Policy Implementation Research Articles

Investigating aquaculture farmers' preferences for multiobjective green production schemes: A discrete choice experiment in China

In recent years, the objectives of green agricultural development have increasingly diversified, incorporating food safety, pollution control, and resource conservation. This diversification has further heightened the potential for conflicts between policy objectives and the individual interests of farmers. Understanding farmer trade-offs with respect to multiobjective green production (MOGP) policies is crucial for the comprehensive implementation of agricultural green development policies. The green and healthy aquaculture action (GHAA) encompassing multiple green technology objectives promoted by the Chinese government provides a favorable policy context. On the basis of the policy background of the GHAA, this study utilized the choice experiment method (CEM) to explore the preferences of aquaculture farmers for various green technology objectives and supporting measures. The results indicate that aquaculture farmers are willing to make trade-offs among various green technology objectives with the support of specific measures to transform traditional production methods. Farmers have varying preferences for different green technology objectives. Overall, they tend to prefer implementing compound feed utilization but are averse to implementing aquaculture effluent treatment. In terms of support measures, providing technical guidance is more effective than providing aquaculture insurance in incentivizing farmers to participate in MOGP schemes. Further analysis indicates that there are three latent preference classes, which differ in their preferences for green technology objectives and support measures. Age, gender, aquaculture area, risk preferences, and participation in cooperatives explain the probability of preference class membership.

Evaluation of the impact of security perception on the structural changes of MSEs through system dynamics

Micro and Small businesses (MSEs) face several challenges to survive in the market, some of these challenges are related to security matters which are the subject of this article. In Mexico MSEs are victims of crimes such as extortion, theft, and assaults, among others; this situation leads them to spend their economic resources to make structural changes to be able to continue with their commercial activities. This article is based on a survey conducted on 370 MSEs in the central region of the state of Veracruz in Mexico; the present study aims to evaluate the impact of structural changes made by businesspeople in their perception of business security. In this way, the decision-making process of MSEs facing insecurity is statistically analyzed through a simulation model considering the system dynamics methodology. To evaluate this phenomenon, we have identified four main subsystems: 1) Crime, 2) Security Perception, 3) Structural Changes, and 4) Government Policy Changes; at the same time three hypothetical scenarios were simulated: 1) Reduction in crimes committed against MSEs, 2) Government changes in public infrastructure, and 3) the combination of the previous two. The approach allows us to identify that companies make structural changes based on the events around them, rather than on the crimes that they suffer, making abrupt or precipitated decisions. Therefore, we have identified that it is not only necessary to eliminate crimes, but also to work with government strategies that allow MSEs owners and staff to improve their perception of security. This simulation model can be replicated to evaluate the implementation of security policies in other regions with high insecurity rates.

Covid-19 Adaptive Tourism Attraction: Tourism Resilience Through Chse Certification For Visiting Decision

CHSE (Clean, Health, Safety, and Environment) certification is implemented by the Indonesian government to restore tourism conditions post-pandemic. The research aim is to analyze tourists' visiting decisions to visit COVID-19 adaptive tourist attractions after the implementation of the CHSE certification policy as a strategy to restore tourism conditions post-pandemic. The descriptive research was carried out with a causal-associative quantitative approach using 100 respondents. The result revealed that: (1) The implementation of CHSE in COVID-19 is in the quite good category with a percentage of 50%. (2) Visiting decisions are in the quite good category with a percentage of 37.8%. (3) CHSE as a strategy to restore tourism conditions has an impact of 13.4% on visiting decisions. So, it is concluded that tourists decide to visit a COVID-19 adaptive tourist attraction, not solely because the tourist attraction has been CHSE certified. But 86.8% are influenced by other factors.

France, Economic Liberalism, and the Populist Challenge

Abstract This article reviews Contested Liberalization by Jonah Levy. Levy explores the role of politics in slowing the implementation of neoliberal economic policies in France, from the 1980s forward. Levy devotes special attention to the politics and policies of Emmanual Macron. The article examines Levy's argument in the context of the French “dirigiste” tradition and considers Macron's policies and the recent rise of populism in France. It argues that populism has arisen in many advanced countries as they have shifted from industrial to service economies. The rise in working class grievance in the face of low productivity and wage stagnation has proved fertile ground for populist parties.

