Abstract
Applications of fiber optic sensors to battery monitoring have been increasing due to the growing need of enhanced battery management systems with accurate state estimations. The goal of this review is to discuss the advancements enabling the practical implementation of battery internal parameter measurements including local temperature, strain, pressure, and refractive index for general operation, as well as the external measurements such as temperature gradients and vent gas sensing for thermal runaway imminent detection. A reasonable matching is discussed between fiber optic sensors of different range capabilities with battery systems of three levels of scales, namely electric vehicle and heavy-duty electric truck battery packs, and grid-scale battery systems. The advantages of fiber optic sensors over electrical sensors are discussed, while electrochemical stability issues of fiber-implanted batteries are critically assessed. This review also includes the estimated sensing system costs for typical fiber optic sensors and identifies the high interrogation cost as one of the limitations in their practical deployment into batteries. Finally, future perspectives are considered in the implementation of fiber optics into high-value battery applications such as grid-scale energy storage fault detection and prediction systems.
Highlights
Batteries are growing increasingly promising as the next-generation energy source for power vehicles, hybrid-electric aircraft, and even grid-scale energy storage, and the development of sensing systems for enhancing capabilities of health monitoring in battery management systems (BMS) has become an urgent task
BMS play a vital role in modern electric vehicles (EVs) and other applications for battery performance management, health diagnostics, and protection against extreme conditions
These sensors are based on electrical connections that may suffer from noises such as electromagnetic interference (EMI), and they cannot be integrated within the highest value locations in the cell structure
Summary
Batteries are growing increasingly promising as the next-generation energy source for power vehicles, hybrid-electric aircraft, and even grid-scale energy storage, and the development of sensing systems for enhancing capabilities of health monitoring in battery management systems (BMS) has become an urgent task. These key functionalities currently rely critically on the accurate measurement of parameters such as voltage, current, and temperature as inputs to cell state-estimation algorithms. Reliable and accurate input measurements are important as they affect the estimation accuracy and convergence rate of the BMS algorithms. In contemporary BMS, common temperature sensing technologies are thermocouples or micro-thermistors combined with voltage-divider circuits [1,2,3,4]. These sensors are based on electrical connections that may suffer from noises such as electromagnetic interference (EMI), and they cannot be integrated within the highest value locations in the cell structure. The accuracy of cell state-estimation can be limited by weakly informative parameters external
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