Implementation Of Cyber-physical Systems Research Articles

Development of Smart Factory 4.0 using cyber-physical system-based workshop in Rolling Stock Industry to Support Industry 4.0

Driven by the concept of mass customization, manufacturing enterprises are now required to transform their traditional workshops into smart workshops. The integration of cyber-physical systems (CPS), which serves as the core of Industry 4.0, is crucial in achieving smart manufacturing. By implementing CPS, the conventional workshop can transition into a new paradigm characterized by intelligence and flexibility. However, the implementation of CPS in workshops is a complex undertaking that is still in its early stages. Therefore, this research paper aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on CPS-based workshops, with the intention of facilitating their implementation in the industry. Initially, the paper identifies seven key features of CPS-based workshops, namely self-sensing, self-awareness, self-assessment, self-optimization, self-adjustment, self-configuration, and self-control. Subsequently, the paper proposes the architectural framework of CPS-based workshops from a technical standpoint. Furthermore, a conceptual model of CPS-based workshops is developed, which highlights the three fundamental elements and closed-loop mechanism of such workshops. Finally, a case study of a Rolling stock manufacturing company in Indonesia is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing CPS-based workshops in the industry.

Effect of Human Interaction Modalities on the Usability and Performance of a Robotic Cyber-Physical System for Construction Progress Monitoring

The construction industry has been slow to adopt advanced technologies like Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), underscoring the necessity for a human-centered approach to their development. This study aims to understand the significance and impact of human-CPS interaction modalities on human perceptions of CPS, specifically in the use case of construction progress monitoring. A mixed-method approach comprising quantitative observations and qualitative interviews was employed to evaluate the system’s usability and performance with different human-CPS interaction modalities. The findings reveal variable levels of usability and performance across different human-CPS interaction modalities. Users expressed a preference for the three-dimensional immersive environment compared to a two-dimensional setting due to a better sense of presence. However, they experienced heightened cognitive load when utilizing novel interaction methods such as hand gestures and voice commands. Interestingly, despite this increased cognitive demand, users exhibited comparable performance in the assigned task, irrespective of their familiarity with the interaction modality. The results underscore the importance of human-centered design in CPS development. It contributes empirical evidence crucial for understanding and improving human-CPS interactions, thereby advancing the implementation of CPS in construction progress monitoring.

Artificial intelligence-based approach for islanding detection in cyber-physical power systems

Modern power grids, functioning as a cyber-physical system (CPS), accommodate high penetration level of distributed generations (DGs) to ensure sustainability. Achieving sustainability through grid-scale DGs, however, increases the likelihood of islanding occurrences, which jeopardizes a major parameter of CPS implementation: security. This paper proposes an artificial intelligence-based approach for detecting islanding in modern power grids. The method utilizes measured voltage and frequency to develop a fuzzy center of gravity (COG)-based equivalent model of the system. The model is derived by combining data collected from phasor measurement units (PMUs) with fundamental dynamical equations that govern power system dynamics. In this model, the system is represented using a set of fictitious reactances calculated using goal programming, which are then utilized to connect the COG to the local centers of inertia (COIs). By having a set of fictitious reactances for various operating points fed into a fuzzy model, one could develop an online model to calculate the fictitious reactances with high accuracy and speed at specific snapshots. By incorporating the maximum allowable phase differences between areas into the COG model to ensure transient stability, one could enhance the developed model to be robust against cyber-physical contingencies and cyber-attacks, albeit at the expense of a slight reduction in accuracy. The calculated fictitious reactances, represented in terms of local frequencies throughout the system, serve as valuable indicators for detecting islanding. By classifying the calculated fictitious reactances using support vector clustering over a period of time, islanding could be detected with high accuracy. Furthermore, incorporating the COG concept with the clustering based on fictitious reactances makes it possible to detect false data injection in an area of the system. The efficacy of the proposed method is assessed using simulated data from the renewable integrated 73-bus IEEE test system.

