Imperative Forms Research Articles

Formation of Verbal Forms of Imperative in the Livvik and Lyudik Dialects of Karelian Language

The question of the formation of imperative forms in the dialects of the Karelian language is considered. Attention is paid to two dialects: Livvik and Lyudik. The results of a comparative analysis of affirmative and negative forms of the imperative in the mentioned adverbs are presented. Particular attention is paid to the indicators of the imperative, their origin, features of use in a comparative aspect. The novelty of research is that at present the literary form of the Lyudik dialect of the Karelian language is still not fully formed, and today the Lyudik dialect is poorly represented in the educational space: systematic and systematic teaching due to the influence of objective and subjective factors is not conducted. It is noted that the Livvik dialect, on the contrary, is actively taught in educational institutions of the Republic of Karelia, the grammatical structure of this dialect is quite well studied and tested in the educational process. Based on the fact that the Livvik and Lyudik dialects are most closely related to each other, the material analyzed can also be used in the preparation of textbooks, which are urgently needed by people of the Lyudik dialect.

Сопоставительный анализ повелительного наклонения в русском и корейском языках

Сопоставительный анализ повелительного наклонения в русском и корейском языках

RELIABLE TAXPAYER = SAFE TAXPAYER?

The article is an attempt to answer the question whether Polish taxpayers who reliably settle and pays taxes can feel safe in the highly complicated and so frequently changed legal status in Poland. Constant amendments to the regulations mean that the taxpayer increase tax resistance because they are unable to learn about the applicable regulations and put them into practice. Hence the postulate that the legislator specifies - at least in terms of - the premises that will allow us to objectively recognize that we are dealing with a reliable taxpayer. On the other hand, the effects of legislative chaos cannot be passed on to taxpayers who are trying to honestly fulfil their tax obligations. The tax authority, which hosts the proceedings and acts in imperative forms, should ensure the protection of the taxpayers’ rights and operational security.

Learning Styles of Internal Medicine Residents and Association With the In-Training Examination Performance

IntroductionAssessment of how medical residents learn and the impact on standardized test performance is important for effective training. Kolb's learning study inventory categorizes learning into accommodating, assimilating, converging and diverging based on the four stages of learning: active experimentation, abstract conceptualization, concrete experience and reflective observation. The American College of Physicians (ACP) Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) has been shown to positively correlate with successful performance on clinical assessments and board certification. We sought to evaluate the association between the individual learning styles of IM residents and performance on the ACP IM-ITE. MethodsThe Kolb LSI questionnaire was administered to IM residents during the 2016/2017 academic year. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between residents preferred learning styles and performance on the ACP IM – ITE. Results53 residents in the IM Residency Program of Morehouse School of Medicine completed the questionnaire. The predominant learning style was assimilating (49%), followed by converging (26%). There was no significant difference between the learning styles of residents when compared across gender, age, race, and PGY levels. Residents with a diverging learning style had the highest mean IM-ITE percentage score followed by assimilating and converging respectively (P = 0.14) ConclusionsThe predominant learning styles among our IM residents are assimilating and converging, which is consistent with previous studies. Residents with a diverging style of learning appeared to perform better on the IM-ITE. We suggest that future studies should evaluate the feasibility of integrating brainstorming and group work sessions into the IM residency teaching curriculum and the impact on academic performance.

Direct torque control of IM using PID controller

Direct torque control "DTC" technique is one of a high performance control system of an AC motor drive, which was proposed after the vector oriented control scheme during the resent 25 years. It has been developed rapidly for its concise system scheme, transient and dynamic performance. The DTC mechanism consists of voltage vector selection table, two hysteresis comparators and two estimators one for stator flux and another for electromagnetic torque. DTC is directly control torque and flux by using Voltage Source Inverter VSI, space vector and stator flux orientation and indirect speed regulated. A several control techniques can be used for improving the torque and flux performance.
 In this paper, the DTC with Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller used to improve the starting and dynamic performance of asynchronous motor AM, which gives good torque and flux response, best speed control and also minimize the unacceptable torque ripple. The mathematical model of DTC with PID controller of 3-phase induction motor IM are simulated under Matlab-Simulink. Therefore, the DTC based on PID controller has good performance of IM compared to classical DTC for starting, running state and also during change in load.

Parliamentary directives in New Zealand and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract The main aim of the present paper is to compare the realization patterns of directive speech acts produced by the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper focuses on head acts only, disregarding modification. Head acts are analyzed and compared in terms of their explicitness and implicitness, as defined in the framework proposed by Vine (2004a, 2004b). Overall results show that explicit head acts were dominant in both data sets. Furthermore, significant differences were noticed in terms of the findings for certain sub-forms of the explicit head acts, such as the imperative form, which is more frequent in parliamentary directives in Serbian, as are performative verbs. Modal verbs were typical of the parliamentary directives in English. The results are discussed in the context of the findings of previous relevant studies.

