitted in Ugandan English (a non-native variety), thereby highlighting structural asymmetries between British/American English and Ugandan English, owing mainly to substrate influence and analogization. The current study highlights those structural asymmetries and ultimately uncovers some characteristic features in the structural nativization process of English in Uganda, thereby contributing to the growing larger discourse meant to fill the gaps that had characterized World Englishes scholarship, where thorough delineations of Ugandan English have been virtually absent.

Smooth branch of travelling waves for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in R2 for small speed

We construct a smooth branch of travelling wave solutions for the 2 dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equations for small speed. These travelling waves exhibit two vortices far away from each other. We also compute the leading order term of the derivatives with respect to the speed. We construct these solutions by an implicit function type argument.

Синтактично описание на предикативите за ментално състояние

The paper examines the argument structure of constructions containing mental-state predicative words in the contemporary Bulgarian language. The source material was extracted from the Bulgarian National Corpus. The analysis focuses on predicates denoting knowledge, confidence and doubt. The research reveals that the role of such predicates can be performed by predicative adverbs (‘yasno’, ‘izvestno’, ‘samnitelno’), predicative nouns (‘istina’, ‘fact’) or predicative adjectives (‘uveren’, ‘siguren’). Cases containing explicit or implicit experiencer arguments are discussed along with the possibilities for expressing the object and the content of knowledge. Some adverbs could express the experiencer’s degree of confidence. The analysis of the empirical data leads to conclusions about the common argument structure of predicative constructions denoting mental state and for the syntactic expression of the arguments.

Intertextuality and Tradition

Intertextuality and Tradition

Jihadi Audiovisuality and Its Entanglements: Meanings, Aesthetics, Appropriations

Jihadi Audiovisuality and Its Entanglements: Meanings, Aesthetics, Appropriations

Active Existential in Lithuanian: Remarks on Burzio’s Generalization

Evidence from the Lithuanian active existential construction shows that Lithuanian has a type of VoiceP that assigns structural accusative case in the absence of a syntactically projected implicit argument in Spec,VoiceP. This construction violates Burzio’s (1986) Generalization and its later versions (e.g., Marantz 1991, Kratzer 1994, 1996, Woolford 2003, McFadden 2004, Legate 2014). This article offers a revised version of Burzio’s Generalization by proposing that while accusative case must be assigned by a thematic Voice, the assignment of accusative case by Voice may vary independently from the selection of a specifier.

Collective Nominal Semantic Role Labeling for Tweets

Tweets have become an increasingly popular source of fresh information. We investigate the task of Nominal Semantic Role Labeling (NSRL) for tweets, which aims to identify predicate-argument structures defined by nominals in tweets. Studies of this task can help fine-grained information extraction and retrieval from tweets. There are two main challenges in this task: 1) The lack of information in a single tweet, rooted in the short and noisy nature of tweets; and 2) recovery of implicit arguments. We propose jointly conducting NSRL on multiple similar tweets using a graphical model, leveraging the redundancy in tweets to tackle these challenges. Extensive evaluations on a human annotated data set demonstrate that our method outperforms two baselines with an absolute gain of 2.7% in F1.

Local versus long-distance bound implicit arguments of inalienable relational nouns in Chinese

This paper argues that inalienable relational nouns in Mandarin Chinese, specifically kinship nouns (KNs, e.g. father, sister) and body-part nouns (BPNs, e.g. head, face), have an implicit reflexive argument. Based on a syntactic comparison between KNs, BPNs, locally and long-distance bound reflexives, we argue that the implicit reflexive arguments of BPNs must be locally bound, whereas that of KNs can either be locally or long-distance bound. We conclude that these two types of implicit arguments in Mandarin Chinese correspond to locally and long-distance bound reflexives, respectively. We analyze this difference in connection with binding theory and a theory of logophoricity. We argue that the implicit argument of BPNs is a locally bound anaphor and cannot be used as a logophor, whereas that of KNs can, supporting a proposal that the logophoric property leads to long-distance binding, as argued by Huang & Liu’s (2001) for reflexives in Mandarin Chinese.

