Implementation Of Agricultural Policy Research Articles

Analysis of The Implementation of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection Policy in Bandung District: A Case Study of Rice Field Conversion in Cikancung District

The policy of sustainable protection of agricultural land becomes crucial in addressing land degradation and land use conversion, especially from agriculture to non-agriculture, alongside the increasing demand for land due to population growth and economic development, which can lead to negative impacts such as a decrease in food security, marginalization of agricultural land, and an increase in flood risks. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the Sustainable Protection of Food Agricultural Land Policy, understand the rate of paddy field conversion, and identify trends in land conversion after the policy's enforcement. This study employs a qualitative approach, with data obtained through interviews, observations, and documentary studies. The research is conducted in Bandung Regency, with samples taken from Cikancung Sub-district, Bandung Regency, West Java Province. Informants involved in this research are selected through judgment sampling and are individuals related to the sustainable protection of agricultural land policy and relevant stakeholders. Data analysis is conducted using qualitative and spatial analysis. The research findings indicate that the implementation of sustainable agricultural land protection policy in Bandung Regency is still in the socialization and planning stages. Based on spatial analysis, the implementation of the policy in Cikancung Sub-district has led to the conversion of paddy fields, particularly in non-technical irrigation paddy fields, predominantly converted into industrial land. This conversion covers a total area of 20.3 hectares, with the most significant change occurring in non-technical irrigation paddy fields converted into industries, covering an area of 13.7 hectares. Based on internal, external, and policy analysis, it can be concluded that the policy implementation in Cikancung Sub-district has not been optimal in addressing the conversion of paddy fields.

Successive national agricultural policies/programmes, growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and expansion of agribusinesses in Nigeria.

In Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture's contribution to employment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to be higher than other sectors. Policies designed and implemented for the agricultural sector could be an influencing factor to the variations in the contributions of agriculture to the annual national GDP. These policies are believed to have shaped and (some) still shaping the landscape of agriculture and national economy. The study analysed agriculture's GDP contribution during the implementation of various national agricultural policies, and the potential of the policies to foster agrobusiness development in Nigeria between 2000 and 2021. The study adopted mixed-method approach. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered on 29 purposively sampled state Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) directors across Nigeria. The questionnaire was face-validated by three experts. Reliability test was carryout using Cronbach Alpha approach, which yielded an index of 0.89. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on the respondents through direct contact. Secondary data were collected from the Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Bureau of Statistics, and World Bank. Data was analysed with mean, standard deviation, percentages and ANOVA. Findings of the study revealed that the performance of implemented agricultural policies had influence on agricultural sector's percentage contribution to national GDP, and changes in agriculture's GDP contribution had significant impact on national GDP growth. The duration of active life of the policies did not influence their performance, like the Root and Tuber Expansion Programme which lasted longer yet performed less than the National Special Programme on Food Security in terms of improvement in agriculture's GDP contributions. All the policies implemented had several limitations in their ability to foster agribusinesses in Nigeria. The study recommends that future policies should focus on providing sustainable frameworks for developing the business in agriculture through value chain optimisation and the use of the teeming, young, and affordable labour force like China and India did to become global food producers.

Analysis of Importance of and Satisfaction with the Values and Major Achievements of Urban Agriculture

Background and objective: Urban areas face various challenges due to overcrowding and unsustainable development. As a potential solution, urban agriculture is gaining popularity. This study aims to provide basic data for improving the awareness and promoting urban agriculture. This is achieved by conducting an importance-performance analysis (IPA) on the values and major achievements of urban agriculture. The analysis was conducted on experts involved in the formulation and implementation of urban agricultural policies and systems.Methods: For the final objective, 104 responses were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM Corp., USA). Reliability and frequency were analyzed to ensure consistency of the survey tool and understand the demographic characteristics of respondents. Descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, and IPA matrix analysis were conducted to empirically analyze the importance-satisfaction on values and major achievements of urban agriculture.Results: Both the importance of and satisfaction with the values of urban agriculture were highest in health functions, followed by social-cultural functions, environmental-ecological functions, and economic functions. In particular, it was found that awareness of health functions was high while that of economic functions was low, indicating that gradual efforts were needed to strengthen them. Next, for major achievements in urban agriculture, it was recommended to maintain and strengthen education and publicity, gradually improve networks, and manage specialized models with minimal concentration rather than excessive focus.Conclusion: The findings of this study, which explore expert perceptions toward values and major achievements of urban agriculture, serve as a foundation for strategic planning to expand and advance urban agriculture. They offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to promote sustainable urban development through effective urban agricultural policies and systems.