Функціонально-семантичне поле мети в гагаузькій мові

Modern studies in linguistics are based on functional approach that gives an opportunity to overcome some classic understandings of a language nature. Theory of functionalism is based on dual-track analyse of grammatical structures such as from function to way of semantically expression and from expression to function. Any field has a structure which consists of the core and the periphery. As a rule the core is formed by lexical, morphological and syntactical means that are the most specialized to express meanings of a semantic category and are systematically used. This article deals with the way of expression of the semantic category of aim in modern Gagauz language. The functional-semantic field of aim in modern Gagauz language consists of the core and the periphery. The core of the field of aim consists of lexemes that express semantic of aim and purpose such as “neet”, “amaç”. These lexemes are used not only in Gagauz language but also in Turkish and in both languages are functioning either as separate verbs or as a part of construction with the meaning of purpose. The semantic of aim is expressed on morphological, lexical and syntactical level. On morphological level it is represented by –sin morpheme. Also, the meaning of aim or purpose is expressed by using verb with dative case. On lexical level the semantic of aim is expressed by words with meaning of aim, goal, purpose. As a rule in Turkic languages these lexemes are used to form syntactical constructions with semantic meaning of purpose, such as deyni. Nowadays deyni is the most frequently used lexeme with the meaning of purpose. The article describes several scientific opinions about the origin of deyni, which is used only in Gagauz language. On syntactic level the semantic of aim is expressed by the means of lexemes ani, aniki which are used both in syntactic constructions an compound sentences. The specific feature of sentences that express the meaning of aim in Gaguz language is that syntagma with the meaning of aim and purpose can be used either in preposition or postposition, while in Turkish it can be used in preposition only. In some cases the semantic of aim can be expressed by syntactic means without using special lexemes. In such cases predicate is used in imperative form. Also, sometimes such type of sentences has auxiliary lexeme tâ. Sentences that express the semantic of aim in Gagauz language have some particularities in compare with same constructions in western Turkic languages, for example Turkish. Due to the influence of Slavic syntax for a long period of time constructions with semantic of aim may have different position in sentence, while in other Turkic languages they are in preposition.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ КАТЕГОРИЙ ЛИЦА, ЧИСЛА И МОДАЛЬНОСТИ В ИРРЕАЛЬНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЯХ МАКЕДОНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of functional features of the analytical first-person singular da-construction in the standard Macedonian language. When it is used in an independent clause, the daconstruction has a wide range of modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The interaction of the grammatical categories of person, number and modality in the da-construction leads to changes in its meaning and shows its functional potential to indicate the speaker’s communicative intentions. The chosen semasiological approach to describing the da-construction is combined with the functional analysis and the communicative-pragmatic approach. The research material consists of about 200 examples gathered from contemporary Macedonian literary works and journalistic articles. 1. Da-construction has a full non-defective conjugation paradigm with an imperative meaning, where the first singular verb form has a special status. Directive speech acts, where imperative forms are usually used, are not supposed to combine a speaker and an addressee in one person, which causes semantic modification of the da-construction with a 1Sg verb: initially related to the imperative analytical paradigm, it describes the speaker’s intention to perform an action which he / she considers necessary. In addition, this type of construction marks a point in decision- making that is followed by the change of the speaker’s cognitive status; the only exception is the da-construction including verbs of perception, which points to an indirect causation of the addressee. 2. Independent 1Sg da-constructions with speech verbs and cognitive verbs tend to become idiomatic in meaning, which causes their use as discourse markers. Functioning as metacommentary, they help the speaker to direct the dialogue according to his/her communicative intentions. 3. The interaction of grammatical categories in the optative da-construction transforms curses to vows that have a function to confirm the truth of the speaker’s words and his / her commitment to face consequences in case of lying.

Wie zijn er nu toleranter? De perceptie van imperatieven in het Pools en het Nederlands in een informele context

This contribution focuses on the perception of the imperative forms in spontaneous informal conversations among native speakers of Polish and Dutch, and reports on a pilot survey of standards of politeness. Since imperatives in Polish and Dutch are used qualitatively and quantitatively in a different way, we can assume that their perception is also different for native speakers of both languages. Using a survey consisting of, among other things, an assessment task, an attempt was made to investigate how polite the respondents think the imperative forms are, and how their assessment is influenced by the context of the utterance.

