Field Implementation Research Articles

Probing the Anisotropy and Non-Gaussianity in the Redshift Space through the Conditional Moments of the First Derivative

Focusing on the redshift space observations with plane-parallel approximation and relying on the rotational dependency of the general definition of excursion sets, we introduce the so-called conditional moments of the first derivative (cmd) measures for the smoothed matter density field in three dimensions. We derive the perturbative expansion of cmd for the real space and redshift space where peculiar velocity disturbs the galaxies’ observed locations. Our criteria can successfully recognize the contribution of linear Kaiser and Finger-of-God effects. Our results demonstrate that the cmd measure has significant sensitivity for pristine constraining the redshift space distortion parameter β = f/b and interestingly, the associated normalized quantity in the Gaussian linear Kaiser limit has only β dependency. Implementation of the synthetic anisotropic Gaussian field approves the consistency between the theoretical and numerical results. Including the first-order contribution of non-Gaussianity perturbatively in the cmd criterion implies that the N-body simulations for the Quijote suite in the redshift space have been mildly skewed with a higher value for the threshold greater than zero. The non-Gaussianity for the perpendicular direction to the line of sight in the redshift space for smoothing scales R ≳ 20 Mpc h −1 is almost the same as in the real space. In contrast, the non-Gaussianity along the line-of-sight direction in the redshift space is magnified. The Fisher forecasts indicate a significant enhancement in constraining the cosmological parameters Ω m , σ 8, and n s when using cmd + cr jointly.

Standardization of Formulation and Application Approaches for Field Implementation of EPNs

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) live parasitically inside the infected insect host, and so they are termed as endoparasitic. They infect different types of insect living in the soil like the larval forms of moths, butterflies and beetles as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. The present experiment was conducted under both laboratory and field conditions at CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. Two most virulent strains of EPNs, Metarhabditis amsactae strain HAR-St-II and HAR-Ht-III were taken and their formulations were standardized using six different media i.e. cadaver based formulation, water, alginate gel, foam chips, clay chips and water dispersible granules. Among these formulations, cadaver based formulation was found to be best. Maximum numbers of active IJs after 90 days were obtained from this formulation were 3370 and 2728 /Petri plate in strain HAR-St-II and HAR- Ht-III of M. amsactae, respectively. Further this, experiment was conducted at field level for EPNs suspension was standardized using different size of nozzle opening i.e. 25 µm, 50 µm, 75 µm and 100 µm on knapsack sprayer. Spodoptera litura was selected as a test insect in okra crop for foliar application of EPNs and results revealed that 100 µm nozzle opening size gave maximum larval mortality of S. litura. Per cent mortality of S. litura was increased with increase in size of nozzle and period of observation

Taking stock: Is gene drive research delivering on its principles?

Gene drive technology has been recognized for its potential to provide durable and cost-effective solutions for previously intractable problems in public health, conservation, and agriculture. In recognition of the rapid advances in this field, in 2016 the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine issued a report making several recommendations aimed at researchers, funders, and policymakers for the safe and responsible research and development of gene drive technology. Subsequently, in 2017 sixteen global organizations self-identifying as sponsors and supporters of gene drive research became public signatories committed to the 'Principles for Gene Drive Research' which were inspired by the report's recommendations. Herein we reflect on the progress of gene drive research in relation to the ethical principles laid out and committed to by the signatories to the Principles. Our analysis indicates high levels of alignment with the Principles in the field of gene drive research. The manuscript also discusses the Gene Drive Research Forum, which had its genesis in the publication of the Principles. Discussions between participants at the latest meeting of the Forum point to the work that lies ahead for gene drive research in line with the Principles. Going forward the gene drive research community can productively focus on: i) safety and efficacy criteria for open release, ii) risk assessment frameworks and methods, iii) more downstream technical, regulatory and policy considerations for field evaluations and implementation, iv) continued transparency and developing mechanisms of accountability, and v) strengthening capacity in locales of potential release and expected drive spread.