Scrutinizing the shift: investigating quantity surveyors’ adaptability to cyber-physical systems

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) focuses on complex interdependencies and integration between cyberspace and the physical world. CPS holds significant potential in aiding construction professionals, encompassing Quantity Surveyors (QSs). Therefore, facilitating QS's role through CPS is pivotal to meeting the competitive advantage in construction. Thus, this study aims to investigate the adaptability of CPS to facilitate the role of QSs. The research employed a qualitative method, encompassing three Delphi rounds, incorporating semi-structured expert interviews. The data were analysed using NVivo12. It empirically proves the potential of CPS to facilitate the role of QSs. Findings revealed 24 barriers hindering CPS implementation and 11 enablers for CPS implementation. The study concluded with 22 strategies to minimise barriers and expedite the implementation of CPS among QSs. As there is limited research on adaptability of CPS for QSs, the findings can enhance the awareness and practical implementation of CPS by intervening to form more partnerships among application developers and industry leaders. The paper offers valuable insights into the successful CPS implementation, allowing for enhanced project management, improved efficiency, and optimized resource allocation as the contribution to the industry. This research uncovers several further research areas, including longitudinal studies on CPS to facilitate the roles of QSs.

Resilience and Sustainability plants improvement through Maintenance 4.0: IoT, Digital Twin and CPS framework and implementation roadmap

The Fouth Industrial Revolution is the new innovative wave that touches any sector, bringing great innovation. As the benefits that Industry 4.0 can create are very high, it is mandatory to deeply investigate it and elaborate full applications. Digital technologies require to be faced with a correct pace, beginning with a small pilot, able to generate quick and valuable results. A domain in which Industry 4.0 can bring a great and positive effect is Maintenance, with predictive and prescriptive maintenance. In this research, it is analyzed how Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Twins (DT) and Cyber Physical System (CPS) can enhance maintenance and how they can be integrated to create the Maintenance 4.0 framework, with a clear focus on Resilience and environmental Sustainability, applied with a 6 steps roadmap based on the “starting small” authors’ approach and initial assumption.

Society 5.0, beyond Industry 4.0

This article offers a contribution to the understanding, structure, and relationship of Society 5.0 with Industry 4.0, emphasizing the implications that these social phenomena have for Mexico. The paper examines multiple perspectives and aims to stimulate further inquirí and discussion, without prescribing specific solutions or recommendations. A qualitative documentary research of a critical and interpretive nature was carried out that reviewed the documents of the last five years regarding three focal themes: Society 5.0, Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings indicate that Society 5.0 is a Japanese counterproposal to the global implementation of Industry 4.0 and the World Economic Forum’s Globalization 4.0 strategy. It aims to achieve technological hegemony through the implementation of cyber-physical systems and the alignment of its social purposes with those outlined in the SDGs by the UN. In the case of Mexico, the development strategy towards the 2030 Agenda does not contain elements of encounter with those delimited by Society 5.0, in addition to which COVID-19 has made the global and national context more uncertain and turbulent.

Purpose and prospects for the development of cyberphysical systems for technoligical processes

The article is devoted to a new way of organizing production that is actively developing in the conditions of the industry's information transformation associated with the introduction of cyber-physical systems. Market analysis shows a positive trend in the growth of capitalization of this industry, indicating the widespread use of digital transformation tools for production and increased investment in the development of information technologies, including the creation and implementation of cyber-physical systems. The article analyzes the existing definitions of "cyber-physical systems" and "cyber-physical complexes." It also reveals the concept of a cyber-physical control system for the technological processes" and describes its main structure. The cyber-physical control system is considered a number of interconnected subsystems that perform strictly defined functions. The article presents a description of each of these subsystems, a generalized scheme of their hierarchical connections, and interactions. The article also considers the role of cyber-physical control systems in the information transformation of the industry and discusses the prospects for their future development.

