Implementation Of Public-private Partnership Projects Research Articles

Taxation in the implementation of public-private partnership projects

Aim. The presented study aims to analyze the peculiarities of taxation in the implementation of projects using the mechanism of public-private partnership (PPP).Tasks. The author considers the forms and principles of PPP; analyzes the specifics of taxation in PPP; determines tax liabilities in the context of project implementation stages.Methods. This study uses general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization.Results. The essence of PPP is revealed. The author describes the basic principles and specific aspects of the implementation of projects based on PPP. Special tax conditions for the concessionaire and the private partner are analyzed in the context of taxes and tax obligations under the concession agreement and the PPP agreement are grouped to identify the distinctive features of the tax regime under PPP.Conclusions. In light of the trend of implementation of investment projects and infrastructure development facing insufficient investment in projects, PPP can be viewed as an effective tool. Attracting financing for infrastructure projects requires creating favorable conditions for investors, including state guarantees and tax incentives. In this regard, this study examines the peculiarities of taxation of organizations, in particular special project companies, in the implementation of projects using the PPP mechanism.

Public-Private Partnerships for the UN Sustainable Development Goals achievement

The subject of the study is public relations emerging in the implementation of public-private partnership projects aimed at achieving the sustainable development goals developed by the UN. The object of the study is a set of financial and institutional conditions for the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) projects based on PPP agreements with a special focus on the UNECE model law “PPP for the benefit of people” being developed. Thus, the proposed approach to PPP for the benefit of people as a separate type of PPP has been criticized. The author, through the prism of sustainable development goals, describes the possibility of improving the proposed international legal norms and rules developed for the implementation of PPP projects. The article also discusses the possibility of introducing the sustainable development agenda through PPP agreements (lex PPPs). When writing the article, the following methods were used: logical, historical, theoretical-prognostic, formal-legal, systemic-structural, comparative law and legal modeling. The methodological apparatus consisted of the following dialectical techniques and methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, abstraction, induction, deduction, hypothesis, analogy, synthesis, typology, classification, systematization and generalization. The main conclusions of the study are that the concept of sustainable development and sustainable development goals are becoming increasingly popular in the practice of implementing investment projects, including those based on PPP. Further improvement of domestic legislation on PPP should be in line with the implementation of best practices, focused not just on the financial component and benefit of the investor and the state, but also on the benefit for people (PPP people first) and the planet (PPP for planet). The main results of the study include the fact that aspects were identified that slow down the advancement of the sustainable development agenda in the field of public-private partnership (contradiction of terms, lack of incentives for implementation for investors), a definition was given to public-private partnership for sustainable development, and It was also revealed that lex PPPs can become an effective tool for achieving sustainable development goals through their implementation in PPP agreements.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN PRACTICE IN IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS

Attracting private investment to solve social and economic problems is an important task for any state. Implementation of infrastructure projects, coupled with social and economic programs, allows the state to pursue a compact, efficient and flexible policy. The mechanism of partnership relations between the state and private business that has developed in world practice in the implementation of socially significant investment projects represents a new stage in state regulation of the economy. The use of the investment mechanism in Russian conditions is possible, especially in those areas of activity where private investment is able to ensure sustainable economic growth, while maintaining the control functions of the state. Today, the economic situation of the subjects of the Russian Federation requires the use of new tools to assess their economic potential, socio-economic development and competitiveness. Such tools are important for an active federal policy aimed at leveling interregional inequality and ensuring the economic integrity of the country. The purpose of the work is to explore the world experience in the implementation of public-private partnership projects as a promising form of interaction between the state and business. The methods of scientific research are synthesis, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of systemic and graphical analysis. The subject of the study is a system of relations between the state and business, focused on the creation and operation of social and industrial infrastructure facilities. Based on the analysis, it was noted that public-private partnership is a more popular and attractive form of relationship between the state and business in modern conditions and abroad.

Methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of financial instruments and levers of public-private partnership: controversy in the scientific environment

Introduction. The implementation of partnership relations between the state and business is based on the principles of mutual benefit, which must be measurable. Taking into account the above, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of its financial instruments and levers for each of the participants is of great importance in the financial mechanism of the public-private partnership. Performance evaluation requires the study of this phenomenon and the analysis of its main components in order to clarify the value and expediency.Target. The purpose of the article is to highlight the debatable views of scientists regarding the expediency of using a certain methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of financial instruments and levers of public-private partnership.Research methods. The methodological basis of the research is the methods of bibliographic analysis, comparison, synthesis and generalization, as well as the fundamental theoretical approaches of economists, which make it possible to determine the essence of performance evaluation and the importance of its use in the process of implementing public-private partnership projects.Results. The article describes various approaches to the implementation of the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of financial instruments and levers of public-private partnership. They are reflected in normative documents, many domestic and foreign publications, which causes the absence of a single methodology for this assessment. However, taking into account the fact that there are two parties involved in the partnership, most scientists believe that a comprehensive assessment should be based on indicators that should take into account the benefits of all participants in the public-private partnership. This will make it possible to assess the level of realization of the interests of the partnership participants, identify negative trends in the process of achieving them, and identify factors that prevent the desired result from being achieved.Perspectives. Further scientific research will be aimed at uncovering the pragmatics and issues of evaluating the effectiveness of financial instruments and levers at each stage of implementation of public-private partnership projects.

Public-private partnership in foreign economic activity: main trends in development and recommendations for assessment

Introduction. Public-private partnership (PPP) is considered as the interaction of the state and business structures - subjects of economic activity of Ukraine and foreign subjects of economic activity (also subjects of economic activity of Ukraine with foreign countries), which is one of the conditions for attracting the necessary investment resources, increasing innovative activity in the national economy, development of economic and social infrastructure, solving economic, social and environmental problems, etc. Purpose. Taking into account the trends in the number of PPP projects in foreign economic activity in Ukraine and the world, their financing, areas of implementation, geographical localization, the article should provide a quantitative assessment of data characterizing the state and level of implementation of PPP projects in foreign economic activity, obtained after performing mathematical operations. Method (methodology). The article uses theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, statistical methods of data processing, etc. This ensured the analysis of literary sources, the formation of a system of indicators intended for assessing the state of PPPs in foreign economic activity and its practical approval. Results. The article recommends a system of indicators, which includes: the growth rate of the number of PPP projects in foreign economic activity, the average base (chain) growth rate of the number of PPP projects in foreign economic activity, the growth rate of the number of PPP projects in foreign economic activity, the average base (chain) rate increase in the number of PPP projects in foreign economic activity, the level of implementation of PPP projects in foreign economic activity, etc. For each of the recommended indicators, the method of calculation is indicated depending on the selected strategy of interaction of PPP subjects in foreign economic activity. With their use, an assessment of PPP in foreign economic activity was carried out based on the study of PPP projects implemented by Davydivska OTG. Based on the results of the assessment, conclusions were drawn regarding the trend in the implementation of PPP projects in the foreign economic activity of Davydivska OTG.

Використання інструментів державно-приватного партнерства для повоєнного відновлення економіки України