The Value of Metacognitive Skills and Intrinsic Motivation for Current and Future Sport Performance Level in Talented Youth Athletes

Purpose: In order to spend training time efficiently, insight in factors that relate to the development of sport performance is highly relevant for competitive athletes and their trainers/coaches. Purpose is to unravel the value of metacognitive skills (MCS) and intrinsic motivation for current and future sport performance level. Methods: Talented youth athletes (n = 103) active in field hockey, basketball and soccer filled in questionnaires for IM and MCS. Level of sport performance was expressed by an adjusted version of the formula for Eliteness of Swann et al. (2015). Correlations between IM, MCS and current sport performance level were calculated and followed by structural equation modelling and regression analysis. For a subsample (n = 41), level of performance was also determined one year later (“future performance level”). Results: Results show that, in contrast to IM (r = -.10), MCS are positively related to current sport performance level (r = .33, p p p < .05) and 18% in future performance level can be explained by MCS. Conclusion: MCS are positively related to sport performance level in youth athletes, not only in the here and now, but even more over one year. With IM as underlying factor, using MCS and especially reflection, may help youth athletes to improve their sport performance.

A Comparative Performance Analysis of Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive Using Optimized AI Techniques

This paper exhibits a point by point comparison between Neuro Fuzzy and Genetic Algorithm GA based control systems of Induction Motor drive, underlining favorable circumstances and drawbacks. Industries are advancing and upgrading generation line to enhance efficiency and quality. Induction machines are considered by nonlinear, time varying dynamics, inaccessibility of few states and thus can be considered as a challenging issue. In this paper, a novel method using modified GA is presented to limit electric losses of Induction Motor and it is compared with Neuro Fuzzy Controller. GA is a subordinate of AI, whose principle relies upon Darwin’s theory—struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. The technique for deciding the gain parameters of PI controller utilizing GA whose output is utilized to control the torque applied to the Induction Motor in this way controlling its speed. The gains of PI controller are improved with the assistance of GA to upgrade the performance of IM drive. The results are simulated in MATLAB Simulink and are related with the conventional PI controller and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy controller (NFC). NFC is less complicated and gives great speed precision yet GA based PI controller produces significantly reduced torque and speed ripples compared with other controllers, in this way limiting losses in IM drives.

About Latin &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ecce&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; ‘Behold! Lo! See! There!’ and Some Ancient Languages Presentatives

In this study, which is part of a larger research project on dialogue, the author deals with “little words” (as they are often called). These common and polyfunctional words seldom appear in grammars and are only dealt with within short lemmata in dictionaries. <i>Presentatives</i>, such as Fr. <i>voici</i> / <i>voilà</i>, Lat. <i>ecce</i>, Gr. ἰδού “Here is, lo!”, form an independent grammatical class which needs to be defined, firstly, in a genetic approach. The author starts with the enumeration of ancient languages presentatives, classifies them according to their etymology and goes on to study Latin <i>ecce in particular</i>. This classification shows two structures: most ancient language presentatives come from a grammaticalized form of the imperative form of a verb requiring a visual or tactile perception; other presentatives are based on a demonstrative theme or a particle agglutination. Only Latin <i>ecce</i> remains unclear in spite of the many assumptions that have already been proposed. In addition, while all the other presentatives are often grammaticalized with a second-person pronoun, the sequence <i>ecce + tibi</i> is not attested in archaic Latin and does not even function as a pure presentative: the structure <i>ecce me</i> is used for self-presentation. In reality, while all the other presentatives are allocentric, <i>ecce</i> is egocentric. The author concludes that <i>ecce</i> is related to <i>ego</i> ‘I’. This particularity can help us both reconstruct the etymology of this word and define the presentation it expresses, thus enabling us to understand how <i>ecce</i> fundamentally illustrates the inscription of the dialogue within morphology.

Семантика и функция форм императива в алтайском языке

The paper is devoted to the analysis of imperative forms of the Altai language. In the system of imperatives, we have identified 11 positive forms (=Ø=; CA=; =GÏn / =GÏŋ (rare); =(Ï)GAr / =AAR=; =SAgAr; =GÏlA; =SÏn; =AAK; =AAktAr; =y/AAlï: =y/AAlïk / =AAlïktAr (rare) and 10 negative (all form with a particle of negation, but the form on =GÏn / =GÏŋ). It is considered that the imperative has a complete paradigm in grammatical descriptions of the Siberian Turkic languages. In this regard, the Altai language has a particular position: the im-perative-Hortative of the 1st person unit number at =Aiyn is derived from the paradigm and referred to the indicators of the desired mood, i.e. the optative. A specific feature of the Altai imperative is the variety of forms of the 1st person non-singular number denoting two or more participants in the action. This type of imperative is defined as a call to action distinguishing between minimal and extended inclusiveness. For the first time in the Altai language, one can observe a grammatical opposition in time with two paradigms as in the Yakut language: “the imperative of the present tense” and “the imperative of the future tense.” The first group ex-presses the forms of 2nd dual numbers at =AAK / =AAktAr, and =AAlïk / =AAlïktAr; the se-cond group is form at =AAlï. Thus, it turns out that the lower the degree of flatness, the great-er the distance from the moment of speaking. The system of imperative forms includes the form of multiplicity on =GYLA with the value of a categorical imperative.