Technology innovation to improve SMEs sustainability

Purpose This study aims to analyze the determinants of small and medium enterprise (SME) sustainability through online marketing technology innovation. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted through a survey in Siak Regency and Dumai City, Riau Province, Indonesia. The study population is small entrepreneurs doing online marketing. The determination of this survey area is by considering: the use of online marketing technology in this area is relatively more developed than other regions; Siak Regency and Dumai City are very prospective to be used as small business development areas based on online marketing; and the sample was determined by purposive random sampling with the criteria of small entrepreneurs who have tried to do online marketing for at least six months. Based on these criteria, there are 301 small entrepreneurs who conduct online marketing as a sample. Findings The sustainability of SMEs is directly and indirectly influenced by government support, human resource quality, innovation costs, economic conditions and business partners through online marketing technology innovations. Online marketing strategy through targeting, segmentation and positioning marketing strategies. Implementation of online marketing technology innovation models: increased government support; improvement of human resources; provision of innovation cost allocation; government policies in maintaining economic stability; and increase in business partners. Research limitations/implications Limited access to data can limit the interpretation of correlations between the variables studied. This limitation is because the available data is limited to certain periods and certain geographical regions. In addition, research time constraints limit the ability to conduct more in-depth interviews and obtain additional data relevant to the topic being studied. Practical implications Practical implications: 1) Targeting marketing strategy is a staged strategy to select a target market. The target market for SME products is intermediary consumers (agents) and end consumers; 2) Segmenting marketing strategy is a stage strategy to determine market segments. The market segment of SME products is based on consumer characteristics, namely, the local market and markets outside the region. SME product market segments based on consumer response characteristics, namely, market segments based on product benefits and consumer loyalty; 3) Positioning marketing strategy is a strategy for the development stage of each product detail placement and the development of a 4P mix strategy, namely, product, price, place and promotion. Social implications The implementation of this research policy is: increased government support in facilitating online marketing; increased human resources in online marketing; provision of cost allocation of innovation in online marketing; government policy in maintaining economic stability; and increased business partners in online marketing. Model implementation requires mentoring and training through cooperation with business partners. Originality/value The sustainability of SMEs requires online marketing technology innovation. These findings can help provide an alternative solution to the weak resources of SMEs. With the discovery of the determining factor for the sustainability of SMEs, it can accelerate the SME digitalization program.

The production of climate security futures in the West African Sahel

Abstract Much has been written and said about the consequences of climate change on security in the West African Sahel. Sceptics argue that claims about the links between global warming and conflict dynamics rest on limited evidence and questionable assumptions. Others work on the institutionalization and operationalization of climate security. This implementation seems inevitable, if slow, difficult, and at times vague, as there is simply no consensus on what climate security implies in practice and what it is meant to achieve. What is climate security, and whose climate security are we talking about? This article analyses climate security as a structure of knowledge and a set of epistemic relationships that inform practices and relationships. It draws on participant observations of a Dakar-based research group that travelled to Bamako, Ouagadougou, and Niamey. At the intersection of research, policy, and programme implementation, this case study provides a unique look into the emergence of climate security relations and practices. The findings point to the rising structural force of climate security and how it can overcome both research uncertainties and sensitive diplomatic relations. The article shows that there is more to climate security than the focus on the conflict-climate nexus lets on.

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN HIV/AIDS PADA GAY DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

Analysis Of Policy Implementation Of HIV/AIDS And Control On Gay In Banyuwangi District. This research was conducted to determine the implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and control policies in Banyuwangi Regency. The HIV/AIDS status in Banyuwangi Regency is getting higher and is ranked second in East Java as an HIV/AIDS red zone. Cases of HIV/AIDS There are still many sufferers, for example cases that are often found in Banyuwangi Regency are people with HIV/AIDS in gay people. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive perspective, using observation data collection techniques, guided free interviews, and documentation. In the implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and control policies for gays in Banyuwangi Regency, using the theory of William Dunn (2004) which focuses on 5 (five) aspects, namely: Policy Problems; The Future of Policy; Policy Action; Policy Results; and Policy Performance. The result of the research is that the Health Office along with KPA and other stakeholders have made efforts to control HIV/AIDS in Banyuwangi Regency, as has been written in the policy through Perda Number 5 of 2017. Namely gay, in the end not all certain communities can know the existence of regulations made by the government and have limited socialization and awareness of certain communities so that the existence of Regional Regulation Number 5 of 2017 is only limited to written regulations.