The aim of the article is to identify the opportunities and risks of using instruments of public-private partnership (PPP) for the post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy, which, given the scale of damage and destruction of enterprises and infrastructure, will require significant investments, human resources, and time. Public-private partnership as a process of interaction between the State and the private sector in order to implement certain projects or programs aimed at developing the economy, infrastructure, science, education, health care and other areas has significant potential for ensuring the post-war recovery. The article identifies the main aspects that determine the importance of PPP for the post-war development of the Ukrainian economy, as well as develops the terminological apparatus of public-private partnership and highlights its key elements as an economic category. The advantages of PPP compared to other instruments of economic recovery after the war, especially in the context of promoting a resilient and rapid recovery, include: speed and efficiency; the possibility of attracting private capital; innovativeness; resource management efficiency; stimulation of competition; international support; potential for market expansion; development of local partnerships; significant social impact, and others. A review of the results of the implementation of public-private partnership projects in various sectors of the economy is carried out. The main challenges and obstacles to the development of public-private partnership are outlined. Among the latter, the most significant are: a high level of corruption and a low level of trust of public institutions in the State bodies; insufficient legal regulation and insufficient level of training employees for effective project management. Particular attention is paid to the risks of the PPP implementation in Ukraine and measures that will allow timely identification and overcoming such risks. It is substantiated that the urgent task for the effective implementation of public-private partnership is to create a favorable environment, providing a key factor in attracting investment, promoting economic growth and improving the life of the population. Prospect for further research in this direction is the development of practical recommendations for improving the instrumentarium for evaluating public-private partnership projects in Ukraine.

Regional projects of public-private partnership in the field of waste management: The transition to a circular economy and sustainable development

The concept of sustainable development is one of the dominant concepts in the twenty-first century, based on the need to strike a balance between addressing environmental and natural resource conservation, economic growth and meeting human needs and those of future generations. The concept of circular economy is considered as one of the means of progressive movement in the direction of sustainable development through the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The transition to circular economy is one of the key strategic initiatives of the Russian Government to address the fundamental challenges of sustainable production and consumption, industrial development, construction, waste management, as well as environmental protection and climate change. Although in recent years the concept of circular economy has become increasingly important in the system of public administration, the search and implementation of practical mechanisms of transition to circular economy is relatively limited. The author of the study argues that the implementation of public-private partnership projects can bring significant benefits for the transition to circular economy, which, in turn, will contribute to the achievement of the sustainable development goals. The paper offers a framework for categorizing public-private partnership as a mechanism for transition to circular economy. The example of regional public-private partnership projects in the sphere of waste management, demonstrates how the framework can adapts the existing parameters of public-private partnership projects (their object and participants, prequalification requirements and tender criteria for private partner selection, public-private partnership agreement terms and financing instruments) to the conditions of their implementation in relation to circular economy and sustainable development goals. The author proposes a series of steps for scaling such public-private partnership projects.

Оценка возможностей и ограничений развития коммунальной инфраструктуры на принципах государственно-частного партнерства в регионах России

Public-private partnership (PPP) is one of the promising mechanisms for attracting private funds for infrastructure development. In modern Russia, projects based on the principles of PPP have been implemented for more than 17 years, but so far this topic has not found sufficient coverage in geographical research, although in general experience has been gained in assessing the effects of the implementation of infrastructure projects, and in economics several significant works have been devoted to the application of PPP. In the article, using the example of communal infrastructure, the author presents the concept of a methodology for assessing the regions of Russia on the feasibility of developing infrastructure in them using PPP mechanisms, assessing the opportunities and limitations for the development of such infrastructure. As part of the methodology, an integral index is proposed based on a set of indicators that reflect the region’s need for the development of communal infrastructure, its institutional, budgetary, and financial capabilities, and other factors. Based on the results of the analysis, six groups of regions were identified depending on the final score of the integral index. As a rule, the most economically developed regions, including the largest industrial and resource-producing regions, have the best opportunities for implementing PPP projects, primarily due to the increased competencies of the responsible authorities and the orderliness of the budget system. A definition of PPP is put forward as an institutional innovation that spreads along the center-periphery model. Also, based on the results of the study, proposals are put forward for the development of PPP in regions lagging behind in terms of capabilities.

