Implementation Of Cyber-physical Systems Research Articles

Machine Learning-based CPS for Clustering High throughput Machining Cycle Conditions

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) have opened up a wide range of opportunities in terms of performance analysis that can be applied directly to the machine tool industry and are useful for maintenance systems and machine designers. High-speed communication capabilities enable the data to be gathered, pre-processed and processed for the purpose of machine diagnosis. This paper describes a complete real-world CPS implementation cycle, ranging from machine data acquisition to processing and interpretation. In fact, the aim of this paper is to propose a CPS for machine component knowledge discovery based on clustering algorithms using real data from a machining process. Therefore, it compares three clustering algorithms –k-means, hierarchical agglomerative and Gaussian mixture models– in terms of their contribution to spindle performance knowledge during high throughput machining operation.

Cyber-physical systems for temporary structure monitoring

Abstract Information technology-based methods, such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), play an important role in industrial transformation and evolution. However, while significant efforts have been made towards CPS application in several other industry sectors, the exploration of CPS benefits and applicability to the construction industry is at the initial stage. While CPS has been identified as a promising solution to address problems in the construction industry, few explorations have been made on CPS application to temporary structures, which have significant safety issues that urgently need to be addressed. With a focus on the enhanced monitoring of temporary structures to prevent potential structural failures, this study proposed a CPS-based temporary structures monitoring (TSM) system that integrates the virtual model of a temporary structure and the physical structure on the construction jobsite. In doing this, the applicability of CPS to temporary structures monitoring is investigated, and end user requirements and system requirements are identified for system design. In addition, a system architecture and a description of the issues surrounding the choice of a system development environment are presented. For better understanding of how the TSM works, aspects of the developed CPS-based TSM are presented with system workflow and simulated examples of the structural monitoring of a scaffolding system. The potential benefits and barriers to CPS implementation in temporary structures, along with future research based on this study, are highlighted.

ModelPlex: verified runtime validation of verified cyber-physical system models

Formal verification and validation play a crucial role in making cyber-physical systems (CPS) safe. Formal methods make strong guarantees about the system behavior if accurate models of the system can be obtained, including models of the controller and of the physical dynamics. In CPS, models are essential; but any model we could possibly build necessarily deviates from the real world. If the real system fits to the model, its behavior is guaranteed to satisfy the correctness properties verified with respect to the model. Otherwise, all bets are off. This article introduces ModelPlex, a method ensuring that verification results about models apply to CPS implementations. ModelPlex provides correctness guarantees for CPS executions at runtime: it combines offline verification of CPS models with runtime validation of system executions for compliance with the model. ModelPlex ensures in a provably correct way that the verification results obtained for the model apply to the actual system runs by monitoring the behavior of the world for compliance with the model. If, at some point, the observed behavior no longer complies with the model so that offline verification results no longer apply, ModelPlex initiates provably safe fallback actions, assuming the system dynamics deviation is bounded. This article, furthermore, develops a systematic technique to synthesize provably correct monitors automatically from CPS proofs in differential dynamic logic by a correct-by-construction approach, leading to verifiably correct runtime model validation. Overall, ModelPlex generates provably correct monitor conditions that, if checked to hold at runtime, are provably guaranteed to imply that the offline safety verification results about the CPS model apply to the present run of the actual CPS implementation.

Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.

Business Model Innovation for Industrie 4.0: Why the "Industrial Internet" Mandates a New Perspective on Innovation

Industrie 4.0 (I40), i.e. the implementation of cyber-physical systems along the entire value chain and a far reaching digitalization of products and processes, is regarded as a significant agent of change in our current industrial system. While the previous discussion of I40 has been centered on technologies and standards, our focus is on business models (BM) for and enabled by I40. Having the right I40 BM will ultimately decide about companies’ market positions and profitability. This calls for a systematic process for business model innovation (BMI). The previous academic literature has offered mostly conceptual reviews to date. Empirical analyses of management approaches and processes applied for BMI are scarce. Based on an exploratory research design, we present the results of a comparative interview study with large companies and industry associations. We analyze I40 business model characteristics, provide an in-depth perspective of companies’ processes, structures and tools for BMI and derive upcoming practices as well as key competencies for BMI in the course of I40. Our results indicate a diverse picture. While some companies have dedicated BMI structures in place and lead I40 BMI, others could benefit from complementing existing product and service development with a systematic approach to BMI, building the fundamental capability to exploit the opportunities of I40.