История (не)существующего наклонения: да-конструкция в македонском и сербском языках (независимый тип)

The da-construction in Macedonian and Serbian languages combines the modal conjunctive particle da with the finite form of the verb to express a wide range of modal meanings. Being a Balkan Sprachbund novelty, the da-constructions in dependent clauses take on the functions of the infinitive in a complex predicate (in all cases in Macedonian, partly in Serbian). The da-construction in independent simple sentences has a complete conjugation paradigm with the imperative meaning and competes with the synthetic imperative forms in both languages, expressing also optative meanings. The article offers an analytical review on the status of these forms based on data gathered from Macedonian, Bulgarian (being closely related to Macedonian) and Serbian languages. There are two salient extremes in it: 1) the da-construction is not an analytical form of the verb and does not have an independent status in the verb system, instead it functions as a syntactic construction; 2) it is indeed an analytical form of the subjunctive mood, with da being a grammatical indicator of modality with the general non-factual meaning. The article concludes that the first view should be regarded as definitive in determining the status of the da- constructions in the Serbian language. To support this conclusion, we are putting forward the following arguments: a) the verb form is non-adjacent to the da particle in the form; b) there is a competition between the infinitive and the da- constructions as complex predicates as well as in some tenses (future tense: ja ću ići / ja ću da idem) and negative structures (nemoj ići / nemoj da ideš); c) The conjunctive particle da does not always have the non-factual meaning, and in most cases the following verb form can take on any tense or mood. In Macedonian the da-construction should be regarded as an analytical form of the subjunctive mood on account of the following characteristics: а) the da-construction has a syntactically fixed component order, which means that it is a semantically bound or fused chain of components which lost their individual meanings; b) the da-construction has a complete conjugation paradigm, one for da+praes and another for da+imperf, on which stems a wide range of modal meanings: imperative, optative and some others; c) the particle da has an invariant meaning of non-factuality, and it marks the verb form in this construction as non-indicative.

Imperative of Emotional Actualization of Action as a Means of Conveying Evaluative Meaning

In some linguistic contexts, verb forms, except a primary function of a category, can perform secondary functions, which reveal their specific features in the context of the grammar of evaluation. Despite the importance of the issue, few attempts have been made to study it in modern linguistics.&#x0D; The goal of the article is to characterize particular types of the transposed use of imperative forms in modeling axiological content. The study seeks to identify the modeling mechanisms of evaluation, based on the use of imperative forms in action emotional actualization (model Грошей їй дай; model Отак і роби добро) and highlight aspectually the features of the figurative use of the imperative forms as devices of tropeistics.&#x0D; The model Грошей їй дай manifests the ironic interpretation of one’s duties or somebody’s requirement to perform it which is expressed by the using imperative form, conveying negative speaker’s attitude to the person who motivates or encourages its performance, and to the action itself. There is no indication of the action doer in the constructions with the value of unwillingness and the pejorative attitude concerns the verbalized action. The grammatical igrem simulates the transposing use of the form: the speaker "tries on” himself an imperative form with an indicative tinge of obligation / compulsion, which causes a negative assessment.&#x0D; The imperative form in the model Отак і роби добро contains an indicative shade of meaning associated with an already accomplished or hypothetical action that appears inappropriate in view of other events. The speaker ironically «tries on» on himself an «impulse» to perform the action and evaluates it negatively. Grammatical igrem is modeling the transposed form of imperative used in the indicative meaning. Unlike the model Грошей їй дай, there is no semantic meaning of duty or compulsion. The intention to perform the action comes from the speaker. The action is evaluated negatively as inappropriate because of certain circumstances.

براہوئی گرامرٹی اسم مصدر نا لسانیاتی او تحقیقی مطالعہ ئس

Verb also has as much importance in Brahui language as in other languages of the world. Verb is a word class, traditionally defined as a 'doing' or 'action' word, which ends with "ing" in Brahui language. It is used as singular like "Makhing" (To laugh), if the second syllable "ing" is omitted, then "makh" (laugh.) remains, which clearly is used as imperative. By adding suffix or infix with imperative, interrogative and negative forms can be made. Verb is the reason of enhancement of Brahui dictionary. Due to the importance and status of verb in Brahui language, its linguistic and research study has been conducted with reference to Brahui grammar.

