Consistent Implementation Research Articles

Pushing boundaries in the measurement of language attitudes: Enhancing research practices with the L’ART Research Assistant app

The importance of methodological developments has recently been emphasised both in language attitude research specifically (Kircher & Zipp 2022), and across linguistics and the social sciences more broadly, where there has been a particular focus on replicability (Sönnig & Werner 2021; Kobrock & Roettger 2023). One aspect of this concerns the adoption of more open, consistent, and comparable implementations of method. We introduce a new digital application (the L’ART Research Assistant) for research in multilingualism and language attitudes. Designed specifically for work with populations speaking a majority and a regional/minority/minoritised/heritage language, the app implements reference versions of some common research methods and tasks. This benefits the research community by enhancing consistency and comparability within and across studies and by improving replicability and reproducibility. We discuss technical and methodological considerations behind the app and illustrate its use with a brief case study of language attitudes across three European communities whose regional/minority languages receive radically different degrees of socio-political recognition: Lombard (Italy), Moselle-Franconian (Belgium), and Welsh (UK). The case study demonstrates not only how the app facilitates research across different communities that is easily comparable, results also reveal fundamental differences in attitude scores depending on the methods employed (AToL v. MGT). Consequently, we argue that there is a need to move toward both the adoption of more consistent, comparable methods as well as toward a more holistic approach to measuring language attitudes, where a battery of tests — as opposed to a single measure — should become the norm.

Pertimbangan Hukum dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Proses Pencalonan Peserta Pemilihan Umum di Pengadilan

Elections are a pillar of democracy that not only guarantees the political rights of citizens, but also demands consistent and fair implementation of the law. The purpose of this article is to find out about the regulations governing the Election Participant Nomination Process including its resolution in the event of a dispute and its implementation in the PTUN Decision Number 583/G/SPPU/2023/PTUN.JKT. The research method used in this preparation uses the normative legal method, which is carried out by examining literature or secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study are that Law No. 7 of 2017 has regulated the general election process and MA Regulation No. 5 of 2017 concerning the settlement of election process disputes. In its application in 583/G/SPPU/2023/PTUN.JKT, the plaintiff Aditya has fulfilled the requirements as stipulated in Law No. 7 of 2017, but in the dispute resolution process that occurred was not in accordance with MA Regulation No. 5 of 2017. The conclusion is that the plaintiff's lawsuit was rejected because it contradicted the provisions as stipulated in MA Regulation No. 5 of 2017.

INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE WESTIN JAKARTA HOTEL

Occupational health and safety is an important factor that influences employee performance, especially in the hotel sector which has high risks related to interaction with guests and use of equipment. This research aims to examine the influence of K3 on employee performance at The Westin Hotel Jakarta. The method used is quantitative research with a simple regression approach. The research sample consisted of 40 employees selected by accidental sampling, with data collected using a questionnaire which was measured using a Likert scale. The results of partial hypothesis testing show that occupational health and safety have a significant effect on employee performance. This shows that good implementation of occupational health and safety can increase employee motivation, efficiency and work quality. Based on the research results, it is recommended that employees continue to participate in occupational health and safety training and actively provide input regarding its implementation. Hotel management is also advised to strengthen occupational health and safety policies through regular training, provision of personal protective equipment, and regular evaluations to ensure consistent implementation. With these steps, it is hoped that employee performance can improve so as to create a more productive and safe work environment.

Penerapan Restorative Justice di Negara Amerika Serikat

Restorative justice has been part of the criminal justice system in the United States for more than three decades. Beginning in the 1970s, this approach emerged as an alternative to the retributive nature of the justice system, which tends to focus on punishment as a response to violations of social norms. In contrast, restorative justice places crime victims at the forefront by encouraging dialogue, reconciliation, and the restoration of relationships between offenders, victims, and communities. This approach aims to create a more holistic resolution and reduce the likelihood of reoffending. This study reviews how Victim Offender Mediation (VOM) serves as one of the main paradigms in the implementation of restorative justice in the United States. VOM allows victims and offenders to engage directly in conflict resolution, resulting in mutually agreeable solutions. In addition, this study compares restorative justice policies in the United States with similar measures in Canada, including the passage of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002) which reflects the principles of restorative justice. The results show that restorative justice has the potential to be a more humane and effective approach in the criminal justice system. However, consistent implementation and a supportive legal framework are needed to ensure its sustainability. This study provides important insights for the development of more inclusive and restorative-oriented criminal justice policies in the United States and other countries.

