Imperative Forms Research Articles

ABOUT THE WORKS "KOFIYA" AND "SHARHI MULLO"

The article also emphasizes that Jami comes with verbal prepositions, the scientist fully explains the form of verbal prepositions, places of their application, the meanings of prepositions that require one form or another. This scientific article analyzes the following issues: In the work "Al-Favoidu-z-Ziyoiyya" by Abdurahman Jami, known as "Sharhi Mullo", the main feature of the verb is that it belongs to one of the three tenses, expressing an independent meaning. In particular, Abdurahman Jami's chapter on "verbs" includes past and present forms, imperative forms, transitive and intransitive verbs, passive pronouns, a number of meaningful verbs expressing suspicion and (reliable) knowledge (or thinking and calculation), auxiliary verbs, verbs actions expressing closeness, verbs expressing admiration, verbs of praise and insults. It is widely noted that the scholar does not limit himself to providing general information about these verbs, but clearly and accurately interprets the functions and meanings of each verb in this category, expresses their relationship and classifies them separately. The article is devoted to the unique style of Abdurahman Jami, especially his desire for originality. For example, a scientist thinks deeply, clearly expressing the essence, structure, (etymology) of words, grammatical rules. As a result of the study, the article emphasizes that no other complete works of classical Arabic linguistics have been found, which indicates the high scientific significance of the work "Al-Fawaidu-z-Ziyoyya". The results of the study will serve as a resource for those interested in classical Arabic.

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF PREDICTED FAILURES IN THE USE OF RUSSIAN VERB TYPES BY CHINESE STUDENTS

In Chinese, verb aspect is expressed by verbs in combination with various linguistic means. Based on the difference between the verb aspect system of Russian and Chinese languages and the possible expressions of verb aspect in Russian, this paper aims to predict possible errors in the use of Russian verb aspect. In order to check the correctness of our analysis, a special diagnostic test was conducted. The test results show that the errors made by Chinese students primarily do not stem from the influence of their native language, but from the fact that students are not able to assess the situation, cannot find or even see certain reference points, available signals, directly indicating the use of this or that verb aspect. Errors are explained by elementary ignorance of the verb forms, especially in such cases as брать — взять, ловить — поймать and ignorance of the formation of the verb form itself, for example, the formation of the imperative form, etc. This is the result of insufficient training of students. In this case, the problem is not in students, but, firstly, in the complexity of the topic itself, and, secondly, in the method of teaching. We believe that it is necessary to give students a clear scheme of verb aspect meanings and identify those signals that can help students choose the type of a verb adequate to the situation of communication; the course of studying the verb aspect should be long enough, because strong and stable skills of the correct use of verb aspect are formed only as a result of gradual and regular work on the types of the verb, made over a long period of time. The results of this work can also serve as a starting point for determining not only the content of verb types teaching exercises, but also for developing methodological recommendations for them.

TOURIST DISCOURSE: LINGUISTIC FEATURES (USING THE EXAMPLE OF AN UZBEK LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER “MILLIY TIKLANISH”)

This article examines the tourist discourse within the framework of itsstylistic coloring on the example of the Uzbek newspaper Milliy Tiklanish. In particular, the thematic vocabulary and gram sentences are analyzed the tic system of tenses Present (Simple, Continuous, Perfect), the use of toponyms and verbs in imperative form. The theoretical aspects related to the types, features and functions of tourist discourse as an independent type of discourse are considered.

Characteristics of the X ie imperative expression: three criteria for the classification of imperatives

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reveal the characteristics of the X ie imperative expression (abbreviated to X ie) with reference to other related expressions, such as conditional imperatives and past imperatives, in Japanese and other languages. Three criteria are proposed for a description of imperatives in terms of the realization of the propositional content: (i) possibility of realization, (ii) attitude toward realization, and (iii) preparedness for realization. X ie is an imperative of a reproof, characterized by the unique combination of (i) possible, (ii) negative, and (iii) unprepared. This paper further focuses on a discourse-pragmatic relation of the expression with its preceding and following utterances, a topic not fully discussed in the literature. The analysis in this paper shows that X ie is a marked imperative form of a verb of speech that expresses the speaker’s instantaneous reaction to newly obtained information, i.e., the addressee’s violation of the maxim of quality. This characterization suggests that the Japanese language is sufficiently sensitive to the violation to lexicalize it and that X ie can be considered in terms of mirativity. Finally, this paper systematically compares X ie and non-directive imperatives from other languages.