Simulation of Gas Fracturing in Reservoirs Based on a Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Damage Model

Gas fracturing technology for enhancing rock permeability is an area with considerable potential for development. However, the complexity and variability of underground conditions mean that a variety of rock physical parameters can affect the outcome of gas fracturing, with temperature being a critical factor that cannot be overlooked. The presence of a temperature field adds further complexity to the process of gas-induced rock fracturing. To explore the effects of temperature fields on gas fracturing technology, this paper employs numerical simulation software to model the extraction of shale gas under different temperature conditions using gas fracturing techniques. The computer simulations monitor variations in the mechanical characteristics of rocks during the process of gas fracturing. This analysis is performed both prior to and following the implementation of a temperature field. The results demonstrate that gas fracturing technology significantly improves rock permeability; temperature has an impact on the effectiveness of gas fracturing, with appropriately high temperatures capable of enhancing the fracturing effect. The temperature distribution plays a crucial role in influencing the results of gas fracturing. When the temperature is low, the fracturing effect is diminished, resulting in a lower efficiency of shale gas extraction. Conversely, when the temperature is high, the fracturing effect is more pronounced, leading to a higher shale gas production efficiency. Optimal temperatures can enhance the efficacy of gas fracturing and consequently boost the efficiency of shale gas extraction. Changes in the parameters of the rock have a substantial impact on the efficiency of gas extraction, and selecting suitable rock parameters can enhance the recovery rate of shale gas. This paper, through numerical simulation, investigates the influence of temperature on gas fracturing technology, with the aim of contributing to its improved application in engineering practices.

Field implementation to resist coastal erosion of sandy slope by eco-friendly methods

Coastal erosion is a global issue that not only compresses land space but also undermines offshore structures. In this study, two eco-friendly technologies (microbially and enzyme induced calcium carbonate precipitation) were implemented at a sandy slope field site to enhance erosion resistance. Improvement of the treated sandy slope against erosion was assessed by penetration resistance, calcium carbonate content, cone penetration testing (CPT) results, terrain data and microscopic morphology. Results indicated that the penetration resistance and calcium carbonate content of treated slopes increased first and then decreased over time because of the gradual formation of calcium carbonate and the erosion caused by the marine environment. Calcium carbonate content and penetration resistance presents an obvious linear relationship. The existence of the superficial cemented crust layer increased the water retention capacity of the sand in the atmosphere region. The calcium carbonate content and CPT results in the tidal region shows the characteristics of layered cement. The spherical calcium carbonate cementation improves the roughness and integrity of the terrain, enhances the particle size of the sand, gradually changing the topography from pre-treatment dynamic erosion to depositional patterns. The treated slope still maintained a certain penetration resistance and calcium carbonate content for 60 days until being eroded by the wind in the atmosphere region. However, the effective protection duration in the tidal zone which encounters wind, wave, tide and reflow was about 24 days, and would thus need to be reinforced periodically over time to obtain long-term protection.

LkGraphene Nano-Derivatives in Pharmaceuticals and Biomedical Advancements: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: The two-dimensional structure of graphene has a flat single layer of carbon molecules having a honeycomb crystal lattice configuration. Graphene possesses typical physicochemical characteristics such as elevated conductivity, wide-ranging surface area, good biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical properties. Due to their exceptional properties, graphene derivatives have significant implementations in many fields like electronics, environmental, chemical, pharmaceutical, and others. With its distinctive formation and biological characteristics, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of graphene have gained the impressive interest of researchers and scientists over the past few years. The exceptional properties of graphene, such as its larger surface area, which is four times greater than other nanoparticles, represented it as a prior choice for drug delivery. Graphene derivatives are monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene, reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO), and Graphene Oxide (GO). This review focused on different pharmaceutical applications and the part of the progress made by different researchers on graphene and its derivatives in the distinct field of interest, like in the delivery of drugs, cancer therapy, gene delivery, antibacterial effect, biosensing, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and others.

PERSPECTIVES AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS FOR APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN DENTISTRY IN THE LIGHT OF INDUSTRY 4.0

Additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) offer a new approach for cost-effective production of goods and services and are therefore quite rightly included as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0. Last years great attention is paid to the AMTs as technologies of the future development in many countries all over the world including the European Union. Depending on the availability of a good base of installed 3D printers and intellectual potential, the countries are divided into two groups: 1) leaders in the field of 3D printing technology and 2) countries with large bases of equipment, but lack of trained and qualified labor force. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the perspectives and development trends for application of additive technologies in modern dental medicine in the light of Industry 4.0. The constant development of AMTs will accelerate their implementation in various fields and in particular in medicine/dentistry. The 3D printing technologies are first applied in dentistry, due to the possibility for fabrication of individual dental constructions. Currently, almost all worldrenowned companies for production of dental materials and machines develop additive technologies and manufacture the corresponding equipment. According to the forecasts, the 3D printing is expected to be widely used in dental clinics and laboratories in the next 5-10 years. The additive technologies most often applied in dentistry include stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective electron beam melting, selective laser melting/sintering and ink-jet printing. The great variety of materials used in these processes allow constructions with different purposes to be made for all areas of dental medicine - surgery, oral implantology, conservative dentistry, orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry.