Higher Carbon Tax Rates More Effective in Reducing Emissions in G20 Countries?

This study investigates the impact of carbon tax policies on carbon emission reductions in G20 countries to support the achievement of the Net Zero Emissions target by 2060. As the G20 collectively accounts for a significant share of global greenhouse gas emissions, effective policy interventions in these nations are pivotal to addressing the climate crisis. The research employs the Pearson correlation test to quantify the statistical relationship between carbon tax rates and emission levels, alongside a content analysis of sustainability reports from G20 countries to evaluate policy implementation and outcomes. The results reveal a moderate yet statistically significant negative correlation (r = −0.30, p < 0.05), indicating that higher carbon taxes are associated with lower emission levels. Content analysis further demonstrates that countries with high and consistently enforced carbon taxes, such as Japan and South Korea, achieve more substantial emissions reductions compared to nations with lower tax rates or inconsistent policy implementation. The findings emphasize that while carbon taxes serve as an effective instrument to internalize the social costs of carbon pollution, their impact is maximized when integrated with broader strategies, including investments in renewable energy, advancements in energy efficiency, and technological innovation. This research contributes to the understanding of carbon tax effectiveness and offers policy recommendations to strengthen fiscal measures as part of comprehensive climate action strategies toward achieving global sustainability targets.

Application for Bankruptcy Declaration or Suspension of Debt Payment Obligation for Developers Viewed from the Principles of Balance and Justice

The aim of this research is to examine the implications of bankruptcy petition or postponement of debt payment obligations on developers in Indonesia, considering legal principles, particularly the principles of balance and justice within the framework of the Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Obligation Postponement Act (UU Kepailitan & PKPU). The background of this study encompasses the importance of legal certainty for consumers and developers in the context of fair and efficient financial settlements. The research methodology employs a legal document analysis approach, involving literature review and case interpretation to evaluate the application of the Bankruptcy and PKPU Act on developers, and to analyze the impact of Supreme Court Regulation No. 03/2023 on court interpretations in relevant cases. The findings indicate that the Bankruptcy and PKPU Act provides a crucial legal framework to protect the interests of consumers and developers, but its application must carefully consider legal principles, particularly in proving facts or circumstances influencing decisions on bankruptcy or PKPU petitions. The implications of these findings underscore the need for courts to maintain a balance between creditors' rights and protection for debtors experiencing financial difficulties. Proposed recommendations include the necessity for clarity in legal interpretations, consistent implementation of the Bankruptcy and PKPU Act, and an approach favoring justice in every bankruptcy or PKPU petition decision.

State management of the import substitution process in the Russian economy

At the present moment the Russian economy is being seriously influenced by foreign trade restrictions, international economic sanctions and measures of political pressure. Under these conditions the Government of Russia is using a wide range of measures to implement the import substitution policy aimed at compensating for the negative external impact. The article studies the economic essence of import substitution. The periodization of the import substitution policy in the Russian Federation has been done. Currently, the Russian economy is maintaining good dynamics in the reducing the import of foreign-made goods. For example, in 2019 the import share was 26% of the GDP, and in 2023 this indicator dropped to 19% or 32 trillion rubles. Consistent implementation of import substitution mechanisms into the structure of the national economy will ensure gradual reduction of the level of dependence of the domestic market on the foreign-made products. At present, companies operate in complicated economic conditions which are accompanied by special conditions for the performing foreign economic activity. With the consideration of these circumstances the authors have developed a model scheme of cooperation of the company management system and the import substitution policy. The proposed model allows detecting the interconnection between the government import substitution policy and the result of operation of the management system of modern companies. Company management systems vary depending on the area of their activity but when applying the existing tools of implementing the import substitution policy a company can achieve economic results of operation on the domestic market as well as in the foreign trade. Special significance in implementing the import substitution policy belongs to the management systems that deal with applying state support measures and tools. Effective functioning of company management systems with regard to the state’s import substitution policy helps to strengthen the country’s position in the world market and guarantees sustainable growth of the indicators of foreign economic activity.