Research and Implementation of CPS for Transmission Front Middle Case Assembly Line

As an indispensable part of the automobile factory transmission system, the transmission assembly line has a high level of automation and can play as a pioneer in the digital transformation of production. However, for the transmission production process, especially the front and middle case, there are many problems, such as a low degree of informatization, low efficiency of information transmission, and lack of a platform for rapid information release and sharing. This leads to the difficulty of timely discovery and feedback of exceptional events, resulting in low assembly efficiency. Therefore, this paper constructs its cyber–physical system (CPS) with the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as physical identification, information collection, and transmission. It contributes to improving the intelligent level of transmission of front and middle case assembly, strengthening the close integration, interaction, and collaboration between a large amount of assembly data and the physical entity of the assembly process, realizing the real-time monitoring of the transmission front and middle case assembly process, timely discovering, provide feedback, and dealing with exceptional events. In addition, scientific and effective adjustment strategies based on the data can be provided. Ultimately, the assembly efficiency of the transmission front and middle case is improved, ensuring the stability of the assembly line.

Impact of Interconnectivity and Information Sharing on Cyber-Physical System Implementation

Impact of Interconnectivity and Information Sharing on Cyber-Physical System Implementation

Automation industry in cyber physical systems based on 4G IoT networks for operation controlling and monitoring management

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is an emerging technique that focuses on the integration of computation applications as a network of communicating physical and cyber components which controls real time physical substructures of the industrial automation. Since implementation, operation and design of CPS and management of automation substructures are plays major significance in the various industrial applications. This study presents a Deep learning (DL) based intrusion controlling and monitoring management system (DL-ICMMS) for CPS in the automation industry for the detection of the occurrence of intrusions. To transform the input data in a compatible manner, data normalization is carried out and the Adam optimizer is applied to handle hyperparameter values of Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) method. Experimental results analysis stated that the DL-ICMMS method increased accuy of 98.80% whereas the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Deep Belief Network (DBN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Long short-term memory (LSTM) approaches have shown reduced accuy of 93.10%, 93.62%, 91.60%, 90.88%, and 91.75%, correspondingly.

Integrating deep learning and rule-based systems into a smart devices decision support system for visual inspection in production

Due to the increasing implementation of cyber physical systems and the internet of things in industry, there is a trend towards flexible, multi-variant production with a very high degree of automation to strengthen the resilience of the company. Each variant is subject to high quality requirements that must be checked to ensure quality. A common means for this is quality assurance through visual inspections, which are carried out manually. Visual inspections are time-consuming yet prone to wrong decisions, since they are subjective, inconsistent, and susceptible to uncertainties. The quality of the inspection relies heavily on the experience of the personnel. This work addresses this issue through the concept and design of a system for objective decision making in visual inspection by integrating Deep Learning (DL) models with a Belief Rule Based Expert System (BRBES) inside a smart devices application. Smart devices like tablets and smartphones serve to generate information by recording and evaluating image material of the components being inspected. Based on this data, DL models are trained and used to classify defects on new image material to automate part of the inspection process. Furthermore, smart devices serve to provide context-dependent decision recommendations in the visual inspection process, which were calculated by the BRBES with the inclusion of uncertainties. The knowledge base of the BRBES is fed by the expert knowledge of experienced visual inspectors using knowledge elicitation techniques. In this way, the system can enable optimized and objectified visual inspection based on the data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches used. This paper outlines the concept of integrating DL and BRBES into a smart devices decision support system.

A Triple Human-Digital Twin Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems

With the development of information and communication technology and the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, cyber-physical system (CPS) is becoming the trend of products or systems. The deep integration and real-time interaction between the physical world and the virtual world expand system functions. Although there are some CPS implementation guidelines, the virtual world is still relatively abstract compared to the concrete physical world that can be touched through the IoT. Besides that, human is a non-negligible CPS endogenous interactive intelligent component. In this paper, we propose a triple human-digital twin architecture, where the physical objects and the digital twins that are the projections of the physical entities establish the cornerstone of human functioning together. And the hierarchically distributed digital twins grow dynamically with the physical entities along the lifecycle. Furthermore, the interaction and collaboration among the physical objects, the digital twins, and the humans in their respective worlds (the expected world, the interpreted world, and the physical world) integrate the full value chain of the products in anticipation of seamless synergy. Finally, we present a power management digital companion platform for the lunar probe to demonstrate the efficacy of the architecture.