On the Implicit Argument of Icelandic Indirect Causatives

The goal of this article is to understand the syntax of Icelandic indirect causatives (ICs), especially with respect to the implicit causee. We show that the complement of the causative verb must be at least as large as a VoiceP, and that it shares some properties with active VoicePs and others with passive VoicePs. We make sense of this state of affairs by proposing that the causee, while phonetically silent, has an explicit syntactic representation, but as a φP rather than a DP. We further propose that ICs are built by stacking a second VoiceP on top of the lexical verb’s first VoiceP, and that this configuration, along with the underspecified interpretation of φP, leads to a special thematic interpretation of both the causer and the implicit causee. Our analysis suggests that there are certain core ingredients involved in building ICs—such as stacked VoicePs and an underspecified causee—but that the source of these ingredients can vary across languages and constructions, depending on the formal primitives that grammars make available to the languages more generally.

Transparent and Opaque Contextual Sensitivity

Lots of contextually sensitive expressions appear to have context invariant meanings that do not by themselves suffice to secure semantic values for those expressions in context. For example, suppose I say 1. She is smart. where I do not demonstrate any female, I don’t intend that some female is the semantic value of my use of ‘she’, no female is uniquely salient in the context of utterance, and no female has been under discussion. It would appear in such a case that the context invariant meaning of ‘she’ does not secure a semantic value in context for my use of ‘she’, resulting in infelicity. After all, what would that semantic value in context be? This appears to show that the context invariant meaning of ‘she’ does not by itself secure semantic values in context for it. The class of expressions that are like ‘she’ in this respect is quite large. It arguably includes simple and complex demonstratives, tense, expressions taking implicit arguments (‘Molly is ready.’), gradable adjectives, quantifiers, ‘only’, possessives, conditionals, modals and more. I call these expressions supplementives to highlight the fact that their context invariant meanings need to be supplemented in context for them to secure semantic values in context. I claim that supplementives differ from each other in the following two ways: 1. The degree to which normal speakers are explicitly aware that the expression is contextually sensitive. 2. The degree to which ordinary speakers are explicitly aware of what sort of semantic value in context the expression takes. I hold the view that semantic values in context for supplementives are fixed by recognizable speaker intentions. However, I argue that given the differences between supplementives with respect to 1 and 2, the intentions fixing the semantic values in context of supplementives that differ with respect to 1 and 2 will themselves be different, while still all being speaker intentions that some entity o be the semantic value of the use of the supplementive in context.

Building a Discourse-Argument Hybrid System for Vietnamese Why-Question Answering.

Recently, many deep learning models have archived high results in question answering task with overall F1 scores above 0.88 on SQuAD datasets. However, many of these models have quite low F1 scores on why-questions. These F1 scores range from 0.57 to 0.7 on SQuAD v1.1 development set. This means these models are more appropriate to the extraction of answers for factoid questions than for why-questions. Why-questions are asked when explanations are needed. These explanations are possibly arguments or simply subjective opinions. Therefore, we propose an approach to finding the answer for why-question using discourse analysis and natural language inference. In our approach, natural language inference is applied to identify implicit arguments at sentence level. It is also applied in sentence similarity calculation. Discourse analysis is applied to identify the explicit arguments and the opinions at sentence level in documents. The results from these two methods are the answer candidates to be selected as the final answer for each why-question. We also implement a system with our approach. Our system can provide an answer for a why-question and a document as in reading comprehension test. We test our system with a Vietnamese translated test set which contains all why-questions of SQuAD v1.1 development set. The test results show that our system cannot beat a deep learning model in F1 score; however, our system can answer more questions (answer rate of 77.0%) than the deep learning model (answer rate of 61.0%).