Econometric models - a method for examining factors of implementation of public-private partnership projects in selected European countries

Modern science is based on the study of economic phenomena and tries to quantify them in a measurable way. Econometric models are used for this purpose. The object of this research was to develop econometric models that show the strength of the influence of various factors on the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) projects in the area of transport infrastructure in France, GB, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. The models express the dependence of the value and number of PPP contracts on the value of measurable PPP success factors. Projects with a value of at least EUR40 million were included. A linear model and seven models transformable to linear were used. Four groups of factors were considered as explanatory variables. Fourteen indicators were obtained. Principal components determined based on covariance and correlation matrices were also used. The best models for the number of PPP contracts are linear and hyperbolic I models. For the value of contracts - linear and hyperbolic I and logarithmic models. The best models were indicated taking into account the type of explanatory variables and regardless of the type of explanatory variables. Nine criteria were used to assess the quality of the models. Factors having a significant impact on the value and number of PPP models were identified from the best models. Factors having no significant influence were also indicated.

Impact of the profile of public-private partnership projects on the economic potential of Central Asian countries

The object of this study were projects based on public-private partnership. The results of the state of public-private partnership projects in various sectors of the economy of the Central Asian countries and the assessment of the prospects for their development are presented. The study uses a comparative public-private partnership project and a forecast analysis of the economic performance of the economies of the Central Asian countries. A comparative analysis revealed the predominant areas of public-private partnership projects. The Republic of Kazakhstan is ahead of other Central Asian countries in the implementation of public-private partnership projects with a total cost of USD 2. 863 billion. There are 136 projects in the Republic of Uzbekistan, dominated by the sphere of housing and communal services (collection, removal, sorting, and processing of solid household waste) and the field of culture and sports. There are three agricultural projects in the Kyrgyz Republic. In the Republic of Tajikistan, 32 projects are being developed, mainly aimed at the development of transport infrastructure. Turkmenistan is implementing two projects related to transport infrastructure and manufacturing. Forecast analysis of economic indicators of countries makes it possible to identify the prerequisites for the use of market mechanisms to improve the agriculture of countries and the prospects for development from implementation for the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The most important task of the strategic development of countries with commodity economies is to increase food security. The creation of favorable conditions for the development of economic relations between the state and the private sector is inextricably linked with the need to provide state support measures and legal regulation

Assessment of the efficiency of implementation of public-private partnership projects taking into account their life cycles and key stakeholders’ interests

Objective: to develop criteria for objective and comprehensive assessment of the success of public-private partnership (PPP) projects.Methods: in the process of the research, the method of systematic literature review was used.Results: as a result of the study, it was concluded that the success of a PPP project is a relative concept and requires detailing (1) from the viewpoint of which particular stakeholder the project is evaluated and (2) relative to which stage of the project life cycle the assessment is made. This understanding allowed proposing a universal approach to assessing the success of PPP projects, based on the criteria assessment matrix developed by us, which takes into account the stages of the project life cycle and the interests of its stakeholders.Scientific novelty: the systematization of studies available in the Russian and world literature concerning the assessment of the success of both investment projects in general and PPP projects in particular allowed identifying a universal set of criteria for such an assessment. This, in turn, contributes to a more adequate and clear interpretation of the conclusions made by a wide range of authors of research in the field of PPP, who quite often refer to “successful” PPP projects, without giving their own understanding of the criteria for determining success.Practical significance: the developed criteria matrix for assessing the success of PPP projects can become a starting point for improving methodological approaches and normative-legal documents regulating the implementation of PPP projects at the federal and regional levels. Regional and municipal executive authorities planning the implementation of new PPP projects can use the proposed matrix for assessing the success of PPP projects in their work in order, on the one hand, to increase the investment attractiveness of the projects being developed, and on the other hand, to ensure better and objective control over their further implementation.

Formation and Implementation of Public-Private Partnership Projects in the Agricultural Sector

Existing mechanisms for integrating state and public resources with opportunities and business resources to achieve critical social goals need significant changes. This fully applies to the goals, functions, and mechanism of public-private partnership projects, the advantage of which is the involvement in traditional public sectors of the economy of private business practices, as well as the desire to eliminate the shortcomings of both methods of management through optimal allocation of resources, responsibilities, and risks. The article analyzed the current state of public-private partnerships in terms of periods, geography, and industries in the article. The recent positive changes related to PPP have been identified and analyzed. The authors proposed methodological bases for assessing the feasibility of PPP projects and proposed a system of indicators of the effectiveness of PPP projects and conceptual principles for creating a favorable environment for implementing public-private partnership projects in the agricultural sector in Ukraine.