A survey on policies, modelling and security of cyber‐physical systems in smart grids

AbstractA more reliable, efficient, and resilient smart grid depends on the applications of advanced information and communication technologies to support new functions and controls. The critical infrastructure of a smart grid consists of some major components such as monitoring, controls, communication protocol and software. The cyber‐physical system (CPS), which integrates these components, is an important enabler for the expected transition of the energy system driven by decarbonization, digitalization and decentralization. This paper provides an overview of the policy drivers and barriers for the implementation of CPS in power systems. With the vast deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), there is increasing demand to model the hardware, software and their interactions in the smart grid environment. This paper reviews the modelling and applications of intelligent CPS for decentralized energy systems. The integration of DERs and the supportive infrastructure make modern power systems more vulnerable and less reliable to external threats such as terrorist intrusion. There are growing concerns over the risk of cyber‐attacks in mart grids. This paper surveys the latest progress on critical infrastructure identification and protection, as well as risk assessment and mitigation methods for cyber‐attacks. Finally, some advanced issues in cyber‐physical energy systems are addressed.

The influences of the "industry 4.0" development on the human capital of the industrial enterprise: foreign

The factors and the consequences of the "Industry 4.0" development for the human capital of the industrial enterprise were arranged in this paper. Taking into consideration the limitations of the current approaches the attention was concentrate on such human capital elements, as: education (knowledge and skills), creative abilities, motivation, health, flexibility. The particularity of this investigation is connected with the correlations between the influences of the "Industry 4.0" development on all human capital elements of the industrial enterprise, potential impacts on the educational system, the employment in industry and the labour market. The main factors of the influences of the "Industry 4.0" development on the human capital of the industrial enterprise are such as: cyber physical systems implementation in manufacturing and its automation; work places computerization; implementation and development of advanced smart-technologies and informational systems; agile adaptability to the needs of customers; uprising the new risks for the health of the employees. Furthermore, the enterprise has to know all the answers for the market demand and the ecological situation. The main characteristics of the human capital in the age of "Industry 4.0" are increasing the importance of the creative workers and their motivation; taking into account the individual peculiarities; providing the mobility and flexibility of the employees, the content of job, working hours, places of work. The preservation of health is considered as the key to the working capacity. The human capital development should be made taking into account the influences on physical and mental health of the employees. Such hazards for the human capital of the industrial enterprise were summarized: confidential data losing, forthcoming the new risks for the health of the employees, workers’ creative abilities decreasing, "burnout", inappropriate motivation, etc. The consequences of the "Industry 4.0" development are creating "Education 4.0", remote work and outsourcing development, changing of the employment structure, the content of job, standards of health and safety at work. The prospects for overriding the risks and the consequences of changes should be identified taking into account the particularities of the country technological development, the demographic determinants, the indicators of the labour market, as well as the particular characteristics of the industrial enterprises. It was identified such main global trends against the risks of the "Industry 4.0", as: the flexible labour market development, increasing the efficiency of health and safety at work, STEM and STEAM employees training, commitment to improve the soft skills of workers, taking into consideration the particularities of the economic sectors, the level of the innovation development of the country and its human capital, investments in staff training, etc.

Cyber-Physical Systems as an Enabler of Circular Economy to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals: A Comprehensive Review

Industrialization has brought wealth, prosperity, and abundance to many nations. However, it has had many drawbacks on people’s health and the environment. Several paradigms have been proposed and implemented in an effort to suppress and reverse the adverse impacts of human activities and industrialization. A popular approach that serves as a solution to many of the negative implications of industry today is the circular economy (CE). With today’s top-notch technologies, the transition from the conventional linear economy to CE has been made easier. For example, the implementation of cyber-physical systems (CPSs), an Industry 4.0 (I4.0) tool, within a CE can substantially increase efficiency and reduce waste. This work presents a thorough review on the applications of cyber-physical systems within each of the CE stages, the contribution of different CPS technologies to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), and the current state of the CE assessment tools. The contribution of different CPS tools to each CE stage is demonstrated through several practical examples. In addition, this work reveals how the different CPS technologies applications contribute to the attainment of different SDGs set by the United Nations. It is also deduced from the review of the current state of the CE assessment tools that there is a need for a standardized comprehensive CE measuring or rating system to allow businesses on the micro, meso, and macro levels of the economy improve their circulatory.

