Implementation Of FIR Filters Research Articles

VLSI Implementation of 3-Parallel FIR Filters through Coefficient Symmetry Property and Fast FIR Algorithm

In multirate digital signal processing systems, polyphase filters are frequently used. The challenges in multirate digital signal processing systems primarily relate to efficiently processing signals at different rates while maintaining high-quality output. These challenges include computational complexity, power consumption, and signal delay. The coefficient symmetry property plays a key role in systematically arranging of filter taps in symmetric manner to improve operating efficiency. With a major focus on using the coefficient symmetry characteristic, this paper addresses the VLSI implementation of traditional Type-1 polyphase FIR filters. Furthermore, this paper incorporated 3-parallel FIR filters especially for sequences with odd lengths in order to take full advantage of the coefficient symmetry characteristic. The Fast FIR Algorithm (FFA) method is used to increase overall efficiency. Furthermore, in order to achieve better performance, a modified FFA technique is introduced to enhance overall performance. The paper thoroughly investigates important VLSI factors, such as power consumption, utilization, and delay, and shows how, by utilizing coefficient symmetry and applying this modified FFA technique, filters that are optimized for both power consumption and area utilization are able to be implemented. The results illustrate a significant reduction in both area and power consumption, particularly for longer filters, attributed to the reduced number of multiplication operations inherent in the fast FIR algorithm approach. Additionally, image processing application using 3x3 FIR filter is executed.

Design of Power and Area Efficient Carry Skip Adder and FIR filter Implementation

Adders are used in processing units such as Arithmetic and Logic Units (ALUs) as an essential building block, and in many blocks of microprocessor chips critical path, adders occupy an important place. Hence reducing power, area and increasing the speed of adders are significantly important. This paper proposes a modified structure of Carry Skip Adder (CSKA) with a reduction in consumption of power and area without affecting the speed when compared with the conventional adder structures. In order to get better effectiveness of the modified CSKA by including concatenation, incrementation schemes, and variable latency for the proposed hybrid structure, which reduces the power utilized without affecting the operating speed of the adder. The modified structure in CSKA helps in improving the slack time, which further reduces the voltage with the parallel structure. Experimental results show that the 32-bit implementation of the proposed adder has a significant power reduction of 42% and 38.3%, area reduction of 27%, and 18.3% with respect to Conventional CSKA and CI CSKA adder with a little over ahead in delay. The proposed adder is used to implement a 5-tap FIR filter which shows a significant reduction in power consumption and area.

Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Stochastic FIR Filters Based on FPGA

Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Stochastic FIR Filters Based on FPGA

Digital twin based FPGA implementation of FIR filter for multi-bit soft computing error detection and correction for industrial applications

Digital twin based FPGA implementation of FIR filter for multi-bit soft computing error detection and correction for industrial applications

Comparison of FIR Window Filter Variation Results on Pink Noise Audio

IIR and FIR filters are the most used digital signal filters. The application of each filter type depends on the needs of the user. IIR filters are generally used for applications with limited memory. In comparison, FIR filters are usually used for applications where the linear phase is essential. In this study, the implementation of FIR filters on pink noise audio samples was observed. Various FIR window method filters such as rectangular, hamming, hanning, and Blackman will be compared. Each type of filter will have a different filter order due to computing the frequency cut-off point for each filter. The comparisons were made by observing the gain response, the time domain signal, the frequency response, and the phase response. The results indicated that the Hanning window method is a better filter because it produces low delay and good attenuation. Things to be considered in designing FIR filters are fluctuations in frequency response and phase shift. Alterations on cut-off points on the filters and delay usage can be deployed for some improvement

Low power low area VLSI implementation of adaptive FIR filter using DA for decision feed back equalizer