Speech Act Analysis of Teacher Talk in EFL Classroom

This research aimed to classify the structural forms of utterances in locutionary acts, illocutionary acts types, and the impacts of perlocutionary acts on the students in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classrooms. This research used qualitative research to analyze the data. The subject of this research is a teacher who actively teaches in the English and Literature Department, at Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. Data were collected through observation checklists in the classroom and semi-structured interview with the teacher. The results showed that based on finding by Yule’s theory, the researcher found three forms of locutionary acts used by the teacher in the teaching and learning process, such as declarative form, imperative form, and interrogative form. Second, based on Searle’s theory, the researcher found the types of illocutionary acts produced by teachers during the teaching and learning process, namely representative (explaining, informing, announcing), directive (commanding, requesting, asking, suggesting), expressive (greetings, thanking, praising), and commissive (assuring, undertaking, promising). Third, based on the utterances performed by the teacher in the EFL classroom process, the researcher found perlocutionary acts such as the students asking questions, and doing something. The research concluded that language has a function in the speech act especially for facilitating communication skills of language learning and shaping the classroom dynamic.

Гендерные стереотипы в испаноязычной женской рекламе: переводческий аспект

The aim of the study is to identify gender markers in modern Spanish-language women’s advertising and the ways of their adaptation when translated into Russian. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyze the implementation of gender stereotypes in advertising texts based on Spanish. Gender markers of the original advertisements have been identified: figurative and stylistic means; emotionally evaluative vocabulary; phraseological units with the components “confidence”, “success”. As a result of the study, the manipulative tactics of Spanish women’s advertising have been identified: tactics of persuasion, tactics of suggestion, tactics of affirmation, tactics of addressing. It has been found that the impact on the recipient is carried out through assertive and declarative phrases; modal and imperative forms; rhetorical questions and direct questions to the addressee; as well as through the use of addressing techniques and polite suggestion. Translation techniques for conveying gender markers in Russian translation have been identified: the technique of differentiation, stylistic substitution, addition, omission, descriptive translation, holistic transformation, as well as rewriting tactics. It has been proven that transcreation is an effective tool for adapting women’s advertising for a Russian-speaking audience.

Optative constructions in Meadow Mari and Hill Mari

Grammaticalization of optative forms and constructions remains understudied from a typological perspective. The goal of this study is to describe and investigate the grammaticalization paths of optative constructions in four Mari lects, namely in Morki-Sernur Mari, Volga Mari ( Meadow Mari) and in the Hill Mari lects of Mikryakovo and Kuznetsovo. The following constructions are considered: 1) construction with the 3rd person imperative (jussive) form, 2) construction with the -aš-infinitive, 3) construction with the non-past 1SG form (NPST.1SG), 4) construction with the debitive form in -šaš. The compatibility of these constructions with different subjects (namely, 1SG and 3SG) is discussed. As it turns out, the optative construction with jussive retains the restrictions of the original form: it is only possible with 3rd person subjects. The construction with the infinitive in three lects is only compatible with 1SG subjects, while in the Volga dialects it can be used with 3SG subjects as well. Paradoxically, the construction with NPST.1SG form is used with 3SG subjects. Finally, the optative use of the form in -šaš in Meadow Mari lects is restricted to 1SG subjects, whereas in Hill Mari it can be used with both 1SG and 3SG subjects. Possible grammaticalization mechanisms for these constructions are discussed. The construction with jussive develops from the imperative form, which is “softened” by the retrospective shift particle. The optative construction with infinitive emerges from independent uses of the -aš infinitive. The most important for the diachronic typology of optative is the construction with the NPST.1SG form. I propose that it had grammaticalized from counterfactual uses of the NPST.1SG form. Finally, the fourth optative construction developed based on the debitive form in -šaš.