Multi-objective optimization problem-solving based on evolutionary algorithms and chaotic systems

Dynamical systems that exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to the parameters of their initial states are referred to as chaotic. Natural selection and the process of evolution are the models that inspire a group of optimization algorithms collectively referred to as evolutionary algorithms (EA). EA is quite beneficial when handling difficult optimization difficulties, especially in situations where traditional procedures are either not practical or insufficient. The resolution of goal conflicts is accomplished through multi-objective optimization (MOO). The study proposed using chaotic systems and evolutionary algorithms to address the issue of multi-objective optimization.An initially chaotic time series of wind speed predictions was gathered from three locations in Penglai, China. The preprocessing of these data was carried out using Z-score normalization. We suggested using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) to gather information. Before the suggested design can be applied to the MOPSO of the chaotic system itself, it is required to evaluate the architecture of the proposed that will be utilized, the functioning of the chaotic systems, and the problems in the design of the system. Studies using currently available methods demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms all parameter measurements in terms of 15bits of throughput, active power loss 6.4812 MVA, 0.6495 voltages, 6.8% of RMSE, 0.8% of MAPE, and 0.1 sec of time. The finding of combining evolutionary algorithms with chaotic systems yields a powerful and effective framework for addressing multi-objective optimization problems, which bodes well for practical implementations in fields like building design, economics, and time management.

PbS/CsPbBr3 Heterojunction for Broadband Neuromorphic Vision Sensing.

Neuromorphic light sensors with analogue-domain image processing capability hold promise for overcoming the energy efficiency limitations and latency of von Neumann architecture-based vision chips. Recently, metal halide perovskites, with strong light-matter interaction, long carrier diffusion length, and exceptional photoelectric conversion efficiencies, exhibit reconfigurable photoresponsivity due to their intrinsic ion migration effect, which is expected to advance the development of visual sensors. However, suffering from a large bandgap, it is challenging to achieve highly tunable responsivity simultaneously with a wide-spectrum response in perovskites, which will significantly enhance the image recognition accuracy through the machine learning algorithm. Herein, we demonstrate a broadband neuromorphic visual sensor from visible (Vis) to near-infrared (NIR) by coupling all-inorganic metal halide perovskites (CsPbBr3) with narrow-bandgap lead sulfide (PbS). The PbS/CsPbBr3 heterostructure is composed of high-quality single crystals of PbS and CsPbBr3. Interestingly, the ion migration of CsPbBr3 with the implementation of an electric field induces the energy band dynamic bending at the interface of the PbS/CsPbBr3 heterojunction, leading to reversible, multilevel, and linearly tunable photoresponsivity. Furthermore, the reconfigurable and broadband photoresponse in the PbS/CsPbBr3 heterojunction allows convolutional neuronal network processing for pattern recognition and edge enhancements from the Vis to the NIR waveband, suggesting the great potential of the PbS/CsPbBr3 heterostructure in artificial intelligent vision sensing.

Development Curriculum Management Office Integrated Independent Campus Program to Optimize 21st Century Learning for Management Students

Objective: This research aims to develop an impact study curriculum integrated with the Merdeka Campus Program in the context of learning management offices in Indonesia. The Study also seeks to analyze the benefits and challenges that arise during the implementation process of field implementation. Method: This Study uses the literature review method to analyze the Independent Campus Program concept and office management concept. In addition, the analysis carried out by the industry requires going through surveys and interviews with related companies. Student performance evaluation data is also collected to measure the effectiveness of the integrated curriculum. Result: Research results show that Curriculum integration benefits from enhancement Skills practical students, empowerment, experience valuable industry, and improvement readiness work. However, challenges in planning, resources power, evaluation, and alignment with need industries are also identified. Conclusion: The development of a curriculum integrated with the Independent Campus Program has a positive impact in increasing the high relevance of education and preparing students to face the world of office management work. The challenges can be overcome with careful planning and a solid commitment to meet better education goals.

Risk for Severe Intimate Partner Violence in Nairobi's Informal Settlements: Tailoring the Danger Assessment to Kenya.