In this paper, a low-complexity pipelined adaptive FIR filter is designed using Distributed Arithmetic (DA) architecture for signal processing applications. Generally adaptive filters will occupy more area and power consumption because of using memories in the filters for partial product (PP) generation. To get rid of this, We use the pipeline concept to reduce the registers in the filters and also to reduce the area further compressor adders are used in the adaptive filter architectures instead of using normal adders. With these two concepts the area and power consumption of the adaptive filters will be reduced. The proposed design is coded in Verilog HDL language and synthesized in Synapsis design compiler tool with SAED 90 nm technology for finding the area, power, minimum sampling period, maximum sampling frequency, area delay product (ADP), power delay product (PDP). By using proposed adaptive filter we can design and implement higher order filters more easily and also the complexity of the proposed design is very less when compared with the existing designs. When we observe the synthesis results the proposed design will occupy 30% less area when compared with the two memories based existing architecture. Also the power consumption is 25% less when compared with the block based adaptive filters. The ADP and PDP of the proposed design is very less when compared with existing architectures. The proposed design is well suited for signal processing application designs such as adaptive decision feed back equalizers for removing the signal noises and inter symbol interference, hearing aids, ECG signal analysis and software defined radio.

Implementation of IIR and FIR filters in Simulink MATLAB and its application in ECG

Implementation of IIR and FIR filters in Simulink MATLAB and its application in ECG

Implementation of Fir Filter Using Distributed Arithmetic and Distributed Arithmetic Off-Set Binary Coding Algorithms

This paper is the study of implementation of FIR filter using Distributed Arithmetic and Distributed Arithmetic Offset Binary Coding Algorithms. Distributed Arithmetic (DA) had been used to implement an FIR filter due to its high stability and linearity by using look-up table (LUT). The performance of DA technique and DA-OBC for FIR filter design is analyzed and the results are compared to the traditional FIR filter design techniques.

Analysis of Existing and Proposed 3-Bit and Multi-Bit Multiplier Algorithms for FIR Filters and Adaptive Channel Equalizers on FPGA

Different multiplication algorithms have different performance characteristics. Some are good at speed while others consume less area when implemented on hardware, like Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-the advanced implementation technology for DSP systems. The eminent parallel and sequential multiplication algorithms include Shift and Add, Wallace Tree, Booth, and Array. The multiplier optimization attempts have also been reported in adders used for partial product addition. In this paper, analogous to conventional multipliers, two new multiplication algorithms implemented on FPGA are shown and compared with conventional algorithms as stand-alone and by using them in the implementation of FIR filters and adaptive channel equalizer using the LMS algorithm. The work is carried out on Spartan-6 FPG that may be extended for any type of FPGA. Results are compared in terms of resource utilization, power consumption, and maximum achieved frequency. The results show that for a small length of coefficients like 3-bit, the proposed algorithms work very well in terms of achieved frequency, consumed power, and even resource utilization. Whilst for the length greater than 3-bit, the Pipelined multiplier is much better in frequency than the proposed and conventional ones, and the Booth multiplier consumes fewer resources in terms of lookup tables.

Design and Implementation of Third Order Low Pass Digital FIR Filter using Pipelining Retiming Technique

This paper presents design and implementation of 3rd order low pass digital FIR filter using pipelining retiming technique. Aim of this paper is to apply pipelining retiming technique on low pass digital FIR filter and compare with the existing second order retimed FIR filter and third order broadcast, non-broadcast low pass FIR filter. MATLAB FDA tool is used to calculate digital FIR filter coefficients. Hamming and Kaiser window methods are used to find out the coefficients of the FIR filter. Broadcast and non broadcast third order low pass FIR filter architectures are used for pipelining retiming .Cutset and feed forward pipelining retiming techniques are used to retime the third order low pass digital FIR filter. We design our algorithm in VHDL and implemented on Xilinx Vivado xc7a35tcpg261-1. Area (LUT), speed and power are calculated using Xilinx Vivado 2015.2 tool. Synthesis and simulation results are discussed in this paper. Speed and area (LUT) of proposed third order low pass FIR filter is improved in comparison with existing designs.

High Speed Vlsi Architectures Of Fir Filters For Image Applications – A Review

Numerousapplications based on VLSI architectures suffer from large size components that lead to an error at the design stage of floating point arithmetic. Therefore, in the design of a VLSI implementation of FIR filter for various applications such as images increases the design complexity and the time delay effect of the model. This lead tohave difficultyofarchitecturethatincludes the competing requirements like speed, area, and power, application area specialization and knowledge, changing and evolving terms. In this paper, a brief review of VLSI architectures in the field of image processing is depicted such as compression, interpolation, which will be advantageous in order to tackle the issues caused by the complexity in the design and design an optimal architecture with the necessary factors that need to be satisfied.