Implicit arguments in English double object constructions

Pesetsky (1995) argued that both objects in the double object construction must be selected arguments of the lexical verb, based on patterns of optionality. A closer examination shows that this is not correct. The second object of the double object construction and both the NP and PP of the PP frame behave like selected arguments of the lexical verb: the lexical verb determines both whether they can be implicit or not, and how they are interpreted when they are (indefinite versus definite). In contrast, particular lexical verbs determine whether the first object of the double object construction can be dropped, but not how it is interpreted. All implicit first objects are interpreted as pragmatically recoverable definites. Implicit first objects also do not license sluicing, unlike all other implicit objects. I propose a purely syntactic account of these patterns, using the ApplP analysis of double object constructions (Marantz 1993; Bruening 2001). In the analysis, arguments of functional heads like Voice and Appl can only be implicit in the presence of a Pass(ive) head, but arguments of lexical verbs are left implicit through adjunction of an operator to the lexical V. I show that implicit arguments are not projected as NPs in the syntax, contra works like Landau (2010). The failure of sluicing with implicit first objects is then analogous to the failure of sluicing with active-passive pairs. I also suggest that the identity condition on ellipsis makes reference to maximal projections, not to heads as in Rudin (2019).

The 'Streetlight Effect' in Commentary on Citizenship by Investment

In this chapter I examine recent scholarship on the sale of citizenship. Specifically, I discuss Ana Tanasoca’s historical sensitivity to the sale of citizenship, Luca Mavelli’s Foucauldian account of commodification, and Desiree Lim’s account of expressive discrimination. As with any nuanced political inquiry, there are conceptual, ethical and empirical choices that inform such commentary. In making epistemic choices, an empirical claim may well be premised on an implicit ethical argument, a normative argument may be made by selectively picking a certain sort of empirical inquiry, or one among several conceptualisations of a concept may be passed off as the only one. There is therefore the possibility of a ‘streetlight effect’ where the confines of an inquiry are conducted within an already illuminated patch. I show that this phenomenon applies to the scholarly works discussed in this chapter: Commentary on the sale of citizenship is illuminated by a priority for the claims of community on ‘Who Belongs’ over the claims of access on ‘Who Should Get In’. There is a discursive confounding of ethical, conceptual and empirical claims operating under the streetlight of a presupposition that the claims of a pre-existing national community should determine the claims of access. The chapter is divided into three parts: (1) First, I elaborate on what I mean by a priority of claims of community over claims of access. To do so, I reconstruct a celebrated debate between Joseph Carens and David Miller, and show a continuity in the argumentative strategies employed in general criticisms of open borders and specific criticisms of the sale of citizenship; (2) Second, I provide a brief account of the phenomenon of investment migration, including the sale of citizenship and residency, in order to appreciate specific criticisms of the sale of citizenship; and (3) Third, I reconstruct recent scholarly work on investment migration, and show that a general disposition towards divining the preferences of a pre-existing national community and attributing moral weight to such preferences illuminates specific criticisms of the sale of citizenship. At stake is not only good argumentative practice. Critical commentary on investment migration influences both public discourse and official documents. Without specific findings on how and in what form the sale of citizenship is problematic, a general indictment of the phenomenon has the expressive effect of adding to the exclusionary sentiment that is a defining feature of contemporary public life.