Understanding the risk for severe intimate partner violence (IPV) can help women and providers assess danger. The validated, widely used Danger Assessment (DA) developed for this purpose has not been tested in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). We tailored the DA to Nairobi, Kenya, and prospectively evaluated baseline danger against severe IPV at 3-month follow-up. We used data from the myPlan Kenya trial conducted in 3 informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, from 2017 to 2018. DA items were refined through formative and pilot phases, yielding minor wording modifications. Quantitative analyses prospectively evaluated baseline DA against severe IPV at 3-month follow-up to understand the predictive effect of the (1) original 20-item DA, (2) 16-item Kenya-DA (highest relative risk ratios [RRR] with severe IPV), and (3) 16-item Kenya-DA weighted (weighting based on strength of RRRs). Diagnostic criteria, including C-statistics, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve, were examined; logistic regressions quantified the odds of each metric predicting severe IPV at follow-up. The original 20-item DA produced the highest specificity (75.41%) and lowest sensitivity (57.14%), resulting in the overall lowest C-statistic. Compared to the 16-item Kenya-DA, the Kenya-DA weighted produced slightly higher sensitivity (66.67% vs. 64.29%) and specificity (77.05% vs. 72.13%), resulting in the highest C-statistic (0.78 vs. 0.75). All versions successfully predicted severe IPV at 3-month follow-up (original DA: odds ratio [OR]=1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.12, 1.41, P<.001; Kenya-DA: OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.16, 1.53, P<.001; Kenya-DA weighted: OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.10, 1.28, P<.001). Several factors identified as homicide risk factors in other settings were not prospectively associated with severe IPV. Within a high-danger LMIC context, all 3 DA configurations performed well diagnostically. We recommend the 16-item Kenya-DA given the value for simplicity and field implementation, whereas the Kenya-DA weighted can add accuracy for research purposes.

Pengembangan Media Learning with Music untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Puisi pada Siswa Kelas X MAN 3 Langkat T.P 2022/2023

This study aims to explore the development, feasibility, and effectiveness of Learning With Music Media for Poetry Text Material in Class X High School. Following the ADDIE developer model, the study progresses through research, data collection, design, product development, implementation, and evaluation. The population consists of 318 students, with a sample of 33 students. The developed product received a "Decent" rating, with media experts I and II providing "Very Eligible" criteria of 90% and 89%, respectively. Material experts I and II rated it as "Decent" at 80% and 82%. Teacher assessment yielded a "Very Eligible" rating of 96%. Field implementation with 33 students from class X IPA 3 at MAN 3 Langkat achieved a "Very Eligible" rating of 90%. The effectiveness test, conducted through evaluation sheets, revealed a "Very Effective" criterion of 90.15%.

Design, optimization, debugging, and simulation of an agricultural biomimetic hexapod robot

This paper comprehensively studies the model establishment, kinematic analysis, hardware design, software development, and agricultural applications of hexapod robot, laying a solid foundation for their practical application in the agricultural field and proposing prospects for future research and development. This article mainly conducts in-depth research on the mechanical design, kinematic analysis, hardware implementation, software development, and application in the agricultural field of hexapod robots. Firstly, a brief introduction to biomimetic robots will be provided, and a comparative analysis will be conducted on existing common legged robots. Afterwards, use solidworks-2021 for 3D modeling to draw the legs and main structure of the robot. In terms of kinematic analysis, by studying the mechanism structure and motion characteristics of hexapod robot, the forward and inverse kinematic equations are derived, and the gait planning and motion control algorithms of the robot are analyzed in detail. These analyses provide a theoretical basis for the robot's program and actual motion. In terms of hardware, a lightweight and high-performance hexapod robot hardware platform has been designed using mainstream controllers such as Borboardino and ultrasonic sensors. This hardware platform has excellent responsiveness and adaptability, and can efficiently move and operate in complex agricultural environments. In terms of software, a comprehensive control system has been developed, including motion planning, action execution, and obstacle avoidance modules. By integrating triangular gait technology and related algorithms, robot can achieve navigation and obstacle avoidance, and perform tasks such as crop planting and spraying in the agricultural field. The simulation file of the hexapod robot was established using CoppeliaSim software, achieving motion based on the robot body, six legs, and end effectors. Finally, a 3D-printer is used to print and assemble all components, and complete the design through debugging and verification. The hexapod robot is capable of autonomous cruising in farmland, completing tasks such as planting and watering crops, providing efficient and intelligent agricultural production solutions for farmers.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN ASPEK KEBAHASAN TEKS OBSERVASI BERBASIS APLIKASI POWTOON KELAS X MAS PROYEK UNIVA MEDAN

