Implementation Of Fiber Optics Research Articles

Fiber Optic Sensing Technologies for Battery Management Systems and Energy Storage Applications.

Applications of fiber optic sensors to battery monitoring have been increasing due to the growing need of enhanced battery management systems with accurate state estimations. The goal of this review is to discuss the advancements enabling the practical implementation of battery internal parameter measurements including local temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index for general operation, as well as the external measurements such as temperature gradients and vent gas sensing for thermal runaway imminent detection. A reasonable matching is discussed between fiber optic sensors of different range capabilities with battery systems of three levels of scales, namely electric vehicle and heavy-duty electric truck battery packs, and grid-scale battery systems. The advantages of fiber optic sensors over electrical sensors are discussed, while electrochemical stability issues of fiber-implanted batteries are critically assessed. This review also includes the estimated sensing system costs for typical fiber optic sensors and identifies the high interrogation cost as one of the limitations in their practical deployment into batteries. Finally, future perspectives are considered in the implementation of fiber optics into high-value battery applications such as grid-scale energy storage fault detection and prediction systems.

Study and Analysis for the Choice of Optical Fiber in the Implementation of High-Capacity Backbones in Data Transmission

Fiber optic implementation projects for backbones today have become a necessity, where in many cases failures due to cable stress breaks have been reported. Due to this, it is necessary to carry out a study and analysis of the zone and area prior to implementation. In this research work, through a method based on theory and analysis, the geographical and climatological conditions where the optical fiber will be installed in the Lima region, Peru, will be evaluated, as well as the study of mechanical loads and electric fields associated with the installation of fiber optics on existing electrical network lines will also be carried out. The results of this study showed that for regional backbone projects in the city of Lima, Peru, the use of the type of optical fiber should be considered under the recommendation of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) -T G.652.D All -Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS). The studies and results obtained in this research may also help the various companies in the sector, in future implementations of high-capacity fiber optic backbones in data transmission, to make the best decision on the type of cable and its recommended characteristics for the region.

Optimal fiber optic scheme for sub-SQL quantum receiver realization

Practical implementation of high-precision quantum measurements is an important problem in modern science. One of the main parts of the quantum receiver is the optical scheme. We developed and tested several optical circuits based on different types of interferometers, namely Sagnac-based scheme, Mach-Zehnder-based scheme, and Michelson-based scheme. All these schemes are assembled with optical fibers and fiber-optic components, since the fiber-optic implementation is closest to application in practical devices. Schemes were evaluated according to two main criteria: extinction and interference stability. On the basis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that the most suitable is the scheme based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In continuous mode, we were able to obtain an interference extinction about 30 dB with acceptable temporal stability.

Robustness of Quantum Cryptography Systems with Phase–Time Coding against Active Probing Attacks

The robustness of a quantum cryptography system is considered that uses a protocol with phase–time coding on attenuated coherent states. This protocol admits an effective fiber optic implementation, which does not require a phase modulator on the receiver side and adjusting the polarization state at the input of the receiver side. The absence of a phase modulator on the receiver side excludes a side channel of information leakage associated with the active probing of the phase modulator at the receiving station, thus making the system more robust against such attacks compared to other systems. The nonstrict single-photon nature of information states, as well as information leakage through side channels, is considered by the generalized decoy state method, which takes into account joint collective measurements of information quantum states and quantum states in side channels. An estimate for the secret key length is obtained that is expressed only in terms of observed quantities at the receiving station and the parameters of quantum states in side channels.

All fiber-coupled, long-term stable timing distribution for free-electron lasers with few-femtosecond jitter.

We report recent progress made in a complete fiber-optic, high-precision, long-term stable timing distribution system for synchronization of next generation X-ray free-electron lasers. Timing jitter characterization of the master laser shows less than 170-as RMS integrated jitter for frequencies above 10 kHz, limited by the detection noise floor. Timing stabilization of a 3.5-km polarization-maintaining fiber link is successfully achieved with an RMS drift of 3.3 fs over 200 h of operation using all fiber-coupled elements. This all fiber-optic implementation will greatly reduce the complexity of optical alignment in timing distribution systems and improve the overall mechanical and timing stability of the system.

Miniaturized selective plane illumination microscopy for high-contrast in vivo fluorescence imaging

Light-sheet-based fluorescence imaging techniques rely on simultaneous excitation of a single optical plane and thus permit high-contrast optically sectioned imaging of extended tissue samples. Here, we introduce a miniaturized fiber-optic implementation of a selective plane-illumination microscope (miniSPIM). The excitation light was delivered through a single-mode optical fiber, and a light-sheet was created with a cylindrical gradient-index lens and a right-angle microprism. Fluorescence emission was collected orthogonally to the light-sheet through a gradient-index lens assembly and a coherent fiber bundle. The end face of the fiber bundle was imaged onto a charge-coupled device camera. The spatial resolutions of the miniSPIM were 3.2 microm laterally and 5.1 microm axially. Images of fluorescent beads and neurons in mouse neocortex exhibited superior axial resolution and contrast in the miniSPIM-mode compared to images recorded in epi-illumination mode. The miniSPIM may thus enable novel in vivo imaging approaches.

Multiloop optoelectronic oscillator

We describe and demonstrate a multiloop technique for single-mode selection in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). We present experimental results of a dual loop OEO, free running at 10 GHz, that has the lowest phase noise (-140 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz from carrier) of all free-running room-temperature oscillators to date. Finally, we demonstrate the first fiber-optic implementation of the carrier suppression technique to further reduce the close-to-carrier phase noise of the oscillator by at least 20 dB.