Cyber Physical Systems implementation to develop a Smart Manufacturing

This paper aims to show how the Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are able to transform the actual manufacturing process. For that purpose, a case of study has been developed as an example of how to implement a CPS in a machine tool, specifically a 5-axis vertical milling machine of the Haas brand. This CPS transforms the acquisition of real-time data into worthy information for the industry. CPS implementation consists of 5 levels, which are explained and exemplified in this study. As a result of the implementation, it is shown a real-time indicator which takes part of our research. Our study concludes that CPS implementation enhance and speed up the decision-making of the companies.

Applying cyber physical system architecture concept to the design and manufacturing of blood glucose monitoring systems to provide man-machine interactions and intelligent automation

The current design and manufacturing of blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) cannot resolve many current problems. Even with recent new advances on 100% non-damaging quality check and laser repair for the defective test strips found, it is still not enough. With the new internet, a new revolutionary architectural concept based on cyber physical system (CPS) is highly recommended to implement on the design and manufacturing of BGMS. This paper presents many unique benefits that can be achieved. The implementation of CPS to the design of BGMS interconnects the uses of glucose meters, test strips and control solutions with the manufacturing systems through internet to enhance the safety and performance of the BGMS, and to provide man-machine interactions and intelligent automation. Furthermore, the implementation of CPS to the manufacturing of BGMS further interconnects sensors and information feedbacks from different work stations to allow the manufacturing systems to be self-aware, self-adaptable and self-configurable, in order to reduce manpower, defective rate and production down time for better productivity. This new concept will bring in revolutionary approaches into the design and manufacturing of BGMS, in order to upgrade product performance, increase product competitiveness and create new business opportunities, by providing man-machine interactions and intelligent automation. Apart from that, the implementation of CPS architecture to the design and manufacturing of BGMS does not necessarily increase the costs of producing BGMS.

Cyber physical systems: A smart city perspective

<span>Cyber-physical system (CPS) is a terminology used to describe multiple systems of existing infrastructure and manufacturing system that combines computing technologies (cyber space) into the physical space to integrate human interaction. This paper does a literature review of the work related to CPS in terms of its importance in today’s world. Further, this paper also looks at the importance of CPS and its relationship with internet of things (IoT). CPS is a very broad area and is used in variety of fields and some of these major fields are evaluated. Additionally, the implementation of CPS and IoT is major enabler for smart cities and various examples of such implementation in the context of Dubai and UAE are researched. Finally, security issues related to CPS in general are also reviewed.</span>

Developing Industrial CPS: A Multi-Disciplinary Challenge.

Industrial Cyber–Physical System (CPS) is an emerging approach towards value creation in modern industrial production. The development and implementation of industrial CPS in real-life production are rewarding yet challenging. This paper aims to present a concept to develop, commercialize, operate, and maintain industrial CPS which can motivate the advance of the research and the industrial practice of industrial CPS in the future. We start with defining our understanding of an industrial CPS, specifying the components and key technological aspects of the industrial CPS, as well as explaining the alignment with existing work such as Industrie 4.0 concepts, followed by several use cases of industrial CPS in practice. The roles of each component and key technological aspect are described and the differences between traditional industrial systems and industrial CPS are elaborated. The multidisciplinary nature of industrial CPS leads to challenges when developing such systems, and we present a detailed description of several major sub-challenges that are key to the long-term sustainability of industrial CPS design. Since the research of industrial CPS is still emerging, we also discuss existing approaches and novel solutions to overcome these sub-challenges. These insights will help researchers and industrial practitioners to develop and commercialize industrial CPS.

Computer-aided manufacturing: Industry 4.0

The modernization of the Russian economy and its transition to an innovative development path are inextricably linked with the renewal of production and its material and technical base. In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the economic potential of highly developed countries through scientific, technological and technological innovations, with the State playing an active role. There is a trend towards a digital industry based on the so-called Industry 4.0. This leads to massive implementations of cyber physical systems in production, to the automation of most production processes, the endowment of devices with artificial intelligence and the introduction of many other modern technologies. All this has a significant impact on increasing productivity and reducing the cost of production.