Priority areas for the development of field fodder production in view of the climate crisis

This article covers the topical issue of the general impact of climate change on Ukrainian agriculture and on the field fodder production industry specifically, as well as the problems of adapting agriculture to modern environmental conditions. The authors set out to substantiate promising ways of developing modern field fodder production considering climate change. For this, the study employed the abstract-logical method, system analysis, methods of systematisation and classification, and a range of economic and statistical research methods (comparison, series of dynamics, method of structural groupings). Both negative and positive manifestations of the climate crisis in crop production were highlighted, and possible measures to counteract risks and ways to use potential opportunities to develop field fodder production given the impact of climate change were systematised. Particular attention was paid to the global practices of agriculture in the face of climate change, namely, the components of a climate-smart crop production system. The study also described the main promising measures of adaptation of field fodder production to climate change: irrigation of agricultural land, arrangement of snow retention systems in the fields, rainwater harvesting, selection and introduction of new varieties of fodder crops, effective crop rotation, increase in sowing of drought-resistant fodder crops, optimisation of agricultural technologies to reduce losses of fodder crops at the stages of harvesting and storage, application of organic farming, the latest soil fertilisation technologies and the use of nanotechnology in soil cultivation. The findings of this study can be used by managers of specific agricultural enterprises, as well as by advisory services and government agencies in the field of agricultural policy implementation.

Development of rural areas in the context of implementation of agricultural policy

The socio-economic development of rural areas of Kazakhstan is largely determined by the magnitude and degree of use of potential, effectiveness of which largely depends on optimal combination of its constituent elements involved in economic turnover. The main directions of modern social policy are to improve the quality of life and modernize the national economy to ensure the required level of income for the rural population. The goal is to develop methodological provisions for a holistic assessment of the state and prospects for increasing the internal reserves of rural areas. Methods – comparative and system analysis, statistical-economic, logical generalization. Results – it is noted that target indicators are key indicators: level of agro-industrial production per capita, employment, average monthly wages of rural residents, the size of capital investments, consumer prices, environmental well-being. The authors focus on the importance of improving engineering and logistics infrastructure, expanding the capabilities of border rural settlements, uniting small farms and organizing agricultural cooperatives, allowing farmers to reduce costs for fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, feed, increase the volume of production through the sharing of land, agricultural machinery, stable sales of goods. Conclusions - the Concept for the Development of Rural Territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023-2027 provides for a number of measures to involve villagers in local self-government, provide state support, spread agritourism, stimulate exports, ensure environmental safety and, in general, aimed at the systemic restructuring of the Kazakh village, where a significant number of rural population with high opportunities for sustainable growth. Such organizational and managerial approaches help solve the demographic situation and investment attractiveness of rural areas.

Implementation of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection Policy in South Tondano District, Minahasa Regency

This study aims to describe the implementation of sustainable food agriculture land protection policies in the South Tondano district, Minahasa Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that: 1) Socialization that was not optimal caused the community to not know the Policy for the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land. 2) Economic needs and population growth increase the need for residential land which causes people to build buildings in the LP2B referral area. 3) The Village Government does not act decisively and supports the expansion of settlements in Tataaran Village. 4) Violation of land conversion for sustainable food agriculture is the community's non-compliance with regulations as a result of lack of knowledge of policies. So the researchers suggest: 1) It is better for the government to carry out a thorough socialization to the community, not limited to the Village apparatus. 2) It is better for the government to provide solutions for people who do not have alternative options to build houses and places of business, as well as develop a more modern agricultural system so that young people are interested in working in agriculture. 3) It is better for the government as the implementer to have integrity in implementing a policy. 4) It is better for the government to provide regulations with heavier sanctions, for example in the form of fines for violating this regulation.