Measurement of some small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters in-vitro using a fiber-optic probe with pulsed ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy

Many techniques have been developed to investigate the chemistry associated with brain activity. These techniques generally fall into two categories: fast techniques with species-limited sensitivity; and generally slower techniques with broader species sensitivity. Therefore, a need exists for a fast, minimally invasive technique that is sensitive to a wide array of biologically relevant compounds in order to measure chemical brain events in real time. The work presented here describes the development of a novel spectroscopic neurotransmitter probe for the rapid and simultaneous detection of a variety of neurotransmitters. A fiber-optic-linked Raman and tunable ultraviolet resonance Raman system was assembled with custom designed optical fiber probes. Using this system, the ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of some small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters were measured in-vitro with a fiber-optic probe and are reported here for the first time. The probe has furthermore been used to measure neurotransmitter secretions obtained from depolarized rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. These results demonstrate the general utility of this approach which, due to the fiber-optic implementation, could potentially also be applied to in-vivo neurotransmitter determinations.

ARINC 629 digital communication system — application on the 777 and beyond

In June of this year, the ARINC 629 digital communication system began supporting revenue service as the primary means of digital communication on the 777, Boeing's first fly-by-wire aircraft. This achievement comes as a result of almost two decades of development effort at Boeing and its suppliers. Increasing demands for information exchange between aircraft systems necessitated development of high-speed, high-reliability communication data buses. Development costs for such systems are extensive, and reuse in future airplane designs is highly desirable. ARINC 629, a working example of such a data bus development program, has the capability to support applications beyond the 777 with extensive benefits to be gained in development, integration and certification costs. This paper begins with a brief working description of the ARINC 629 digital communication system, touching on both current mode and fiber-optic implementations. It further describes the architecture utilized on the 777 and the validation effort required to support certification of a new data bus and new airplane systems architecture. Performance experience during the 777 flight test program and a brief in-service history are discussed and, finally, efforts in several fiber-optic in-service evaluation programs are presented.

Fiber in the home

Proposals are given for the implementation of fiber optics in the home. Compatibility of existing products in a home with fiber optics are addressed, and ideas are sketched for new products, including switches, remote control devices, and security products. >

A robust fiber optic active star coupler for the SAE linear token-passing multiplex data bus

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) linear token-passing multiplex data bus draft standard (AS4074.1, version 2.0) calls for two sets of fiber-optic medium characteristics which support a generous power loss budget of about 30 dB. Since there are applications for this bus needing an even greater loss budget one solution is to make the access coupler (the star) an active (powered) network component. A description is given of a simple, low-power, high-reliability active star coupler design meeting the overall requirements of the SAE high-speed data bus (HSDB) standard without changes to the fiber-optic implementation characteristics. The basic active star network is introduced and important quantities defined. Technical issues which influence the active star design are discussed. These include the properties of the protocol which have the greatest effect on the design of the active star, such as the initialization procedure, the system monitoring and control times, the preamble, and the intertransmission gap time. Component options are introduced and a completed design presented. Its performance in a high-speed data-bus environment is characterized and modifications to the standard for best active star performance are suggested.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

11‐ghz fiber optic links for airborne satellite communications applications

AbstractWe report the first implementation of fiber optics at 11 GHz in an experimental satellite communication EHF/SHF research terminal for airborne applications. Signal‐to‐noise and bit‐error rate were measured to characterize the system after a 100‐m‐long fiber optic link replaced a 4‐ft‐long coaxial cable to enable X‐band signal remoting.

Implementation of Fiber Optic Technology in Naval Combatants

This paper provides a summary of activities and developments that directly impacted the implementation of fiber optics on naval combatants. The paper concludes that the benefits are clear, that the technology has matured, and that implementation as a system element in ship design and construction is accelerating. The paper also includes a short tutorial on the basic elements of a fiber optic link as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of fiber optics.

Review of optical fiber couplers

Abstract The present trends are toward implementation of fiber optics in data-distribution networks such as data buses, community antenna television, and local area networks. The thrust is, therefore, on high-volume and economical production of good quality optical fiber couplers. This paper reviews the various techniques for making fiber couplers. Important characteristics of various constructions and configurations together with their merits and demerits are discussed.

Fibernet II: A Fiber Optic Ethernet

This paper describes a fiber optic local area network which has been designed for use as an Ethernet and is currently operating at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. The fiber optic network, named Fibernet II, is an active-star configured network which is plug compatible with Ethernet at the transceiver cable interface. Collision detection is performed in the active star and collision presence is transmitted to the Fibernet transceivers. The performance and capabilities of Fibernet II are presented along with the motivation for the particular fiber optic implementation that was realized.

Comparison of wire and fiber optics data transfer systems for large military aircraft

Abstract Methods for comparing the life-cycle cost of fiber optics and wire data transfer systems on large military aircraft are established. Using the B-1 as an example, the applicability of fiber optics to avionics/electrical systems on large aircraft is identified. Conceptual fiber optics data transfer systems are described. The present wire and the conceptual fiber optics designs form a basis for computerized lifecycle cost comparisons. Sensitivity analyses and cost trade-offs to determine cost drivers in the application of fiber optics are described. Results show that significant cost benefits can be gained by the implementation of fiber optics in newly designed data transfer subsystems having data rates in excess of 2–3 Mbits/sec.