At Play in the Fields of the Law

Hans-Georg Gadamer famously uses the metaphor of play to illustrate the ontological nature of understanding. Under his account, a reader seeking to understand a text brings her horizon of pre-understanding into dialogue with the unfolding effective-history of the text. The resulting to-and-fro, which exhibits “the logic of question and answer,” is playful in nature. Prejudgments are refined, amended or abandoned in the process. Gadamer concludes that the best experience of coming to understand is ordinary conversation, in which two participants learn through a ludic give-and-take. Gadamer also argues that legal practice has exemplary significance for his philosophical hermeneutics, which would appear to mean that legal practice is an estimable instance of play in action – of playfulness. But, can we take this claim seriously? Would any person who has been caught up in the justice system regard law as “playful” and “conversational?” Sandy Levinson offers a witty retort: “As Chairman Mao pointed out, a revolution is not a tea party, and the massive disruption in lives that can be triggered by a legal case is not a conversation.” Robert Cover emphasizes the point more dramatically with one of the most noteworthy opening lines of a law review article: “Legal interpretation takes place in a field of pain and death.” In this chapter I reject the criticism that Gadamer fundamentally misunderstands the serious nature and effect of legal interpretation in his work and argue that legal practice does indeed exemplify his ontological claim that understanding results from being-at-play. I unfold my argument in five parts. First, I provide a close reading of Gadamer’s account of play to explore the contours of this central metaphor. Second, I discuss how Gadamer situates the phenomenological experience of “being played” within a larger frame. Play is not just a random experience of giving oneself up to an amorphous playful exchange. Rather, it is structured such that the play is experienced as an event, often in a ritualistic frame. There is a seriousness about play to which we must attend. Third, I connect play to legal practice. Gadamer does not directly describe how legal interpretation is “playful,” and so it is necessary to recreate his implicit argument. Fourth, I develop the implications that Gadamer’s layered analysis of play, ritual and event holds for contemporary jurisprudential debates engendered by “new originalism,” which seeks to locate legal meaning as a fixed element of the past that is not amendable to contemporary playful interpretation. I argue that judgment is the heart of legal practice, and judgment is the product of play. Contemporary originalist theorists seek to impose the rigors of empirical science on legal meaning. This approach founders on ontological shoals, because legal practice is a structured play that is realized in discrete events that participate in ritualistic belonging. Finally, I conclude that the ethic of play is much more demanding than one might assume. My claim that legal practice is playful by nature is a deeply serious assertion that has important ethical implications that extend far beyond a naive view of play as a frivolous indulgence. If we adopt Gadamer’s ontological argument, we must accept that our nature as interpretive beings implies an ethic of understanding, a challenging call of conscience to which we must respond. The ethic of lawyering well is intimately linked with the playful character of understanding. This is not a regrettable admission that legal practice is unconstrained. Quite the contrary, the ludic ethic of legal practice is the ground of the rule of law and therefore a critical foundation for social life.

Implicit Arguments in English and Rutooro

The present study is a contrastive analysis of the syntactic behavior of verbs that are ontologically specified for objects but these objects may be left out without rendering sentences ungrammatical. The study unveils asymmetries between English and Rutooro (a Bantu language spoken in Uganda) in the (non-)omissibility of postverbal arguments, stemming from lexico-semantic and morphological factors as well as syntactic and discoursal factors. In light of the asymmetries arising from syntactic and discoursal factors, the study adopts a typology of indefinite implicit arguments that categorizes them into two: general indefinite implicit arguments and discourse-bound indefinite implicit arguments. Denotational nuances between synonyms as well as morphological specifications are also crucial linguistic ingredients that trigger variability in the syntactic behavior of synonymous verbs intralinguistically and cross-linguistically. In order to formalize the syntactic behavior of the verbs involved, the study employs the analytical tools provided by Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). While Asudeh/Giorgolio (2012) use a combination of LFG and Glue Semantics in order to account for the occurrence of implicit arguments, this study proposes an alternative approach, by using only the LFG functional specifications in the lexical entries of the verbs under consideration without having recourse to an auxiliary framework. Using Bresnan (1978) as a point of departure and informed by proposals advanced by Nordlinger/Sadler (2007), the study posits a non-ambiguous bistructural analysis, with the postverbal argument instantiating the specification ± higher structure – a feature that caters for the (non-)omissibility of the postverbal argument.

Applied arguments in Spanish inchoative middle constructions

Despite displaying identical exponents (a reflexive clitic, imperfective tenses and agreement between the verb and the preverbal definite DP theme), change-of-state predicates in generic/middle contexts (inchoative middles, henceforth), can in fact have two different underlying representations: (i) a generic inchoative and (ii) a generic se-passive, this being the only one projecting a Voice head passivized by the reflexive clitic, which denotes an implicit generic external argument. Spanish allows the insertion of an affected applicative head in inchoative configurations (Cuervo 2003), which introduces an unselected dative argument interpreted either as an unintentional causer of the event if merged above the verbalizing head, or as affectee if merged below it. Crucially, this paper shows that the generic passive configuration disallows the applicative’s unintentional causer interpretation, since the position above vP is already filled by Voice; therefore, the only available merging position for the applicative is below vP. However, the unintentional causer interpretation is possible in generic inchoative constructions, which lack a VoiceP. The data and analysis presented here support Wood and Marantz’s (2017) proposal of a single argument-introducing head whose category and interpretation vary in terms of the syntactic context it is merged in. Finally, this study stresses the need to establish a more detailed classification of Spanish se-constructions as a whole and middles in particular with respect to their interaction with applied arguments.