Public Policies Shaping Mexican Small Farmer Practices and Environmental Conservation: The Impacts of 28 Years of PROCAMPO (1994–2022) in the Yucatán Peninsula

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, generally viewed as policies to modernize and increase agricultural production and commercialization, also have social and environmental impacts. Among the first Mexican CCT programs, PROCAMPO is directed toward traditional agriculture and pays farmers for permanent cultivation, ignoring traditional fallow systems. It was implemented nationally in 1994 to counteract the effects of trade liberalization. Its objectives encompassed modernizing and improving agricultural competitiveness and environmental conservation. Here, we analyze PROCAMPO from the perspective of environmental conservation to understand its effects on agricultural practices and forest cover, specifically in the Yucatán Peninsula, where agriculture sustainability was previously achieved via an alternating cycle of multi-crop system (milpa) and forest. We performed an in-depth program analysis, reviewing 51 documents, including scientific literature, technical evaluations, and official records. Research consistently showed direct effects of PROCAMPO on agricultural practices resulting in extensive land use change, including a reduction in crop diversity and the elimination of traditional milpas and fallow. PROCAMPO has impacted conservation by causing high rates of deforestation. Our findings show the need to reorient the design and implementation of agricultural policy to increase agroecosystem resilience and ecological service provision to face climate change.

Coordination Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Northeast China from the Perspective of Spatiotemporal Relationships

The coordination of sustainable agricultural development is essential for optimizing agricultural policies and ensuring food security. However, only a few studies have examined the temporal and spatial aspects of the coordination of sustainable agricultural development systems in Northeast China. This study proposed a theoretical framework based on the dissipative structure theory, which suggests that the coordination among the four subsystems of economy, society, resources, and technology plays a crucial role in determining the level of sustainable agricultural development in Northeast China (SADINC). Then, the present study took socioeconomic statistical data as data sources and integrated administrative division data using the ArcGIS platform, forming spatial data for municipal-level units of SADINC from 2000 to 2020. The entropy weight method was applied to analyze the change in sustainable agricultural development, while the coordination degree model was used to analyze the coordination among different subsystems. The main results showed a general increase in the index of SADINC. The central part of the study area generally exhibits higher urban economic and resource indices, while the southern region exhibits higher urban social and technological indices. The average coordination degree of SADINC decreased from 1.736 to 1.639, representing a decline of 0.097. Moreover, the spatial polarization in most cities’ coordination degrees and subsystem indicators is not pronounced. However, there are characteristics of high-high agglomeration and low-low agglomeration. The high-high aggregation of the coordination degree shows a dispersal pattern from the large-scale agglomeration in the south-east to the central part. The distribution of low-low agglomeration transforms from large-scale agglomeration in the west to small-scale agglomeration in the northeast. The implementation of agricultural policies has dramatically impacted the increase in the index of each subsystem in Northeast China from 2000 to 2022. However, it is crucial to ensure coordination among the subsystems. Therefore, future policies should focus on strengthening the coordination among the economic, social, resource, and technology subsystems to achieve sustainable agricultural development.

TINGKAT IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERLINDUNGAN LAHAN PERTANIAN PANGAN BERKELANJUTAN DI KECAMATAN PELAIHARI KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT

Food availability is inseparable from the availability of agricultural land as a strategic function, where cultivation businesses still require agricultural land. The level of implementation of sustainable agricultural land protection policies in Tanah Laut District in Pelaihari District using derivative policy formulations or derivatives of a policy, namely the Regional Regulation of the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Tanah Laut Regency Number 3 of 2016 to the academic study process, with the results of the Draft Regional Regulation (Raperda) for the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land which was discussed with the legislature in 2023.  Data were obtained from the ground check of academic studies on LP2B land area of 21,399.75 ha, LCP2B covering an area of 4,369.52 ha, land use change covering an area of 3,093.43 ha spread across 11 districts and for Pelaihari District LP2B covering an area of 3,530.75 ha. LCP2B 200.56 ha and land conversion of 90.27 ha, as a completeness of the data proposed in the LP2B Raperda.