Product-Service Architecture (PSA): toward a Service Engineering perspective in Industry 4.0

Abstract: Service Systems are characterized by its intense collaborative relation with the customer. In fact, the customer gives significant input also in the service providing process which anticipates the proper adaptation to a class of services - which normally appears in the design process as a customer feedback . That is a key issue to export the concept of service to other sector as manufacturing. On the other hand, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Industry 4.0 extended the limits of conventional discrete manufacturing by improving discrete distribution of production components for one side and also improving collaboration between them - which also means intensify interaction. However, in spite of being an advanced concept, most implementations of CPSs are also attached to the idea of product or to a dynamic processes that can result in a product. That product-oriented approach is being questioned and new proposals emerged, based a manufacturing output that is a mix of products and services. In this paper we revisited this new concept and propose an architecture that is an open and distributed product/service production arrangement, called PSA (Product/service architecture) relying on a cloud system of systems. This architecture could generate different manufacturing arrangements including several adaptations meant to fit a target product/service, not yet addressed by CPS manufacturing arrangement proposals. The architecture applies not just for IT infrastructure, but include hardware and human agents in order to organize product-services value units arranged to intensify the final interaction and product/service delivering. In what follows we briefly present the Product-Service Architecture (PSA) and its basic structure, highlighting topics such as the theoretical support to derive manufacturing plans, that is, a dynamic production process over a base of manufacturing services. The focus in this short paper is towards a design discipline which points for a combination of AI methods (planning and scheduling) and a service interactive interface based on internet services, provided by a design framework called SoftDISS. The claim is that this new discipline would fit better the challenge of designing dynamic manufacturing process in Industry 4.0. This is an on going research, and both PSA architecture and the design framework used to obtain the preliminary results shown in this paper are still in development.

Cyber-Physical System Implementation into the Distributed Control System

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present the Single inverted pendulum laboratory model with LSM as a cyber-physical system (CPS). The implementation of the model application into the Distributed Control System infrastructure at the DCAI, FEEI, TU is first described. Pre-prepared program modules from the custom Simulink library Inverted Pendula Modeling and Control, developed by the authors of this paper, are used in subsequent modeling and control design. The contribution to the simulation model level of the DCS infrastructure is described in detail - the nonlinear mathematical model obtained from the library is modified to include the velocity loop, and the necessary parameters are obtained via experimental identification. Finally, a control strategy based on a hybrid control structure is designed and swing-up/stabilizing control algorithms are verified on the laboratory model.

Industrial automation based on cyber-physical systems technologies: Prototype implementations and challenges

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an emergent approach that focuses on the integration of computational applications with physical devices, being designed as a network of interacting cyber and physical elements. CPS control and monitor real-world physical infrastructures and thus is starting having a high impact in industrial automation. As such design, implementation and operation of CPS and management of the resulting automation infrastructure is of key importance for the industry. In this work, an overview of key aspects of industrial CPS, their technologies and emerging directions, as well as challenges for their implementation is presented. Based on the hands-on experiences gathered from four European innovation projects over the last decade (i.e. SOCRADES, IMC-AESOP, GRACE and ARUM), a key challenges have been identified and a prioritization and timeline are pointed out with the aim to increase Technology Readiness Levels and lead to their usage in industrial automation environments.

Business Model Innovation for Industrie 4.0: Why the 'Industrial Internet' Mandates a New Perspective

Industrie 4.0 (I40), i.e. the implementation of cyber-physical systems along the entire value chain and a far reaching digitalization of products and processes, is regarded as a significant agent of change in our current industrial system. While the previous discussion of I40 has been centered on technologies and standards, our focus is on business models (BM) for and enabled by I40. Having the right I40 BM will ultimately decide about companies’ market positions and profitability. This calls for a systematic process for business model innovation (BMI). The previous academic literature has offered mostly conceptual reviews to date. Empirical analyses of management approaches and processes applied for BMI are scarce. Based on an exploratory research design, we present the results of a comparative interview study with large companies and industry associations. We analyze I40 business model characteristics, provide an in-depth perspective of companies’ processes, structures and tools for BMI and derive upcoming practices as well as key competencies for BMI in the course of I40. Our results indicate a diverse picture. While some companies have dedicated BMI structures in place and lead I40 BMI, others could benefit from complementing existing product and service development with a systematic approach to BMI, building the fundamental capability to exploit the opportunities of I40.