Learning about meaningful physical education in physical education teacher education: two case studies of sustained implementation

ABSTRACT How innovations are interpreted and implemented in teacher education programmes matters to how they are applied in school contexts. Implementation research can illuminate how innovations promote educational effectiveness [Century, J., & Cassata, A. (2016). Implementation research: Finding common ground on what, how, why, where, and who. Review of Research in Education, 40(1), 169–215]. Eight teacher educators explored how the Meaningful Physical Education (PE) pedagogical innovation was taken up and implemented across time in two physical education teacher education programmes. Data sources included two structured focus group interviews and sample course documentation and materials. Within-case analysis illustrates how attributes of the Meaningful PE innovation, organisational and contextual factors, and supports influenced implementation. The cross-case analysis explores how and why Meaningful PE was sustained. Notably, when Meaningful PE ideas were embedded within and across programme structures based on a shared vision, implementation was sustained. Moreover, Meaningful PE was vulnerable to organisational (e.g. personnel) and environmental changes that risked its inconsistent implementation. Grounding innovation elements in programme structures may help sustain a consistent implementation across time.

Examination of the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Directive From the Maritime Point of View

This article evaluates the implementation challenges of the Critical Entities Resilience (CER) Directive in comparison with the Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive and the Floods Directive (FD) within the European Union (EU). CER, which aims to enhance the resilience of critical entities, including critical maritime infrastructure, allows for considerable interpretative flexibility by Member States in defining critical entities and security measures. This flexibility could lead to heterogeneous impacts, introducing inconsistencies that hinder the functioning of the single market, and thereby resilience uniformity across the EU. In contrast, the FD's structured approach with clear objectives and detailed reporting requirements has led to a more consistent and effective implementation. This paper argues that the lack of specificity in the CER Directive may undermine its effectiveness. It suggests that adopting a more structured approach similar to the FD could improve the implementation consistency and resilience of critical entities across the EU.

Analyzing Food Security Scales: Evidence and Methods in the FAO Context

Food security remains a critical global challenge, necessitating robust and precise measurement tools to effectively address and mitigate issues of hunger and malnutrition. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has introduce a range of metrics and methodologies to assess food security across different regions and populations. This comprehensive review aims to analyze the current evidence and methodologies used in the FAO context to measure food security, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. This review synthesizes data from numerous peer-reviewed studies, reports, and FAO publications, focusing on the period from 2000 to 2023. These tools are examined in terms of their conceptual frameworks, measurement techniques, data collection methods, and practical applications in diverse settings. The FIES, introduce by FAO in collaboration with the Voices of the Hungry project, offers a direct estimate of food insecurity based on individuals' experiences. This scale has been widely adopted due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide comparable data across different contexts. he study's findings might be limited by the fact that participants reported their own experiences, which could be influenced by cultural norms or a tendency to answer in a way that is socially acceptable. Despite, these challenges, the FIES remains a valuable tool for monitoring food insecurity trends globally. The GFSI, produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit with support from FAO, provides a comprehensive measure of food security by integrating data on affordability, availability, quality, and safety of food. This index is beneficial for its broad scope and ability to highlight underlying factors affecting food security. Nonetheless, the GFSI faces criticism for its heavy reliance on secondary data sources, which may not always be up-to-date or accurately reflect on-the-ground realities. Furthermore, the index’s focus on national-level data may overlook intra-country disparities and localized food insecurity issues. The IPC, another key FAO tool, categories the severity and magnitude of food insecurity in different regions, providing a standardized approach to assess and compare food security situations. The IPC's strength lies in its multi-dimensional nature, incorporating various indicators such as food consumption, livelihood changes, and nutritional status. However, its complexity and resource-intensive nature can pose challenges for consistent implementation, particularly in resource-limited settings. The systematic review highlights that while FAO's food security scales offer valuable insights, there is room for enhancement. Combining qualitative and quantitative data, improving the timeliness and accuracy of data collection, and incorporating more localized assessments can strengthen these tools. Additionally, integrating new technologies such as remote sensing and mobile data collection can further improve the precision and efficiency of food security measurements.