Systemic Nuances of Racism: How Multi-Tiered System of Supports Policy Implementation Can Harm African American Students?

Systemic Nuances of Racism: How Multi-Tiered System of Supports Policy Implementation Can Harm African American Students?

Coordinated Regional Economic Development: A Study of the Relationship Between Regional Policies and Business Performance

Abstract In the context of the global spread of the Corona Virus Disease 2019, improving enterprise performance, promoting regional economic development, and solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate regional development are important considerations for regional policy formulation. To understand the relationship between regional policies and corporate performance, this study starts with theories related to regional policies and corporate performance, and proposes two hypotheses. The Western Development, Northeast Revitalization of the Old Industrial Base, and Central Rise Plan are selected as typical representatives of regional policies, and the hypotheses are verified through a double difference model. The results showed that regional policies could improve corporate performance, especially for state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The correlation between the revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China and the performance of SOEs was strong, with a correlation coefficient of 0.832. When conducting robustness tests by changing time periods, the correlation values between the performance of SOEs and policies in the three policy implementation areas of revitalizing Northeast China, western development, and central rise were 0.887, 0.764, and 0.652, respectively. Compared to non-SOEs, SOEs had a more significant effect on regional policy improvement. This conclusion was consistent with the empirical results of hypotheses 1 and 2. Based on this foundation, recommendations are offered for the suitability of regional policies to furnish theoretical frameworks for enhancing the regional policy structure and augmenting the precision and inclusivity of regional policy development. The research model is utilized to reveal the important role of regional policies in promoting enterprise performance improvement and promoting regional economic development. It can provide strong evidence support for policy makers. The study offers a scientific theoretical basis and empirical support that assist policymakers in comprehending policy objectives and implementation strategies with greater precision. Therefore, the coordinated advancement of regional economic development is facilitated.

Knowledge source switching under state interventions of latecomer regions: A case study of Shenzhen

This paper aims to unpack the process and analyze the mechanisms of knowledge source switching in latecomer regions that have evolved from peripheral to core positions. Drawing on four decades of matched patent-company data from Shenzhen, we classify patents into various knowledge classifications and calculate their percentage changes to observe the dynamics of knowledge source switching. Furthermore, we employ Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimation to examine the causal effects of state interventions on this dynamic. The findings indicate that Shenzhen's knowledge sources have switched from multinational corporations (MNCs) and foreign subsidiaries to global inventors. Notably, state interventions exhibit a significant positive causal effect on this dynamic, particularly following the implementation of independent innovation policies. These findings contribute to the cross-fertilization of regional innovation studies and the Global Production Networks (GPN) approach, highlight the critical role of the state in ensuring the right and dynamic mode of global knowledge sourcing and offer implications for local innovation policies in latecomer regions.

Implementation Models and Examples of Health Policy in Indonesia

Indonesia's health policy continues to develop in line with changes in community needs and the global situation (Ministry of Health, 2020). However, the implementation of health policies often faces various challenges. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing examples of health policy implementation in Indonesia, including the problems. The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method, namely collecting data from various secondary sources including journals, government reports and other official articles. The terms used in the literature review as a source for writing this journal are implementation, policy, and health. The results of this research show that the implementation of health policy in Indonesia faces various challenges, suchas limited resources, lack of coordination between stakeholders, and cultural barriers, as well as achieving optimal results varies. This also shows that improvements are needed in certain aspects.