Calls to (what kind of?) action: A framework for comparing political actors’ campaign strategies across social media platforms

Politicians can use social media to prompt citizens to engage by means of calls to action—statements, often in imperative form, that explicitly encourage audiences to take immediate action. This study makes a twofold contribution to this field: (1) Theoretically, we relate three factors shaping social media campaigns (audiences, affordances, genres) to calls to action related to three main campaign functions (information, mobilization, interaction). (2) Empirically, we show the applicability of this framework to systematic platform comparisons in the Western European context, taking the use of Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter by political actors in Norway as an example. Conducting a standardized manual content analysis, we find that calls for certain kinds of action are more common than others, probably related to shortage of time and resources in election campaigns. Which calls to action are used is clearly affected by the platforms on which they are published.

تفاعلية صيغ الأمر بين حقولها الدلاليَّة وأغراضها البلاغيَّة في كتاب؛ "روائع الحكم في بدائع الكلم" لعمر محمد الأول الإمام (دراسة لغويَّة تطبيقيَّة)

Abstract: The formulas and pairs within structures are simplified and engage with semantic fields at a higher level, enabling the image to perceive and comprehend the rooted structure to derive meaning. Content is shaped by the arrangement of sentence words, interconnecting their meanings proportionally through scrutiny, proof, analysis, and reasoning. Each component contributes to the composition's origin, structure, and wisdom, employing morphology and depiction. As sentences manifest speech and represent psychological images of natural composition, letters, with their sounds, movements, and placements, hold moral significance. This research aims to delve into a specific book, "Masterpieces of Wisdom in Marvelous Expressions" by Dr. Umar Muhammad Lawal Al-Imam, uncovering elements impossible to discern solely from its composition, thereby justifying imperative forms according to the word. It explores various purposes of speech and aspects of expressions within clear discourse, distinguishing them by structure and meaning as they synergize. The significance of this study lies in its ability to independently establish analogies and standards for employing imperative verbs, elucidating their meanings within the context of the analyzed book. By revealing multiple patterns of relationships, it enhances the recipient's understanding of text rulings through organized word structures.

Analisis Tindak Tutur Ilokusi pada Daftar Putar Maudy Ayunda’s Booklist dalam Kanal Youtube Maudy Ayunda

Illocutionary speaking acts are frequently used in social interactions. The discovery is significant because illocutionary speech acts can influence others to take action. The purpose of this research is to classify the form, function, and kind of illocutionary speech actions in addition to providing information about illocutionary speech acts that are employed in daily life. In this study, a pragmatic theoretical approach and a qualitative descriptive methodological technique were both used. Five videos from the Maudy Ayunda's Booklist playlist on her YouTube channel serve as the data source. The process of reviewing the data involved using note-taking and listening strategies. As data analysis tools, distributional method and identify method are employed in the interim. The results were achieved by finding forms of illocutionary speech acts with a declarative form which contains information, an imperative form which contains a command, and an interrogative form which states a question. Based on the types of illocutionary speech acts, the assertive types of telling and stating, the directive types of ordering and suggesting, the commissive types of promising and offering, the expressive types of congratulations and thanks, and the declarative types of agreement and decide are found. Meanwhile, based on the function of illocutionary speech acts, the fun function of praising and thanking was found, as well as the function of working together to teach and express.

Adaptive High Gain Observer Based MRAS for Sensorless Induction Motor Drives

Because of their advantages, speed sensorless induction motor drives have received a lot of attention in the academic and industrial communities over the last decade. Despite the recent developments in this area, the performance of sensorless variable-speed IM drives in ultra-low and zero electrical rotor speeds and regeneration mode remains a big challenge. To obtain acceptable results under unobservable conditions, an adaptive high gain observer-based MRAS speed estimator is proposed in this paper. The stability analysis of the proposed algorithm is proved using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Moreover, the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed estimator are verified by comparative experiments.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПАМЯТИ В ЕСТЕСТВЕННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ: ЗАБЫВАТЬ И ПОМНИТЬ