Conceptual principles of state policy of regulation of development of public- private partnerships

The purpose of the proposed research is to form conceptual state policy foundations of regulating public-private partnerships development of countries with economies in transition. The need for substantiation of the regulating state policy of public-private partnership development in the transition economy and transformation processes has determined the topic relevance. The development of theoretical foundations for the state policy is based on systemic and institutional methodological approaches. There were used the method of comparative analysis, statistical analysis, structuring, method of abstraction and formalization. It has been determined that insufficient activity of countries with economies in transition in the public-private partnership projects implementation is due to imperfect legal framework, lack of clarity in the distribution of risks between agreement participants, political crisis and instability, lack of a unified state policy to develop partnerships. The principles of promoting the public-private partnership relations in countries with economies in transition have been identified, which include the formation of advanced legal mechanisms and systems of regulatory bodies, that monitor the public-private partnership implementation; stakeholder support by taking into account private interests, public authorities and end users; careful business partners selection. Basic determinants and a set of conceptual requirements for policy formation have been formed.

A REVIEW OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The increasing need for energy worldwide to gain energy security along with the negative externalities of fossil fuel have motivated some countries to seek new sources of energy known as renewable energy. The main benefit of these renewable energy sources is their ability to provide clean, reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy to millions of people. On the other hand, renewable energy technologies require high up-front investment, which is problematic especially for developing countries. Therefore, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become an attractive delivery method in order to take advantage of the technology, innovation, and capital of the private sector to support the public sector in providing their services. However, there is a dearth of information on the current pattern, obstacles, as well as the success factors of PPPs in renewable energy in developing countries. Thus, this study reviews previous renewable energy public-private partnership projects with the objective of developing a detailed understanding of renewable energy projects delivered through these PPPs in developing countries. Additionally, this study identifies the characteristics of the PPP projects and the lessons learned obtained from these PPP projects. This will aid in identifying the critical success factors needed for the successful implementation of renewable energy PPP projects in developing countries.

Mainways of public-private partnership development in agro-industrial production and rural areas of Ukraine

Majority of social and economic problems of Ukraine’s agrarian sphere can not be solved without formation of partner relationships and constructive dialogue between the state and private business. The formation of partner relationship models opens up new possibilities and provides certain advantages for participators’ agreement. The aim of the research is to analyze the current state of implementation of public-private partnership projects and determine the main ways for PPP development in Ukraine. In the article reveals the historical aspect of public-private partnership (PPP) development between the state and private participator in different countries of the world. The current state of development, the features of the constructive interaction between state bodies and business in solving of long-term socially important tasks of social and economic development are analyzed. The expediency of developing partnership between state and business is grounded. The main factors of negative influence on the effectiveness of PPP projects implementation in agrarian sphere are identifed . The main models of private business participation in the accomplishment of investment projects in agro-industrial production are considered and their main features are determined. It is proven that implementation of PPP projects promotes the effective management of state and municipal property objects and the creation of conditions for use of new technologies and innovation, etc. The high efciency of PPP mechanism as a form of interaction between state and business has been proven by the experience of many countries around the world. Thus, public-private partnership needs to be developed in our country to solve signifcant social and economic problems through combining the resources of public and private sectors. To do this, it is necessary to overcome a number of legislative, political, economic and institutional barriers that hinder the PPP development. The study generalizes the world practice of using of the PPP mechanism in agriculture and determines the main priority directions of PPP project implementation in agro-industrial production and rural areas of Ukraine. These include: construction, maintenance and management of wholesale markets of agricultural production; development of infrastructure of agrarian market; development of production infrastructure, agricultural waste processing; irrigation systems construction, operation and management; construction, exploitation and management of social infrastructure objects in rural areas. The study reveals that PPP in Ukraine develops very slowly, the level of PPP project accomplishment is low, the number of implemented projects is minimal and its effectiveness is low because of legal and economic obstacles for doing business. The problem is not so much the low number number of concluded agreement between the state and the private partner, but rather the effectiveness and efciency of their implementation. Key words: public-private partnership, agrarian sector, PPP projects, forms of PPP, state, private partner, innovation development, agreement.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES

The purpose of the study. The main purpose of this article is to assess the current state of public-private partnership (PPP) in the Republic of Kazakhstan, analyze and combine what we know about the PPP project management system in Kazakhstan. The need was identified to assess the current state of the public-private partnership project management system, to identify the main gaps and barriers to the implementation of PPP projects in Kazakhstan and to propose measures for their regulation and improvement.Methodology. In the preparation of the article, a descriptive methodology was used, as well as a heuristic method of analysis. In the course of the study, data presented on public resources, including government portals, were analyzed. The study examined legal acts and regulations related to laws on PPP projects, on PPP, the public sector, the private sector, concessions, corporate legislation.Research methods. Within the framework of the conducted research, the following methods were used:- theoretical, including the analysis of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of public-private partnership;- logical methods of generalization, comparison and comparison, deduction and induction, method of formalization, logical interpretation, method of logical justification and some others;- analysis of legislative and regulatory documents;- analysis of the database of public-private partnership projects of the Kazakhstan PPP center;- a method of graphical representation of the obtained results of analysis and evaluation.Originality / value of the research: Kazakhstan's information policy, which is permanently in the process of transformation, needs to be rebooted today. An upgrade of the public-private partnership project management system is needed. The main attention in the study was focused on determining and assessing the current state, as well as the dynamics of development of public-private partnership projects in the Republic of Kazakhstan.The authors identified and structured the main gaps in the development of the PPP project management system, and also proposed measures to improve them.Findings. PPP in Kazakhstan requires comprehensive consideration in order to improve legislative aspects and approach the forms of PPP common in Western countries, it is necessary to build new modern PPP approaches, transform the mechanism into an accessible and transparent source of project implementation for business and the public, make a strict distinction between public procurement, since today the tool has become a bypass of the public procurement procedure. It is necessary to remove all business risks from the state. It is necessary to avoid unreasonably provided extra benefits and over-marginality. All this will radically change and improve the current state of the PPP project management system in the Republic of Kazakhstan and will make it more attractive for implementation. The state plays a leading role in this process, and state regulation of the PPP project management system should serve as a driver for changes dictated by time and the need to transform this system.

Spatial Characteristics and Driving Factors of Public–Private Partnership Projects Implemented in China

In recent years, public–private partnership (PPP), as an alternative strategy in the delivery of infrastructure services, has developed rapidly in China. However, the implementation of PPP projects differs significantly between provinces and municipalities. Using the implementation data of national PPP demonstration projects, this study employs spatial autoregression and a spatial Durbin model (SDM) to explore the spatial characteristics and driving factors of PPP projects across China. The results indicate that the PPP project implementation rate in China shows significant spatial clustering, which indicates a spatial spillover effect in the eastern, central, and western regions of the country. The fixed asset investment and infrastructure status exert a significant positive effect on the PPP project implementation rate in a certain region and aid in the implementation of PPP projects in the neighboring regions. Urbanization potentiality, the financial self-sufficiency rate, and regional openness do not have an impact on the local PPP project implementation rate, but they do inhibit the increase in this rate in the adjacent regions. Fiscal capacity, government credibility, and the level of social development do not affect the local PPP project implementation rate, but they do promote the implementation of the PPP projects of these neighboring regions. Local authorities should make additional efforts to build an inter-regional development environment for PPP and promote the implementation of PPP projects.