абезпечення інноваційного розвитку національної економіки на основі реалізації економічних інтересів учасників систем кластерного партнерства в умовах нових викликів

Introduction. Recent years have been a challenge for the Ukrainian economy. The full-scale war caused significant destruction, interrupted production chains and led to massive migration of the population. In such circumstances, the issues of economic recovery and increasing its competitiveness are particularly acute. The cluster approach, as a proven tool for economic development, can be an effective mechanism for overcoming the consequences of war and ensuring sustainable growth. In the developed countries of the world, there is an increase in cluster formations, where the organizational and functional structures do not change, but the process of joint interaction intensifies, which creates favorable conditions for the development of cluster partnerships based on integrated and quasi-integrated relationships and the economy of the territories where they are based. Problem Statement. The effectiveness of cluster partnerships has been proven theoretically by foreign scientists and confirmed by foreign examples. However, modern approaches to the development of cluster partnership systems of the national economy and the implementation of cluster policy in Ukraine do not consider military consequences, the specifics of the territories, the features of cluster partnership as a network interaction of integrated and quasi-integrated business structures, government and scientific institutions, synergistic links between them, regional, sectoral and other aspects. The purpose is to study the features and formulate directions for ensuring the innovative development of the national economy based on the realization of the economic interests of participants in cluster partnership systems in the face of new challenges. Methods. The study used general scientific and special methods, in particular, description, analysis, theoretical generalization, synthesis. Results. The directions of state support for the innovative development of the national economy based on the realization of the interests of participants in cluster partnership systems, which are implemented by intensifying the policy of cluster partnership in the innovation sector and are an alternative option for the formation and support of initiatives in the implementation of innovative projects. A characteristic of cluster partnership systems is the acquisition of forms of mutual assistance through cooperation in the regulatory policy of innovative development of the country's economy. The private sector is responsible for increasing the amount of funding for the innovation process, directly implements and ensures the commercialization of innovations. The state, first of all, provides legislative, financial, and informational support, and undertakes the training of highly qualified personnel. Conclusions. State support is the driving force behind the development of cluster partnership systems, which are implemented through the intensification of cluster partnership policy in the innovation sector and is the only alternative option for the formation and support of initiatives in the implementation of innovative projects for the development of the national economy in the post-war period.

Monetary Policy and The Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria

This study assesses the impact of monetary policy on the financial performance of the listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study uses the purposive sampling technique and elimination method to determine the considered listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria from 2012 to 2023 and analyzed the impact of monetary policy variables of interest rates and inflation rate on the financial performance of these firms, measured by earnings per share as the indicator. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results specifically show that changes in interest rate have a positive significant influence on the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms while changes in inflation rate have no significant influence on the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms. The study recommends the implementation of interest rate policies by the monetary authority that will balance stability and economic growth knowing the positive impact on the financial performance of the consumer goods firms.

Analysis of Socio-economic Variables Impacting Poverty Alleviation in Regional Development: A Case Study in Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

This study analyzes the impact of macro socio-economic variables on poverty alleviation within the context of regional development in North Sumatra Province from 2019 to 2023. The socio-economic variables examined include economic growth, average years of schooling, life expectancy, and the open unemployment rate. The research employs a panel data regression approach using the Fixed Effect Model, selected based on Chow and Hausman test results, to determine the best model fit. The findings reveal that economic growth, average years of schooling, and life expectancy have significant negative effects on poverty reduction, indicating that improvements in these areas help alleviate poverty. Conversely, the open unemployment rate shows a significant positive effect on poverty levels, suggesting that higher unemployment exacerbates poverty. The model explains 99% of the variation in poverty (R² = 0.990), indicating a high explanatory power. Based on these results, the study recommends the implementation of inclusive economic policies focusing on boosting economic growth, improving educational access, enhancing healthcare systems, and creating job opportunities to effectively reduce poverty. Additionally, further research with broader geographical coverage and more refined methods is necessary to enrich the understanding of poverty determinants in different regional contexts.

Evaluating the New Impetus for Entrenching Entrepreneurship Culture in Nigeria (2010 and Beyond): Lessons and Future Public Policy Directions

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of Nigeria’s entrepreneurship development policies on the emergence and performance of entrepreneurship in recent decades from 2010 to date. Methodology/Approach: The study adopted the periodisation paradigm to examine entrepreneurship development efforts at crucial turning points in Nigeria's development. Findings: The business environment has been hostile to entrepreneurship. However, the ICT and the creative industries sub-sectors recorded some successes. Nevertheless, the power, security, agriculture, and education sub-sectors performed unsatisfactorily. The government’s inability to overrun terrorist groups thwarted peace and security upon which development depended. High-level official corruption has been hobbling the implementation of entrepreneurship development policies in Nigeria. Implications: The study pointed at general and specific lessons derived from the hostile global and local/national environments for improving on entrepreneurship development policies. Originality value: Using a conceptual framework we developed, the study showed that security is an overriding factor in achieving success in entrepreneurship development. Contrary to the claims of some strategy scholars, strategic management is not a panacea for attaining successful entrepreneurship; what is crucially important for success are dynamic capabilities, context-driven public policies, and their competent implementation.