Restructuring of State Ministry Authority: Fostering Efficiency Based on Lean Governance Principles

The present study sets out to explore the application of lean governance principles to streamline state ministries' bureaucratic structures, with a focus on reducing waste and optimizing workflow. It is hypothesized that such an approach would enhance the responsiveness of public services, thereby addressing the inefficiencies in decision-making and resource wastage that are often observed in bloated bureaucratic structures, where ministries frequently have overlapping authority. A normative juridical research method was used to foster relevant regulations and assess the compatibility of the concept within the context of government administration. The findings indicate that lean governance can reduce redundancy and improve efficiency through authority restructuring, simplifying bureaucratic processes, and strengthened inter-agency coordination. The implications of this study include the need for regulatory adjustments to support authority restructuring and enhanced information technology to improve transparency and accountability. Consistent implementation of lean governance is expected to create a more responsive and adaptive government, ultimately fostering greater public trust in the public sector.

The Islamic Religious Education Service Marketing Management at KUA Talang Ubi

Islamic religious education is one of the important sectors in the development of a community with character and noble values. The KUA Talang Ubi, as a religious institution, plays an active role in providing Islamic education services, including pre-marriage counseling and family education for a harmonious family life (sakinah). This study aims to analyze the implementation of service marketing management elements at KUA Talang Ubi, focusing on product, place, process, promotion, and physical evidence. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this research identifies the successes and challenges in managing Islamic education services. The findings indicate that although the marketing management implementation is running well, there are still challenges such as the lack of adoption of the SIMKAH technology by the community and inconsistent implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP). This article offers recommendations in the form of intensive training for the community, improved communication quality, and staff training.

A Framework for the Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Interoperability for Open Data Ecosystems Development

The generation of social and economic value from the vast quantities of data opened by governments has been much lower than the initial expectations. It requires the development and cooperation of ecosystems composed of various public, private, and non-profit actors. For the development of these ecosystems in order to generate social and economic value from open government data (OGD), necessary conditions are, on the one hand, the availability of a critical mass of OGD and, on the other hand, the existence of some level of homogeneity and interoperability among the numerous portals and websites providing them, which enables their combined exploitation that increases the potential for value generation from them. This paper focuses on the latter and develops the Technical, Semantic, Legal, and Organizational (TSLO) Interoperability Framework, a conceptual tool designed to provide a structured multi-dimensional assessment of the interoperability capabilities of OGD infrastructures, based on the ‘European Interoperability Framework’ (EIF) as well as relevant OGD literature. This TSLO framework has been applied for the assessment of the above main dimensions of the interoperability of the OGD infrastructures of the Greek local government administration institutions of all three layers (decentralized, regional, and municipal). After this application, nine interviews were conducted with nine municipalities that do not provide OGD in order to gain a deeper understanding of the reasons for this. The results of this first application of TSLO revealed not only the low participation of Greek local government institutions, and especially of the municipalities, in the OGD movement (with only 8 out of the 332 municipalities providing open data on their portals or websites), but also the inconsistent implementation of this, especially with respect to the use of semantic technologies as well as the legal frameworks under which the open data are provided, resulting in low levels of interoperability among them. The interviews that were conducted revealed that the opening of some of their data was not a priority for them, as their limited resources had to be used for the development of internal information systems for increasing their efficiency, as well as e-services for the citizens, enabling them to conduct transactions electronically (through the Internet). Our study makes a contribution to the still limited body of research on OGD ecosystems, examining an important precondition for their development that has not been researched in previous literature; also, our framework can contribute to the increase of interoperability of OGD infrastructures and therefore to the increase of social and economic value generations for the OGD they provide.