The paper focuses on representation of memory in Russian, exploring, specifically, its spatial interpretation and semantic types of predicates objectifying mnemonic processes in relation to the time axis: actions, processes and states are distinguished. Special emphasis is on the semantics of the verb помнить (pomnit’) which is interpreted as fundamentally different from its derivatives and its antonymous verb забывать (zabyvat’) . The study is based on the hypothesis-deduction research procedure, an integral part of which is a semantic experiment conducted either in the form of surveys of native speaking respondents or in its online version, namely, in the form of Yandex and Google search requests for word combinations. In the latter case the search engines function as a “collective respondent”. As part of the research methodology, the authors used the explanatory potential of imperative forms to indicate the presence or absence of control feature in the semantics of the action verb, and established restrictions on its realization associated with aspectual opposition in the predicate system. The research allowed for constructing a matrix based on the interaction of semantic features manifested on different levels (taxonomy characteristics as action and state predicates), as well as specifying the status of the verb помнить (pomnit’) as existential-resultative in contrast to its previous linguistic interpretation as a state predicate. The results also include identifying lexical features that refer to the interaction between subjects and the memory space, and tracing the systemic metaphor-based shifts to denoting speech act in a number of memory verbs.

Contributions of each of the four swimming strokes to elite 200-400 individual medley swimming performance in short and long course competitions.

The relative contribution of each of the four strokes to performance, and whether these contributions differ substantially between short course and long course competitions is unclear. To clarify these issues the aim of this study was to assess the strokes that have more influence on the performance in the 200 and 400m IM swimming performances of elite male and female swimmers, participating in major events: Olympic Games (OG) and World Championship (WC) in short-course and long-course from 2012 to 2021. Data from 1,095 swimmers (501 women and 594 men) who competed in 200 and 400-m IM were obtained with a minimum level of 800 FINA points. Linear regression modelling and classification trees were employed to quantify differences between strokes and short/long course swimming. Regression analysis indicated that breaststroke (β=-0.191; p<0.000) and backstroke (β=-0.185; p<0.000) had a bigger effect on IM performance, with butterfly (β=-0.101; p<0.000) having a lesser impact. The classification trees showed threshold performance standards in terms of 50-m times in form-stroke events must be fulfilled to attain medal-winning performances. These form-stroke standards represent important milestones for designing medal-oriented training strategies for both 200 IM and 400 m IM. Achieving a medallist position in 200 and 400 m IM requires obtaining specified lap times in butterfly, breaststroke and backstroke for males and females in long-course competitions, and breaststroke and backstroke for short-course competitions. The OG presents more exigent demands of lap times in butterfly, crawl and backstroke for IM swimmers.

The role of L1 self-efficacy in L2 reading comprehension: an exploration of L1–L2 cross-linguistic transfer

ABSTRACT Previous research on cross-linguistic transfer has provided evidence about the transfer of reading performance and strategies. However, little knowledge exists regarding how motivational factors (e.g. self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation [IM], extrinsic motivation [EM]) transfer and how they facilitate the transfer of reading from the first language (L1; i.e. Chinese in this study) to the second language (L2; i.e. English in this study). Furthermore, there is little agreement on the relationship between self-efficacy, IM, EM, and reading comprehension in L1 and L2 studies. This study aimed to (1) explore the relationship between self-efficacy, IM, EM, and reading comprehension in both L1 and L2; (2) identify whether self-efficacy, IM, EM, and reading performance can be directly transferred from L1 to L2; (3) and investigate how self-efficacy affects the cross-linguistic transfer of reading comprehension. 2,894 fourth-graders from 38 Hong Kong schools participated in this study. Results found that the relationship between self-efficacy, IM, EM, and reading comprehension was consistent in both L1 and L2. For cross-linguistic transfer, IM, EM, and reading performance can be transferred directly from L1 to L2, but reading self-efficacy cannot. Findings also indicated that self-efficacy indirectly affected L2 reading through several potential pathways. Implications for bilingual reading education are discussed.