Feature Importance Ranking of Random Forest-Based End-to-End Learning Algorithm

Efficient land management and farming practices are critical to maintaining agricultural production, especially in Europe with limited arable land. It is very time consuming to rely on a manual field inspection of cultivated land to archive farm crops. But with the help of satellite monitoring data on the earth’s surface, it is a new vision to classify farmland based on deep learning. This article has studied the Sentinel 2 (S2) data, which are top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance values at the processing level-1C (L1C) observed from some areas of Germany and France. Aiming at the problem that the interference of atmosphere and cloud coverage weakens the recognition accuracy of subsequent algorithms, a method of combining feature expansion and feature importance analysis is proposed to optimize the raw S2 data. Specifically, the new 13 spectral features are expanded based on the linear and nonlinear combination of the raw 13 spectral bands of S2. The random forest (RF) algorithm is used to score the importance of features, and the important features of each time series are selected to form a new dataset. Then, an end-to-end deep learning model has been used for training. The structure of the model is a two-layer unidirectional recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (LSTM) as the backbone. And two linear layers as the output, which form two decision-making heads, respectively, representing output classification probability and the stop decision. The results show that adding features and selecting features is beneficial for the model to improve classification accuracy and predict the classification without all of the input data. This end-to-end classification pattern with early prediction would support intelligent monitoring of farm crops with a great advantage to the implementation of various agricultural policies.

Peculiarities of formation and implementation of state agricultural policy in modern Ukraine

The article studies the peculiarities of formation and implementation of the state agrarian policy in modern Ukraine. The essence and concept of the state agrarian policy as a strategic course of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex are analyzed. The principles, directions and tools for implementing such a policy are considered. Particular attention is paid to the historical stages of development of agricultural policy in Ukraine - from the Soviet period to the present. The author analyzes the impact of market transformations and European integration processes on the evolution of state agricultural policy. The peculiarities of the formation of the modern model of state agricultural policy under the influence of global and national challenges - climate change, technological and social challenges, economic and geopolitical instability, Russian aggression against Ukraine - are investigated. The author formulates priority areas for improving state support for the agrarian sector of the economy under martial law, such as food security, infrastructure reconstruction, compensation for losses of producers, etc. The article also emphasizes that agrarian policy is an important type of state policy, as it concerns the strategic sector of the country's economy - the agro-industrial complex. The level of food security of the state directly depends on the efficiency of the formation and implementation of the state agricultural policy. The author emphasizes that the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the State agricultural policy are influenced by both internal factors (historical context, sectoral specifics) and global challenges (climate change, technological development, international competition). This requires a comprehensive approach and consideration of national interests. The author analyzes the priority directions and instruments for the formation and implementation of the State agricultural policy in the context of modern challenges, in particular, Russian military aggression. It is emphasized that under such conditions the State agricultural policy should be flexible and adaptive, capable of rapid transformation, taking into account the needs of the industry. Thus, the article comprehensively analyzes the relationship between current global and national challenges and the specifics of the formation of the State agricultural policy, and identifies the priority areas for improving its strategies and instruments in the context of crises and conflicts.

ANALYSIS AND IMPACT OF APIA ACTIVITY ON DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN ROMANIA

Agriculture is a very important sector for Romania, providing food and products of vegetable and animal origin, jobs for people in villages and business opportunities for enterprises and investors. Romania's agricultural area is in permanent change, influenced by European money that was attracted through support measures and community policies, and environmental protection and the need to ensure a sustainable development of agriculture in Romania made the activity of the Agency for Payments and Intervention for Agriculture (APIA) stands out as an important factor in aligning modern agriculture with the environment. Through this study, we aim to analyze the way in which APIA promotes sustainable agricultural practices and provides support to farmers to protect the environment and whether the agency's activity has brought benefits to the economic development of Romania and Neamț County. We thus demonstrate the important role that the agency has for the economy, for supporting farmers and agricultural producers in Romania, but also for the country's agricultural policy, the institution participating in the development and implementation of national agricultural policies and strategies, as well as in the process of negotiating subsidies and projects within the European Union (EU) agricultural financing system.

Network Governance in the Implementation of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection Policy in Makassar City

This study discusses network governance in the implementation of a sustainable food agricultural land protection policy in Makassar City. The method used was based on a literature review (library research). Data were derived from various literature sources, such as books, journals, online platforms, and other relevant literature related to the research topic. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, drawing of conclusions, and verification. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of a sustainable food agricultural land protection policy in Makassar City has not yet been carried out. The remaining agricultural land in Makassar City is 2,035 ha. As a recommendation, in implementing the policy of sustainable food agricultural land protection based on network governance in Makassar City, it is necessary to establish trust among the actors involved, clarify the roles of all actors involved, reach a consensus on goals among existing actors, and ensure a task-oriented nature in network governance.
 Keywords: network governance, policy implementation, agricultural land protection