A Crystal View on the Design of FIR Filter

In audio and video signal processing main element is the FIR filter. This paper presents complete information regarding the FIR filters. It also focuses on the design of FIR filters which provide low-area, energy-delay, low-power consumption, high-speed, low critical path, and low complexity. Implementation of FIR filters with different methods like memory-based VLSI architecture, filters for sampling rate conversion, linear phase FIR filters, optimal hybrid form FIR filters, Nyquist filters, hybrid multiplier less FIR filters, low complexity FIR filters, variable partition hybrid form FIR filters, area efficiency FIR filters are discussed in this paper. The objective of this paper to provide all related information regarding FIR filters at one platform.

Implementation of cache memory and fir filter using FINFETs at 22 nm technology for SOC designs

The FINFET (Fin field-effect transistors) is projected as a favourable alternative to address challenges faced by continue scaling. Since nanometer procedure schemes are more advanced, the density of chip and frequency of operation have augmented, by making consumption of power in portable devices that are operated by battery could be a significant concern. Though for devices that are non-portable, the consumption of power is significant due to enhanced cooling & packaging costs and possible reliability issues. The metal oxide steady miniaturization semi-conductor field transistor by every novel generation of CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor) scheme enhances leakage currents because of minimum channel impacts. The power accounts that are in leakage has been enhancing in a large amount of total consumption of power in deep submicron schemes. Various strategies or schemes are proposes for lessening power leakage. Further, in a system on chip (SOC) designs, caches occupy a significant amount of area in DSP systems, leading to an increase in leakage power. Also, cache memories are used to store filter coefficients. Because of multiple gates, FINFETs structures have better electrostatic control over short channel effects, thus reduces leakage power effectively at the nano regime. In this paper, cache memory and FIR filter are designed by utilizing FINFETs at a 22-nanometer strategy utilizing HSPICE. The experimental outcomes exhibit that structures of FINFET have better leakage control over MOSFET and offers better performance.

Low Latency Prefix Accumulation Driven Compound MAC Unit for Efficient FIR Filter Implementation

This article presents hierarchical single compound adder-based MAC with assertion based error correction for speculation variations in the prefix addition for FIR filter design. The VLSI implementation of approximation in prefix adder results show a significant delay and complexity reductions, all this at the cost of latency measures when speculation fails during carry propagation, which is the main reason preventing the use of speculation in parallel-prefix adders in DSP applications. The speculative adder which is based on Han Carlson parallel prefix adder structure accomplishes better reduction in latency. Introducing a structured and efficient shift-add technique and explore latency reduction by incorporating approximation in addition. The improvements made in terms of reduction in latency and merits in performance by the proposed MAC unit are showed through the synthesis done by FPGA hardware. Results show that proposed method outpaces both formerly projected MAC designs using multiplication methods for attaining high speed.

Design and implementation of sharp edge FIR filters using hybrid differential evolution particle swarm optimization

The filter is an important building block of modern communication and electronic systems. Based on well-defined bandwidth, it extracts the desired portion of the spectrum when the raw input signal is applied. Efficacy of filtering depends on the preciseness of bandwidth to avoid co-channel interference and signal loss. In addition, it must provide higher stopband attenuation and passband attenuation very close to unity with a tolerable quantity of pass/stop band ripple. Design/implementation of sharp edge modern FIR filter is structured as a multi-objective, constrained, complex, and highly nonlinear (hence multimodal) error minimization challenge. Hence, this work proposes a novel objective (normalized error fitness) function and a robust hybrid algorithm for the effective searching of the optimal filter coefficients for providing excellent sharp edge frequency response during the filtering action. Most popular particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE) algorithm are effectively combined together to frame the proposed hybrid DE-PSO algorithm for enhancing the exploration and exploitation abilities of it. The proposed hybrid algorithm is validated using twelve different benchmark functions. Through simulations, the qualitative performance of the proposed approach is compared with the conventional PSO, DE, real-coded genetic algorithm and the Parks–McClellan method.