Герои, антигерои современной российской молодежи

The article examines the issue of the formation of group identity among young people. Heroes of the time act as symbolic value-behavioral complexes, they are part of the conceptual apparatus for analyzing changes in attitudes towards historical personalities, historical memory as the basis of solidarity. The current state is char-acterized by trends of changes in value attitudes among Russian students, which inevitably affects social soli-darity. The theoretical apparatus is based on an appeal to the classics of sociology (E. Durkheim), the concept of anomie is considered in relation to the current period. A hypothesis of the causes of the state of disunity is formulated based on the destruction of the feedback mechanism in traditional methods of forming social soli-darity. In his cultural forms of behavior, a person relies on eternal truths, formulated in the form of moral imper-atives, captured in traditional forms (songs, fairy tales) and institutional practices of conveying meanings and patterns of behavior (upbringing, education). Heroes and anti-heroes act as triggers for the fragmentation of youth and Russian society. The article presents the results of a 2022 pilot survey of university youth, character-izing attitudes towards personalities of Russian history (authorities). The results obtained are compared with secondary data from 2023 surveys.

Politeness when native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners give warnings about prohibited acts: a cross-sectional study

Background Based on signs prohibiting certain actions, people warn others using imperative forms of the verb or give a soft warning using politeness strategies. This study investigates actual situations in which native Japanese speakers and Uzbek learners of Japanese give warnings about prohibitions. Methods This study compared warnings given by native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners regarding prohibited acts. After clarifying the difference between prohibition and warning of prohibitions, we proposed a classification scheme for the latter speech act in terms of politeness. Data were elicited using a discourse completion task. Results The results showed that the Japanese speakers tended to mitigate warnings by implementing two politeness strategies: expression in hedged forms and positioning the warning as a rule. The Japanese speakers used expressions such as “It is prohibited” to indicate that they warned as a rule. Such expressions may cause the hearer to feel that the speaker is an overbearing person who wields authority. To avoid this risk, the Japanese speakers used hedges, such as “Looks like it’s prohibited,” or “It says it’s prohibited,” to make it clear that the right to forbid is not with them but with the public authority. In contrast, the Uzbek learners of Japanese tended to implement their politeness strategy as an apology to compensate for the explicit warning. They tended to apologize in situations where the Japanese speakers would not. Conclusions The present study presented a framework for categorizing warning of prohibitions. This framework can be applied to languages other than Japanese, Uzbek, and Japanese by Uzbek learners.

Politeness when native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners give warnings about prohibited acts: a cross-sectional study

Background Based on singns prohibitiing certain action, people warn othersusing imperative forms of the verb or give a soft warning Based on signs prohibiting certain actions, people warn others using imperative forms of the verb or give a soft warning using politeness strategies. This study investigates actual situations in which native Japanese speakers and Uzbek learners of Japanese give warnings about prohibitions. Methods This study compared warnings given by native Japanese speakers and Uzbek Japanese learners regarding prohibited acts. After clarifying the difference between prohibition and warning of prohibitions, we proposed a classification scheme for the latter speech act in terms of politeness. Data were elicited using a discourse completion task. Results The results showed that the Japanese speakers tended to mitigate warnings by implementing two politeness strategies: expression in hedged forms and positioning the warning as a rule. The Japanese speakers used expressions such as “It is prohibited” to indicate that they warned as a rule. Such expressions may cause the hearer to feel that the speaker is an overbearing person who wields authority. To avoid this risk, the Japanese speakers used hedges, such as “Looks like it’s prohibited,” or “It says it’s prohibited,” to make it clear that the right to forbid is not with them but with the public authority. In contrast, the Uzbek learners of Japanese tended to implement their politeness strategy as an apology to compensate for the explicit warning. They tended to apologize in situations where the Japanese speakers would not. Conclusions The present study presented a framework for categorizing warning of prohibitions. This framework can be applied to languages other than Japanese, Uzbek, and Japanese by Uzbek learners.