Public-Private Partnership in the Context of Sustainable Development on the Example of the Water and Wastewater Sector

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of investments in the water and sewage sector in Poland and other European countries using the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) formula. The paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats arising from the use of this formula for local government public tasks for the delivery and treatment of domestic wastewater, in the context of EU legislation. It also examines the validity of the use of PPP in the context of the implementation of the principle of sustainable development in water management. PPPs are commonly used to deliver strategic public services under financial limitations. Countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, based on years of experience and good practices, are effectively implementing PPP projects, including those in the water and sewerage sector. The provision of treated drinking water and the treatment of municipal wastewater is a fundamental task ensuring an adequate quality of life for people by maintaining public health at an appropriate level. The fact that water and sanitation infrastructure and service provision in this sector is expensive, both at the construction and operational stages, has led countries at different levels of development to turn to public-private partnerships. Properly managed PPP projects secure the interests of both the private and public partner and the end user of the services. The analysis of data and examples of European PPPs in the water and wastewater sector shows that PPPs have been successful for most public entities that have chosen them. Good practices from Scotland, Ireland and Poland, as well as projects that have experienced difficulties, show that stable and friendly legislation, thorough pre-feasibility studies and an appropriate allocation of risk make PPPs successful. In the context of the conducted analysis, PPP is a tool enabling the realization of tasks in the water and sewage sector, where the public party’s budget possibilities are limited. Moreover, PPP is a component of the realization of the sustainable development principle. The idea that the use of natural resources, including water, which is fundamental to the biological and cultural needs of humankind, should be met in such a way as to save them for future generations, is realized in PPP projects. This paper demonstrates that the use of financial assembly opportunities in PPPs makes it possible to significantly intensify the construction of new and upgrading of existing water and wastewater infrastructure. It contributes to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and securing public health associated with living in direct proximity to surface water and discharging wastewater without affecting the natural environment and human habitats.

A REVIEW OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The increasing need for energy worldwide to gain energy security along with the negative externalities of fossil fuel have motivated some countries to seek new sources of energy known as renewable energy. The main benefit of these renewable energy sources is their ability to provide clean, reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy to millions of people. On the other hand, renewable energy technologies require high up-front investment, which is problematic especially for developing countries. Therefore, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become an attractive delivery method in order to take advantage of the technology, innovation, and capital of the private sector to support the public sector in providing their services. However, there is a dearth of information on the current pattern, obstacles, as well as the success factors of PPPs in renewable energy in developing countries. Thus, this study reviews previous renewable energy public-private partnership projects with the objective of developing a detailed understanding of renewable energy projects delivered through these PPPs in developing countries. Additionally, this study identifies the characteristics of the PPP projects and the lessons learned obtained from these PPP projects. This will aid in identifying the critical success factors needed for the successful implementation of renewable energy PPP projects in developing countries.

Public-private partnership: problems of contractual settlement

Given the benefits of public-private partnership (PPP), PPP relations, as well as the problems that arise in the contractual settlement of such relations are becoming increasingly important. Legislative requirements for the contractual form of partnership and an open list of contracts that can be concluded within the PPP do not differ in their clarity and clarity of interpretation, which results in the ambiguity of views on the rule of law when concluding agreements. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the problematic aspects of contractual regulation of relations in the field of PPP and suggest ways to solve them. The work aims to study the problems of contractual settlement of PPP. Research methodology such methods as the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, proof and refutation, comparison, generalization. As a result of the study, the problematic aspects of concluding agreements in the field of PPP were analyzed. In particular, it was concluded that today, despite the legal basis for the implementation of PPP, the implementation of such projects has some problems that are manifested in both legal and organizational areas. One of the problems is the greater role of the state partner in the implementation of PPP projects, which is manifested in the expanded scope of rights compared to the private partner (ownership of facilities created in the implementation of PPP projects), and, accordingly, lack of business interest in participation in projects not on mutually beneficial terms.