Design and Implementation of Hybrid FIR Filters using Vedic Multiplier and Fast Adders

FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filters play a significant role in the field of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to eliminate noise suppression in Electro Cardio Graph (ECG), Imaging devices and the signal stored in analog media. So filter evaluation is accomplished to reduce the noise level. The Filter passes only the desired frequency to pass thereby reducing distortion in the processed signal during measurement. The FIR filter comprises of basic units like adders, multipliers and the delay element for its operations.FIR and IIR are the two types of digital filters chosen based on the range of inputs, complexity and size requirement. Multipliers and adders play a vital role in deterring the performance of FIR filter. In this work, we design and analyze different multiplier and adder for high-performance Fir filter implementation. The Vedic Mathematics is the methods containing 16 Sutras to aid fast mental calculations. In this work, we propose modified Anurupye Vedic multiplier methods with Kogge Stone fast adder for implementation in the direct form FIR filter. This approach provides 1.5% decrease in delay and 10.2% reduced in power, hence increasing speed marginally than previous methods. Along with low power consumption in Very High-Speed Hardware Description Language (VHDL), all the adders and the multiplier topologies are Synthesized using (Xilinx Spartan – 6 FPGA) Trainer Kit and the proposed 8 – Tap FIR filter is executed using this Board.

FIR filter implementation for high-performance application in a high-end FPGA

FIR filter implementation for high-performance application in a high-end FPGA

Analysis of Kaiser and Gaussian Window Functions in the Fractional Fourier Transform Domain and Its Application

Fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is generalization of Fourier transform. It has an adjustable parameter in the form of $$\alpha$$ rotational angle that makes it more useful in the various fields of science and engineering. In this paper, an analysis of Kaiser and Gaussian window functions is obtained in the FRFT domain. The behavior of these window functions is observed in terms of spectral parameters along with their special cases. The effect of their behavior is applied in FIR filter implementation and tunes its transition band. By changing the order of the FRFT, the variation in the transition width of windowed FIR filter is obtained which makes it possible to vary the stop-band attenuation. While designing a new filter, this tuning method saves significant time to compute filter coefficients. To validate the results, tuning of the FIR filter with Gaussian and Kaiser window functions is achieved in FRFT domain and the performance of the filter is measured in terms of stop-band attenuation.

Removal of Baseline Wander Noise in ECG Signal Using Asymmetrical Frequency-Response Masking Bandpass Filters.

FIR filter is one of the best choices for ECG signal processing because of its linear phase property. With frequency response masking (FRM) technique, the multipliers needed to implement FIR filter can be reduced dramatically. This paper proposes an architecture for asymmetrical bandpass FIR filter based on the FRM technique. The optimum interpolation factor for the filter is derived and the design procedure for all the sub-filters is given. A design example is included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed filter for ECG signal processing. It shows that the filter can fulfill the design objectives with 70.3% less multipliers comparing to the conventional FIR synthesizing technique.

Analysis and Implementation of Hybrid FIR Architecture in Speech Processor

Hearing aid is an electronic gadget precisely used into the internal ear which reestablishes halfway hearing to smooth hearing. The discourse processor of CI parts the sound-related sign into groups of various frequencies and changes over them into appropriate codes for animating the cathodes in cochlea of ear. The cathode actuates sound-related nerve filaments to give hearing sensation. The expense of the CI alone goes to around 100,000 US dollars. For the efficient less well-to-do individuals with hearing sickness, it might be too exorbitant to even consider affording for this hardware to recoup from the conference misfortune. It gets important to cut down the expense. The cost decrease might be accomplished with diminished region, low force and rapid activity of the CI. This goal intuited both the simple and the computerized based CI originators to inquire about their techniques to give individuals less expensive and profoundly understandable CI. The primary objective of this paper is to develop reconfigurable DSP architectures for the filter banks in speech processor of CI with the following features like minimized area of the filter, reduced power consumption of the speech processor and enhanced presentation of the filter. This paper involves the design and hardware implementation of narrow band pass FIR filter for speech processor of CI using the Xilinx System Generator (XSG) tool on Virtex 7 FPGA.