The tariff regulation of railway freight transportation in EU

The article examines the provisions of the EU legislation on the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation, as well as the prospects of their implementation in the domestic system of industry regulation. It is emphasized that the implementation of European rules of tariff regulation on railway transport is an important factor in the development of a competitive environment in the market of transport services, as well as a necessary prerequisite for the attraction of internal and external investments in the development of the railway industry. Such adaptation is extremely important for reducing transport costs, improving the quality of services and the overall efficiency of rail freight transportation. The key provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of Europe of 21.11.2012 № 2001/14/EU “Creation of a single European railway space”, which defines the rules for collecting fees for the use of railway infrastructure by freight transport operators, are highlighted. It is emphasized that the Directive envisages the separation of infrastructure management and transport operations to prevent conflicts of interest and stimulate fair competition among market operators. It also defines railway companies’ rights to access infrastructure and establishes transparent pricing mechanisms. The article examines the European experience of creating independent regulatory bodies authorized to monitor market practices, monitor compliance with safety standards, and ensure fair pricing mechanisms. It was concluded that the implementation of the provisions of the EU legislation on the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation will ensure a significant increase in the competitiveness of domestic rail transport by improving the access of national carriers to the European transport infrastructure, optimizing logistics on rail transport, ensuring transparency and reasonableness of pricing, creating equal conditions for national railway operators. The importance of the consistent implementation of the provisions of the EU legislation on the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation in the context of the Europeanization of domestic legislation on rail transport and the regulatory approximation provided for by the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU is emphasized.

Concept and legal nature of the principles of state regulation of virtual assets turnover

A prerequisite for the systemic development and consistent implementation of the state regulation of the turnover of virtual assets is to build a clear understanding of its underlying principles. Given the novelty, specificity and short history of development of this area of public relations, the study of aspects related to the concept and legal nature of the principles of state regulation of the circulation of virtual assets is becoming increasingly relevant. The article examines the term «principle» and its meaning, and finds out that this category is defined by three components which are part of its content. It is indicated that the concept of principle is much broader than its legislative and regulatory expression. The author establishes that the principles are based on public interests and needs which change and are formed independently of the legislator’s will. The main role in identifying these needs belongs to legal practice, which by its very nature is designed to respond promptly and quickly to changes in the field of law. The author characterizes such elements of legal principles as principle, idea, provision, requirement and determines that although they are used as homogeneous concepts to characterize the concept of legal principle, they still have terminological differences which are important as they allow emphasizing the multidimensionality and complexity of the category of legal principles. The author considers various approaches of scholars to the definition of the concept of principles of law. The author’s own definition of the principles of state regulation of virtual assets turnover is provided, which are understood as: norms-ideas, initial provisions enshrined, inter alia, in the legal acts which determine the content and direction of state regulation of virtual assets turnover and which have a targeted impact on the system of relations between all participants of the virtual assets market to maintain their balance. The author examines the legal nature of the principles of state regulation. The author emphasizes that by their legal nature, unlike norms, the principles of state regulation of the turnover of virtual assets do not rigidly fix the content of behavior, and therefore are able to respond more quickly to changes in public life. The author concludes that inclusion of the definition of the concept of the principles of state regulation of the circulation of virtual assets and the principles themselves in the national legal system will ensure the establishment of proper state regulation of the circulation of virtual assets.

REVISION The Impact of Work Hours and Cultural Expectations on Mental Health in Japan

This study examines the relationship between Japan's work culture and the mental health of its workers, focusing on stress, anxiety, and depression caused by long working hours and high productivity demands. Japan’s work culture, which emphasizes loyalty to the company and endurance, has contributed to a significant rise in mental health issues. Despite efforts by the government and companies to reduce overtime and provide mental health support, the policies implemented so far have proven insufficient in addressing the root causes of workplace stress. This research incorporates in-depth interviews, surveys, and case studies from workers across both private and public sectors. The findings indicate a strong correlation between long working hours and elevated stress levels, with workers in the private sector, younger employees, and women experiencing higher levels of anxiety and stress. Policies like flexible work hours, mental health programs, and reduced overtime showed positive impacts on well-being, but their inconsistent implementation limits their effectiveness. The study concludes that policies must go beyond reducing working hours and incorporate structural changes in workplace culture. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of these reforms, explore sector-specific mental health needs, and consider gendered aspects of work-related stress.