This study aims to determine the development of feasibility and effectiveness of video learning media products on the Indonesian material "Text of the Observation Report". This research uses a 4D development method by Thiagarajan which consists of four stages, namely define, design, development, and dissemination. The instrument in this study used questionnaires addressed to material expert validators and learning media experts, Indonesian teachers and a number of 23 grade X MIA1 MAS students of the Univa Medan Project to determine the analysis of student needs on learning media. The data analysis technique used in calculating the percentage of indicators to determine the feasibility of learning media is quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of video learning media feasibility validation based on validation research by material I were obtained 88% got the value criteria "Very Feasible", the results of the material II validation assessment were obtained 85% got the value criteria "Very Feasible" Field implementation test with 23 students of grade X MIA1 MAS Univa Medan Project obtained 88% getting the value criteria "Very Feasible.The stage of the results of the effectiveness of teaching materials for lecture texts assisted by theme card media was carried out by means of evaluation tests on question sheets to be able to measure the effectiveness of learning media. The results of the evaluation obtained the criteria of "Very Effective" value with a percentage (93%).

Dimensionless quantities in discrete element method: powder model parameterization for additive manufacturing

Powder bed-based additive manufacturing processes offer an extended freedom in design and enable the processing of metals, ceramics, and polymers with a high level of relative density. The latter is a prevalent measure of process and component quality, which depends on various input variables. A key point in this context is the condition of powder beds. To enhance comprehension of their particle-level formation and facilitate process optimization, simulations based on the Discrete Element Method are increasingly employed in research. To generate qualitatively as well as quantitatively reliable simulation results, an adaptation of the contact model parameterization is necessary. However, current adaptation methods often require the implementation of models that significantly increase computational effort, therefore limiting their applicability. To counteract this obstacle, a sophisticated formula-based adaptation and evaluation method is presented in this research. Additionally, the developed method enables accelerated parameter determination with limited experimental effort. Thus, it represents an integrative component, which supports further research efforts based on the Discrete Element Method by significantly reducing the parameterization effort. The universal nature of deducting this method also allows its adaptation to similar parameterization problems and its implementation in other fields of research.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Desa Serangkat Melalui Edukasi Interaktif Mengenai Bantuan Hukum

Legal awareness plays a crucial role in law enforcement, especially in remote areas like Serangkat Village. The government has a direct responsibility to support the community there. The lack of legal awareness in Serangkat Village is due to the community's tendency to resolve legal issues based on local customary law, a lack of trust in law enforcement authorities, and concerns about significant financial consequences. The primary goal of this activity is to enhance understanding of the importance of legal awareness and introduce the Legal Aid program organized by the government for the community. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method supported by field observations, planning, and implementation of activities. Legal Aid refers to free legal services provided by authorized institutions to individuals in need. The program aims to protect the constitutional rights of individuals and promote social changes that are fair. The results of this awareness campaign are evident through the community's understanding of the urgency of legal awareness and the availability of the Legal Aid Program provided by the government

Estimating Surface EMG Activity of Human Upper Arm Muscles Using InterCriteria Analysis

Electromyography (EMG) is a widely used method for estimating muscle activity and could help in understanding how muscles interact with each other and affect human movement control. To detect muscle interactions during elbow flexion and extension, a recently developed InterCriteria Analysis (ICrA) based on the mathematical formalisms of index matrices and intuitionistic fuzzy sets is applied. ICrA has had numerous implementations in different fields, including biomedicine and quality of life; however, this is the first time the approach has been used for establishing muscle interactions. Six human upper arm large surface muscles or parts of muscles responsible for flexion and extension in shoulder and elbow joints were selected. Surface EMG signals were recorded from four one-joint (pars clavicularis and pars spinata of m. deltoideus [DELcla and DELspi, respectively], m. brachialis [BRA], and m. anconeus [ANC]) and two two-joint (m. biceps brachii [BIC] and m. triceps brachii-caput longum [TRI]) muscles. The outcomes from ten healthy subjects performing flexion and extension movements in the sagittal plane at four speeds with and without additional load are implemented in this study. When ICrA was applied to examine the two different movements, the BIC–BRA muscle interaction was distinguished during flexion. On the other hand, when the ten subjects were observed, four interacting muscle pairs, namely DELcla-DELspi, BIC-TRI, BIC-BRA, and TRI-BRA, were detected. The results obtained after the ICrA application confirmed the expectations that the investigated muscles contribute differently to the human upper arm movements when the flexion and extension velocities are changed, or a load is added.