Agricultural Policy: Systematic Literature Review

In general, agriculture is a neutral sector in a country. In this case, many countries rely on the agricultural sector, where agriculture is the primary production in economic development, often referred to as agrarian countries. The main objective of agricultural policy is to maintain agricultural production by achieving economic benefits compatible with poverty reduction as a final reaction to meet the population's social needs with the least possible impact. Seeing the problems and opportunities in the agricultural sector that also have socio-political impacts, this research is vital to understanding the implications and implementation of agricultural policies. This research uses a bibliometric analysis method to see the research development with the keyword "agriculture policy" on Google Scholar search with a vulnerable time in 2020-2023, which produces data for as many as 155 articles. The results show that the publication trend regarding "agriculture policy" has critical players who are relevantly attracting scientists to study by looking at the trend of keywords that most often come out, making discussions about agricultural policy a form of literature that can be a reference or consideration in policy making. Thus, food policy research must also continue to be carried out to obtain new knowledge as a reference in advancing agriculture in the scope of science.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN INOVASI PERTANIAN SPESIFIK LOKASI DI BALAI BESAR PENGKAJIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN (BBP2TP) BALITBANGTAN

Achieving food security and nutrition is one of the national development priorities that the government is tasked with realizing. In the 2020-2024 RPJMN there are seven National Priorities (PN). The research design is a depiction of the research paradigm, the author chose a qualitative research approach to reveal and discuss the Implementation of the Performance Policy of the Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Development (BBP2TP) towards the Development of Location-Specific Agricultural Innovations. In its implementation, there are many things that influence it. One of the crucial things for the development of location-specific technology is how to harmonize technology development between the Research Center and the Agricultural Technology Assessment Center (BPTP). In the implementation of location-specific technology development policies coordinated by BBP2TP, many interests affect (Interest Affected) the Implementation of Location-Specific Agricultural Innovation Development Policies.

Indicators for agroecological transition: Food security, nutrition, well-being, promotion of a sustainable food model

Agroecology is a viable alternative confronting the impressive model of industrial agriculture. To project the concept of Agroecology beyond theoretical definitions to practical and quantifiable principles, it is necessary to have analysis, communication and evaluation tools that support and allow the evaluation of positions. Indicators are quantifiable tools that make the obtention of numerical variables possible to compare the different models. This study aims to establish a proposal of quantifiable indicators to evaluate the direct impact of aspects related to food and nutritional quality, responding to the demand for an integrated evaluation of agroecological systems, thus improving the tools for calculating current indicators. The proposed parameters cover aspects that have a greater or lesser impact on the daily diet, such as the variability of the foods that make up the dish, their contribution to food safety, the nutritional composition and bioactive components, organoleptic aspects, degree of processing and transformation of the food consumed, environmental aspects that influence the production model and their influence on human well-being. As well as parameters of the social sphere, such as the impact on the economy of scale, on attributes of proximity, temporality, as well as indicators related to social justice. The proposal can help to obtain assessment before or after the implementation of agricultural policies towards the agroecological transition, allowing self-assessment, and provide verifiable data after a change in agricultural policies when redesigning or introducing agroecological strategies.

Implementing Agricultural Policies: Driving Sustainable Growth in the Farming Sector in Indonesia

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the economic development of Indonesia, providing employment opportunities and contributing to the country's food security. However, the sector faces numerous challenges that hinder its growth and sustainability. This research aims to explore the implementation of agricultural policies as a means to drive sustainable growth in the farming sector in Indonesia. The study's objective is to assess the effectiveness of agricultural policies in promoting sustainable practices, improving productivity, and enhancing the overall performance of the farming sector. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to understand the existing agricultural policies and their impact on the sector. Primary data is collected through surveys and interviews with farmers, policymakers, and agricultural experts. The survey responses are analyzed using statistical techniques to identify trends, patterns, and correlations. The interviews provide insights into the perceptions and experiences of various stakeholders involved in the agricultural sector. The findings of this research shed light on the current state of agricultural policies in Indonesia and their impact on the farming sector. The analysis reveals the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies, highlighting areas that require improvement. Furthermore, the study identifies successful policy interventions and best practices that have contributed to sustainable growth in the farming sector. The study recommends policy measures to address the identified weaknesses and leverage successful interventions. By implementing effective agricultural policies, Indonesia can achieve sustainable growth in the farming sector, ensuring long-term economic prosperity and food security for its population.