The EU New Pact on Migration and Asylum: policies and discourses for a ‘fresh start’

ABSTRACT This provocation paper critically examines the discrepancy between policy rhetoric and implementation in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, which was approved by the European Commission in April 2024. Despite its portrayal as a ‘fresh start’, the pact displays continuity with past security-focused measures. On the humanitarian side, the New Pact appears to be less effective: while it includes provisions for legal pathways and solidarity mechanisms, it inadequately addresses the rights of migrants awaiting asylum decisions. These shortcomings serve to illustrate the persisting internal conflicts within the EU regarding migration policies and values.

Long-term effects of establishing outpatient pooling funds on financial protection: Empirical evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China.

A limited benefit package for outpatient care in Chinese universal health coverage led to high out-of-pocket outpatient payments, and even medical impoverishment. The outpatient pooling fund model was introduced in China's Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance to reduce cost-sharing for outpatient care. This study attempts to examine the dynamic effects of the outpatient pooling scheme on financial risk protection for its enrollees. A total of 18,097 individual-level observations covering 52 prefectures were extracted from six waves of China Health and Nutrition Survey (2000-2015). The difference-in-differences model with multiple periods and event study were employed to investigate the dynamic effects of reform on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishing health expenditure (IHE) and potential mechanisms. Our results showed outpatient pooling scheme generated a significant effect on reducing the probability of incurring CHE (β=-0.004, 95% CI=-0.009 to -0.006) and IHE (β=-0.007, 95% CI=-0.012 to -0.001), especially for elderly people over 60years old. The realization of this effect may depend on the reduction of outpatient cost-sharing, increased outpatient care utilization, as well as decreased inpatient care utilization after reform. However, event study found the effectiveness of outpatient pooling reducing CHE and IHE occurrences appeared to be weak even insignificant in more recent years relative to the initial years of policy implementation. Establishing an outpatient pooling system iseffective to alleviate the financial risk caused by healthexpenditures in China. Optimising health service deliveryaimed at enhancing health insurance purchasing efficiencyare deemed imperative for sustaining the policy effectiveness.

Governance of the Gampong Owned Business Entity (BUMG) Jeulanga Mata Ie Bandar Dua District Pidie Jaya District: Study of Policy Implementation Based on the Pidie Jaya Regent Regulation Number 30 of 2020 Concerning the Establishment, Administration, Manag

The Ie Jeulanga Gampong-Owned Enterprise (BUMG) in this case as the party that manages the Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) production business and the Jeulanga Mata Ie Gampong Government as the capital owner certainly requires in-depth research regarding the governance of the feasibility of the business or business being run so that the process AMDK business development can run effectively and can be useful for the development of the village economy. However, the implementation of BUMG is not without obstacles, there are still several problems in its implementation. Apart from that, the lack of capacity or ability of BUMG managers means that BUMG Ie Jeulanga’s institutional system is not running optimally and is dependent on government assistance so there is no spirit of independence. This research aims to describe and analyze the implementation of BUMG Ie Jeulanga governance policies based on Regent Regulation Number 30 of 2020 and to determine the factors that support and hinder the governance of BUMG Ie Jeulanga. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. Qualitative research was carried out to find information on the impact of empowerment strategies, obstacles, and solutions for BUMG Ie Jeulanga in improving the economy of the village community in Bandar Dua District, Pidie Jaya Regency. This model system regarding BUMG governance includes work plans, management aspects, business capital, human resources, and supporting and inhibiting factors for BUMG Jeulanga Mata Ie. In this research, BUMG policy implementation uses policy implementation formulated by Van Meter and Van Horn. Based on the results of data analysis, field findings, and propositions linked to theoretical studies, it can be concluded that BUMG Ie Jeulanga has significant potential for growth and development, but also faces challenges such as administrative management that has not been managed well, existing financial resources are still inadequate because the level of production capacity is still limited and marketing is still carried out in the sub-district area. Keywords: BUMG, Regent Regulation Number 30 of 2020, governance