Tugas dan Sifat Politik Hukum terhadap Sistem Hukum di Indonesia

Legal politics plays a role in determining the direction of legal policy that must be taken by the government to achieve certain goals. Legal politics is a very important component, one of which is the implementation of existing laws in the country and every policy taken by the government reflects existing political dynamics and the interests of certain groups, thereby affecting the integrity and justice of the existing legal system. The purpose of writing this article is to research further on how the duties and objectives of legal politics are applied to the Indonesian legal system and whether the application of the nature of legal politics is appropriate to the Indonesian legal system. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. Legal politics in Indonesia is normative, dynamic, adaptive, pragmatic, progressive, and functions as a tool of social control. However, implementation is often hampered by political interests and lack of consistent implementation. Therefore, there is a need for regular regulatory evaluation, increased transparency of law enforcement, and public participation to create a more responsive and fair legal system.

(Surviving) life with cancer: the importance of sport and physical activity

As the survival prognosis of cancer patients continues to improve, the improvement in quality of life during and after cancer treatment is becoming increasingly important 1. Exercise therapy has a positive effect on so-called "patient-reported outcomes" 2. The combination of endurance training and individualized strength training plays a particularly important role here. There is therefore a need for consistent and comprehensive implementation of quality-assured exercise therapy in everyday clinical practice.

Деякі аспекти правового регулювання здійснення зовнішньоекономічної діяльності на підставі Угоди про асоціацію з Європейським Союзом

Abstract. The article highlights the relevance and necessity of reforms in the field of foreign economic activity, which is closely related to the legal regulation of services. The article analyzes in detail the existing concepts of legal regulation of services and emphasizes the differences between tangible and intangible services, their legal classification and specificity in the context of foreign economic activity. The study is aimed at identifying gaps and shortcomings in the national legislation regulating foreign economic activity, with the aim of developing proposals for their elimination and the introduction of more effective regulatory mechanisms. The impact of the association agreement with the European Union on the development of the service sector of foreign economic activity in Ukraine and the development of recommendations to increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian companies in the international arena are evaluated.The definition and features of services as contractual obligations are presented, especially with an emphasis on their intangible result. The article discusses the impact of the Association Agreement with the EU on the improvement of the legal framework for foreign economic services in Ukraine, as such modernization opens the door to mutual liberalization of services and expansion of international cooperation. In particular, the importance of consistent implementation of changes to national legislation in order to adapt to EU requirements and standards regarding various types of services, including financial, banking and insurance services, was considered. The authors single out key aspects affecting the effectiveness of service provision in the field of foreign economic activity, such as regulation of contractual relations, currency regulation and international financial transactions. It was also emphasized the need to remove administrative barriers to attract foreign investors and support domestic producers of services. In general, the article offers a comprehensive view of the processes and possibilities of modernization of the legal field of Ukraine in the sphere of providing services of foreign economic activity with the aim of integration into the European economic space. Keywords: foreign economic activity; services; legal regime; harmonization; modernization.

Locally sourced supplementary feeding programs as a strategic intervention to address weight faltering in children: insights from a primary health center study

Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT), a supplementary food program using local ingredients, is a targeted intervention to address toddler malnutrition and weight faltering in Indonesia. Despite its widespread implementation, the long-term efficacy of the 14-day PMT program in sustaining growth recovery remains to be determined. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 14-day PMT intervention on weight gain and growth stability in children aged 6–59 months experiencing weight faltering. A prospective cohort study was conducted from May to August 2024 at Primary Health Center (Puskesmas) Ajibarang 1 in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. The intervention consisted of 11 snacks and 3 main meals to meet 30–50% of daily caloric needs. Anthropometric measurements, including body weight (BW) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), were collected pre- and post-intervention. 120 children participated, with baseline averages of 11.2 ± 1.5 kg for BW and 13.4 ± 1.7 cm for MUAC. Significant improvements were observed post-intervention, with averages of 12.9 ± 1.2 kg (BW) and 15.0 ± 1.4 cm (MUAC). A moderate positive correlation was identified between BW gain and MUAC (Spearman analysis). In conclusion, the PMT program effectively improves BW and MUAC in children at risk of growth faltering, highlighting its potential as a scalable intervention. These findings emphasize the importance of tailored nutritional programs during early childhood, a critical period for ensuring long-term health and developmental benefits. Advocacy and policy reforms are essential to support consistent implementation and global accessibility of nutritional interventions.