Verbal morphology in the Old English gloss to the Durham Collectar

AbstractThis article examines the verbal morphology of the Old English interlinear gloss to the Durham Collectar, attributed by almost universal consensus to Aldred of Chester-le-Street, whose earlier gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels has recently been the object of scholarly attention (Cole 2014;Fernández Cuesta &amp; Pons-Sanz 2016,Gameson et al. 2017). This article analyses -s/-thvariation in the present indicative and imperative forms in relation to their syntactic context, in particular subject type and subject-verb adjacency, in order to assess whether the Northern Subject Rule detected byCole (2014)in Lindisfarne was also operative in Aldred’s later gloss. By means of a quantitative analysis, we find that the first constraint does not significantly affect -s/-ðvariation in the gloss and that there is insufficient context for the second. Additionally, it is argued that adjacency is a problematic variable in this text-type. We also demonstrate that there is a higher percentage of second person singular -stand -ðin the Collectar than in Lindisfarne and discuss the possible influence of standard West Saxon on the later gloss.

Glide formation is not motivated by onset requirement in Malawian Tonga, glide epenthesis is

This article discusses the distinct motivations for glide epenthesis and glide formation in hiatus contexts in Malawian Tonga. It argues that glide epenthesis is triggered by the need to create a canonical syllable structure, one that has a proper onset, while glide formation (and deletion where glide formation is disallowed) derives from an avoidance of vowel sequences. Furthermore, glide epenthesis seems to apply where the prefixes are affixed to the prosodified constituents, while glide formation is used when the prefix has been affixed to a morphological constituent. Empirical evidence has been derived from the realisation that the constituent whose onset is the epenthetic glide can also stand on its own as a phonological word/stem such as in citation or imperative form. In other words, glide insertion may occur where there is hiatus involving a prefix and a stem, but it also occurs before vowel-initial words/stems in situations where there is no hiatus. The second piece of evidence is based on optional insertion of featurally unspecified syllables between prefixes and monosyllabic verbs, which is an indication that certain prefixes optionally require that they be affixed to a proper prosodic constituent, one that has a proper onset or one that is minimally bisyllabic.

Imperative Forms with the Meaning of Obligation

This article sets out to analyse forms of the imperative mood, which bear the indirect meaning of obligation. The aim is to characterise the structure and semantics of phrases, in which quasi-imperative forms are used. This analysis determines the direction of grammatical transposition and its nature. It is suggested that the imperative forms with the meaning of obligation are interpretative in nature and indirectly reflect the alleged expression of will. The analysis uses descriptive and structural-semantic methods. The semantic groups of clauses that include the imperative mood forms under consideration are distinguished. The features of the use of imperative forms with the meaning of obligation in the modern Russian language are described.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНОГО ЛЕКСИКОНУ ПЕРСОНАЖА ХУДОЖНЬОГО ТЕКСТУ

Learning the character's linguistic personality is impossible without exploring its individual vocabulary. The study was based on the novels Pearl Buck "Imperial woman" and Pavlo Zagrebelniy "Roxolana". The main theoretical aspects of the concept of "character’s individual lexicon" are considered in the article. The terms "individual lexicon", "mental lexicon" and "internal lexicon" are specified. The comparative analysis of the individual lexicon of the real linguistic personality and character’s linguistic personality is carried out. The independent value of the character’s individual lexicon is determined. Analysis of the individual lexicon is performed at the morphological and syntactic level. For both heroines, concepts such as knowledge, hope, children, freedom, greatness (triumph), painting (singing) are most essential. In other cases, Roxolana's priorities are faith, native land, happiness, salvation. For Tzu Hsi - peace, triumph, debt, people. The individual lexicon of the character is characterized by the distinctive characteristics of the linguistic personality (the closeness of the list of lexical units, statical state of the system). The individual lexicons of the characters share common morphological indicators (nouns and verbs predominate). From the point of view of syntax the prevailing use of direct imperative forms in the communicative acts of the characters has been revealed (order, requirement Tzu Hsi - 48%, Roxolana -35%). In the speech of both characters in the analysis of the affirmative form of imperative is dominated by verbs of movement and auditory perception. Direct imperative forms testify to the highest situational and status position of both ladies. Threat sentences are more typical of Tzu Hsi. Indirect imperative forms (request, offer, advice, persuasion, praise, support and consolation) are dominant in Roxolana’s individual lexicon.