Economic Effects Assessment of Forest City Construction: Empirical Evidence from the County-Level Areas in China

Forests are both an irreplaceable natural resource and a vital economic asset for all humankind. Based on the data of counties in mainland China from 2007 to 2020, the article explores the direct impact and spatial spillover effects of the policy implementation on the economic growth of counties with the help of the forest city pilot policy and the policy evaluation model. The results reveal that policy implementation can have a positive economic growth effect on the pilot counties, which, in turn, can significantly increase the size of the county′s GDP, the level of GDP per capita, and the total amount of nighttime lighting brightness. The implementation of forest city construction can bring about 2.74% of total GDP size, about 2.63% of per capita GDP development level, and about 7.25% of nighttime light brightness to the county on average. Cost–benefit analysis also indicates that forest city construction can bring about a comprehensive economic benefit of approximately CNY 686.453 million (approximately USD 96.82 million) to the counties. The rapid improvement in labor productivity, significant influx of high-end factors, and continuous expansion of market potential are important mechanisms through which policy implementation promotes economic growth in pilot counties. While promoting economic growth in the pilot counties, forest city construction can also have positive spatial spillover effects on neighboring areas in the pilot counties. Furthermore, when the deficits in atmospheric vapor pressure and annual evapotranspiration are used as instrumental variables for forest city construction, the empirical estimates are not significantly altered. In the process of building forest cities, county governments should be wary of issues such as the high cost of forest maintenance. This study provides a Chinese model and policy reference for other countries and regions in the world to deal with the relationship between forest city construction and county economic growth.

Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Changes in China's Carbon Budget at Different Administrative Scales

Currently, scientifically and reasonably specifying carbon emission reduction measures in the context of "double carbon" has become a common concern worldwide. China's administrative divisions have a notable impact on the formulation and implementation of relevant policies. Therefore the carbon emissions must be calculated accurately under China's administrative divisions at different scales. The spatiotemporal change characteristics of absorption and carbon emissions can provide scientific basis for the formulation of reasonable and differentiated carbon emission reduction policies in different administrative regions in China. To this end, this study used multi-source data such as remote sensing and statistics and integrated ecological models, statistics, and GIS space analysis and other methods to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamic change characteristics of carbon emissions and carbon absorption at different administrative scales （provinces, cities, and counties） in China. The results showed that： ① The total carbon absorption of vegetation in China continued to increase from 2000 to 2021 and the average value gradually increased. Differences were observed in spatiotemporal changes in carbon emissions at different administrative scales. The spatiotemporal changes at smaller scales were more evident. Carbon emissions showed obvious spatial differences of "high in the north and low in the south, high in the east and low in the west." ② The spatiotemporal distribution of CPI at the administrative scale was similar to that of carbon emissions and the overall trend was increasing annually. The pressure of carbon emissions on carbon absorption gradually weakened from the east to the central and western regions. ③ Spatiotemporal hotspot analysis showed that the overall spatial distribution of cold and hot spots in China's carbon absorption was as follows： In the spatial pattern of "hot in the east and cold in the west," the spatial distribution of cold and hot spots of carbon emissions showed agglomeration characteristics. The provincial scale was primarily oscillating hotspot whereas municipal and county scales were majorly continuous hot spots. Further results revealed that： ① Carbon absorption in different regions and periods in China showed significant variability, especially in the central and eastern regions. The possibility of offsetting carbon emissions by increasing carbon absorption remains. ② At the same scale, administrative regions （such as different provinces） and lower-level administrative regions at another scale （such as different cities in the same province） showed varying degrees of variability in carbon absorption and carbon emissions. Therefore, taking provincial administrative regions as an example for subsequent formulation considering carbon trading, emission reduction, and other policies, we should first consider the coordination of emissions between different cities in the province and then consider the coordination between provinces, which is expected to better promote the implementation of relevant policies.