A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems

Recent advances in manufacturing industry has paved way for a systematical deployment of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), within which information from all related perspectives is closely monitored and synchronized between the physical factory floor and the cyber computational space. Moreover, by utilizing advanced information analytics, networked machines will be able to perform more efficiently, collaboratively and resiliently. Such trend is transforming manufacturing industry to the next generation, namely Industry 4.0. At this early development phase, there is an urgent need for a clear definition of CPS. In this paper, a unified 5-level architecture is proposed as a guideline for implementation of CPS.

Competences for Cyber-physical Systems in Manufacturing – First Findings and Scenarios

This paper presents research findings on competence needs for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in manufacturing. These are from studies of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research's initiative for early identification of skill needs (FreQueNz) as well as the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag (TAB). The findings are partly statements on possible future developments as – at least according to the mentioned studies during their periods of inquiry – the degree of CPS implementation in enterprises has been fairly low. Further development of CPS competence needs depends on which combinations of technologies and work organization will come to prevail in the enterprises in the course of broader implementation. As this seems rather open, two of the studies distinguish at least two ideal scenarios with regard to possible directions of competence developments.Within the first scenario more and more decisions would be taken by IT which would control the production employees. These are expected to intervene into the process in case of malfunctions only but cannot develop the respective competences during the trouble-free process. Within the second scenario the technology would serve as decision-supporting system to employees still expected to optimize and able to intervene into the process.Starting from a maturity model of innovations, the presentation of research findings in this paper is linked to a thesis on the added value of stronger links between technology forecasting and early identification of skill needs. By such links early identification of skill needs could be focused at an early stage on topics which are considered by technology forecasting to have major potential. This could help reducing skill gaps at the diffusion stage of technological innovations.

Cyber Physical Systems Using Sensor Technologies

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have grown exponentially and have been attracting a lot of attention over the last few years because of cyber and the physical (natural and humanmade) components that are being tightly integrated into many systems. Smart or intelligent sensor networks should be provided with the 3C (computation, communication, and control) abilities. Emerging applications include transportation, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, entertainment, consumer electronics, environment monitoring, and many parts of our social infrastructure. There are eight papers selected for publication in this special issue. Most of the selected papers present the design and implementation of cyberphysical systems applied to several areas, including safety surveillances, rehabilitation, smart living space, and so on. G. Manes et al. propose a continuous remote monitoring platform which consists of sensor nodes and a gateway. The sensor nodes deployed at the hazardous sites will forward data to the platform through the gateway to improve the transmission reliability. The proposed platform uses volatile organic compound (VOC) detectors which are able to perform real-time analysis in potentially hazardous sites at unprecedented time/space scale. Overall, the platform provides an easily deployable stand-alone infrastructure with a high degree of scalability and reconfigurability with minimal intrusiveness or obtrusiveness. C.-M. Own proposes the pet care system by establishing a location-aware infrastructure such that pet owners can timely monitor the pet’s situation. The system applies the concepts of CPS and provides pet owners with the ability to remotely obtain their pet information and control the smart home of the pet. To monitor the behavior of the pet, a sensor tag is fixed on the collar of the pet and a location-aware algorithm was proposed to improve the location accuracy of the pet. Based on the pet’s behavior, an intelligent pet door and a smart pet feeder are implemented using smart-home technology. Consequently, the proposed system can meet the needs of many pet owners.

A logic-based modeling and verification of CPS

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) consist of perpetually and concurrently executing physical and computational components. The presence of physical components require the computational components to deal with continuous quantities. A formalism that can model discrete and continuous quantities together with concurrent, perpetual execution is lacking. In this paper we report on the development of a formalism based on logic programming extended with co-induction, constraints over reals , and coroutining that allows CPS to be elegantly modeled. This logic programming realization can be used for verifying interesting properties as well as generating implementations of CPS. We illustrate this formalism by applying it to elegant modeling of the reactor temperature control system . Interesting properties of the system can be verified merely by posing appropriate queries to this model. Precise parametric analysis can also be performed.