Extending shared socio-economic pathways for pesticide use in Europe: Pest-Agri-SSPs

While pesticides are essential to agriculture and food systems to sustain current production levels, they also lead to significant environmental impacts. The use of pesticides is constantly increasing globally, driven mainly by a further intensification of agriculture, despite stricter regulations and higher pesticide effectiveness. To further the understanding of future pesticide use and make informed farm-to-policy decisions, we developed Pesticide Agricultural Shared Socio-economic Pathways (Pest-AgriSSPs) in six steps. The Pest-Agri-SSPs are developed based on an extensive literature review and expert feedback approach considering significant climate and socio-economic drivers from farm to continental scale in combination with multiple actors impacting them. In literature, pesticide use is associated with farmer behaviour and practices, pest damage, technique and efficiency of pesticide application, agricultural policy and agriculture demand and production. Here, we developed PestAgri-SSPs upon this understanding of pesticide use drivers and relating them to possible agriculture development as described by the Shared Socio-economic Pathways for European agriculture and food systems (Eur-Agri-SSPs).The Pest-AgriSSPs are developed to explore European pesticide use in five scenarios representing low to high challenges to mitigation and adaptation up to 2050. The most sustainable scenario (Pest-Agri-SSP1) shows a decrease in pesticide use owing to sustainable agricultural practices, technological advances and better implementation of agricultural policies. On the contrary, the Pest-Agri-SSP3 and Pest-Agri-SSP4 show a higher increase in pesticide use resulting from higher challenges from pest pressure, resource depletion and relaxed agricultural policies. Pest-Agri-SSP2 presents a stabilised pesticide use resulting from stricter policies and slow transitions by farmers to sustainable agricultural practices. At the same time, pest pressure, climate change and food demand pose serious challenges. Pest-Agri-SSP5 shows a decrease in pesticide use for most drivers, influenced mainly by rapid technological development and sustainable agricultural practices. However, Pest-Agri-SSP5 also presents a relatively low rise in pesticide use driven by agricultural demand, production, and climate change. Our results highlight the need for a holistic approach to tackle pesticide use, considering the identified drivers and future developments. The storylines and qualitative assessment provide a platform to make quantitative assumptions for numerical modelling and evaluating policy targets.

Exploring relations between land use changes and agricultural policy implementation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A case of An Giang province

The economy of Vietnam relies mainly on agriculture and the Mekong Delta contributes a crucial part. The region is facing to decline in water resources together with the demand for economic development. Land use changes and policies in agriculture have been implemented in response to natural risks. The study applied a mixed-approach, using both quantitative and qualitative data to explore relations between the status of land use (LU) changes and the implementation of agricultural policies. Multi-temporal Landsat image data including Landsat-5, 7, 8 collected from Google Earth Engine (GEE) database. LU change classification using the Random Forest (RF) method to examine changes in LU in An Giang province from 2000 to 2021. The qualitative data were gathered from individual and group discussions with local authorities, officers and farmers. The results expressed that LU in An Giang province has been changed toward reducing rice areas. Linkages existed between the agricultural policies and the types of LU related to policies of agricultural restructuring. Inappropriate areas for rice have been replaced by upland crops and fruit trees throughout the province. Ecological conditions and specificities of the region contribute to the difference from LU in the province. For agricultural development, value chain and cooperation are necessary to build adaptive and efficient agriculture.

Food and Water Security in the Context of Sustainable Development

A review of food and water security in the context of sustainable development is the purpose of this study. Food and water security are complicated sustainable development challenges that are linked to both health and sustainable economic development through malnutrition. These are contained in the sustainable development SDGs such as 2 and 6 (Zero Hunger) (Sanitation and clean water). This paper is a review of food and water security that has to do with the conceptual issues, stylized facts on food and water security, food and water security nexus, factors militating against food security around the world, related empirical studies and way forward, Having pointed out some of the factors militating against food and water security such global warming/ climate change, disease outbreak and insecurity etc. strong conclusion and recommendation were made such as fight against insecurity and diseases outbreak, good sanitation and hygiene should also be promoted and sustained, good agricultural policy formation and implementation amongst other things will play out to promote food and water security, hence, to achieve sustainable economic development.