Pengembangan Media Penilaian Gerak Dasar Lokomotor Berbasis Aplikasi dan Permainan Balok Susun Untuk Anak Usia 7-9 Tahun

The purpose of this research and development is to modify the basic locomotor movement assessment device with blocks as media for children aged 7-9 years. This research and development uses a quantitative approach and uses the Research and Development method with the ADDIE model. The subjects in this research and development are children aged 7-9 years. The instruments used in this study were interviews and basic locomotor movement instruments and media used at the following stages: (1) needs analysis (2) media design (3) media development (4) field implementation (5) product evaluation. The results of the validation test were carried out with three experts. The results of validation with learning media experts had very good interpretations with an average score of 95.5%, while the results of validation with basic motion experts had very good interpretations with an average score of 93.3%, and the results of validation with learning media experts had very good interpretations with an average score of 95.5%. This explains that the development of basic locomotor motion instruments based on stacking blocks for children aged 7-9 years is feasible to try out and to form basic locomotor movements and assist assessment. Based on the results development it can be concluded that: (1) by developing locomotor basic movement assessment instruments based on stacking blocks for children aged 7-9 years can train basic locomotor movement abilities for children aged 7-9 years (2) generate enthusiasm and (3) make it easier for teachers to carry out locomotor basic movement assessments for children aged 7-9 years.

Testing plant growth promoting microorganisms in the field - a proposal for standards.

In the European Union and worldwide there are a burgeoning markets for plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) and other biological agents as soil improvers, bio-fertilizers, plant bio-stimulants, and biological control agents or bio-pesticides. Microbial agents have a major share in this development. The use of such products is often advertised with the promise of contributing to sustainable agricultural practices by increasing crop growth and yield and offering an alternative or substitute to decrease the dependency of agriculture on hazardeous agrochemicals. In contrast to registered microbial plant protection products, PGPM that are marketed in the EU as soil improvers or plant biostimulants, are not strictly required to have proven minimum efficacy levels under field conditions. Manufacturers only have to ensure that these products do not pose unacceptable risks to human, animal or plant health, safety or the environment. Uniform guidelines comparable to the EPPO - standards (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation) to test the efficacy in field trials are not available. This paper attempts to fill the gap. It proposes guidelines for PGPM field trial design and implementation, as well as recommendations for the type and scope of data collection and evaluation. Selected research papers from literature were evaluated to analyze, whether and to what extent the requirements are already met. The majority of the papers had a clear experimental design followed by proper data evaluation. Frequent deficiencies were the low number of tested environments and crop species, insufficient site and agronomic management description and missing data on soil humidity and temperature. Using the suggested standards is assumed to increase the expressive power of tested microbial products.

Mitigation of aeolian erosion of loess soil by Bio-Stimulated microbial induced calcite precipitation

Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a soil amelioration technique that addresses various environmental and engineering concerns. Here, we present a study focusing on aeolian erosion control of loess soil from the Negev Desert (Israel). Changes in the treated soil's chemical, physical, and microbial community (abundance and diversity) were characterized following bio-stimulation of native, urea-hydrolyzing soil bacteria to achieve MICP. Bio-stimulation of the loess soil was induced in liquid media (batch experiments) and by spraying soil trays with stimulation media (urea and yeast extract). These experiments showed that the Negev loess could be readily stimulated to induce bacterial urea hydrolysis. Three to four daily sprayings were sufficient to achieve effective bio-stimulation, evidenced by a high hydrolysis rate and an alkaline pH. Erodibility experiments on a decimeter scale (50 cm x 50 cm trays) were performed on loess sprayed with treatment media with varying concentrations of urea and CaCl2, with a constant 1:1 M ratio. The effectiveness of the treatments was studied in a wind tunnel and by image analysis of desiccation cracks. Upscaling of the experiments to the large trays revealed a more complicated reality with urease activity, community composition, and calcium carbonate precipitation depending on the concentration of the treatment medium. Specifically, we show that a twofold reduction in the area and length of the desiccation cracks can be achieved by spraying the soil with a 0.5 M solution, resulting in effective MICP or a high concentration treatment (>1M solution) without achieving MICP. Our results show that erosion mitigation in loess soil depends on an interplay between biotic and abiotic processes based on the treatment media concentration and provides a necessary step for upscaling the bio-stimulated MICP strategy for future field implementations.