AL AF’ᾹL AL INJᾹZIYAH LADAY MU’ALLIMAH AL LUGHAH AL ARABIYYAH FI AL TAFᾹ’UL AL SOFFI ASNA’A TA’LIM AL LUGHAH AL ARABIYYAH

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Directive Acts are illocution acts a teacher uses to ask the student to do a specific action. This speech act affects the input and output of the language studied. This study aimed to analyze the illocutionary acts used by teachers in learning Arabic at the Al Munawaroh Islamic boarding school, Jombang. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study. The techniques for collecting data are observation with recording and interviews and interactive analysis techniques to analyze data. The results of this study show illocutionary speech acts used in learning Arabic with three functions; 1) The function of commanding by using illocution acts in the form of imperative and declarative; 2) Advise function by using speech acts in the form of imperative mood and fill form of amr; 3) The function of prohibiting by using speech acts in the form of declarative and imperatives. The use of this illocutionary act as a teacher's media provides convenience in the learning process and creates a conducive, communicative, and interactive learning environment.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Directive acts as part of a quotation in Modern Japanese speech

In this paper, we consider directive acts as part of a quotation in Modern Japanese speech. Using the texts of electronic diaries as a kind of written expression of conversational discourse, we studied the ways of transmitting directive acts as part of a quotation, as well as to analyzed how the choice of a certain form of expression of directive acts as part of a quotation may indicate the direct or indirect nature of the citation. After giving a preliminary theoretical picture, we turn mainly to the direct (morphologized) imperative forms of the Japanese language. These forms are enough to show the complexity of the directive category in the "polite" language of the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun. In any case, the analysis of morphologized forms inevitably moved to the syntactic-discursive level. The peculiarity of the approach is in the analysis of several texts by one author to determine the language techniques characteristic of this author, which is used, among other things, as an argument in favor of direct or indirect citation, since Japanese (as well as for a number of other languages) is characterized by a rather complex, subtle distinction between direct and indirect ways of transmitting someone else’s speech. The material convinces us that only a complete analysis of both the quotation itself and the context (for example, texts by the same author) allows us to get a more accurate picture of the phenomenon of the distinction between direct and indirect citation. Among other things, the conducted research has the theoretical significance in terms of thinking about the phenomenon of quoting in language in general. It is clear that this phenomenon (especially in the light of modern information-polymodal, postmodern and other trends, in particular trends in the psychologization of discourse) should be understood more difficult, as new research in this field proves, and as our paper shows

B-040 Performance Evaluation of Five Reproductive Endocrinology Assays on the Atellica CI 1900 Analyzer

Abstract Background The Atellica® CI 1900 Analyzer is an automated, mid-throughput, integrated chemistry and immunoassay analyzer utilizing both Atellica CH and Atellica IM assays. This study was designed to evaluate the analytical performance of the Atellica IM Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Progesterone (PRGE), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Prolactin (PRL), and Total hCG (ThCG) assays* on the Atellica CI 1900 Analyzer. Methods The Atellica CI 1900 LH, PRGE, FSH, PRL, and ThCG assays use the same reagents and calibrators as the comparable Atellica IM assays. Precision and method comparison (MC) studies were used as performance indicators for the Atellica CI 1900 Analyzer. Precision studies were performed according to CLSI EP05-A3 using quality control material and native and contrived human serum samples. One aliquot of each sample pool was tested in duplicate in two runs per day ≥2 hours apart on each analyzer for ≥20 days with one reagent lot on two systems. MC studies were performed according to CLSI EP09-A3. Individual native human serum samples were analyzed using the Atellica IM assays on both the Atellica IM and Atellica CI 1900 Analyzers. Results Representative precision and MC results are listed for each assay in the table. Over the five assays tested, repeatability and within-lab %CVs were &amp;lt;7% and &amp;lt;13.5%, respectively. Slopes determined by the Deming linear regression model were approximately equal to 1. Conclusion Evaluation of the Atellica IM LH, PRGE, FSH, PRL, and ThCG assays using the Atellica CI 1900 Analyzer demonstrated good precision and equivalent performance compared to the same assays on the Atellica IM Analyzer. *The products/features mentioned here are not commercially available in all countries. Their future availability cannot be guaranteed.