Requirements Of Impartiality Research Articles

A Choice-Functional Characterization of Welfarism

Welfarism is the view that individual welfare is the only thing that matters. One important contribution of social choice theory has been to provide a precise formulation and axiomatic characterization of welfarism using Amartya Sen's framework of social welfare functionals. This paper is motivated by the observation that the standard formalization of welfarism is too restrictive, since a welfarist social planner need not be committed to maximizing a preference ordering or any other binary relation over alternatives. We therefore provide a characterization of welfarism in a more general choice-functional setting and show that welfarism, so understood, carries no commitment to rationalizability. This characterization is compatible with welfare values having any structure whatsoever. It also sheds light on different formulations of anonymity, revealing only some of these to be fundamental requirements of impartiality.

What We Owe the Future: A Million Year View

In Utilitarianism, first published in 1861, John Stuart Mill explains that ‘utilitarianism requires [one] to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator’. The impartiality requirement has been a central tenet of most iterations of utilitarianism since then and is one of the more contentious issues when it comes to evaluating its plausibility as an ethical theory. Can we, really, take an impartial approach to ethical decision-making? And, what's more, should we? In What We Owe the Future, MacAskill does not explicitly identify himself as a utilitarian [and indeed suggests that one need not even be a consequentialist to accept the position he defends (p. 241)], but one can nonetheless read the text as a radical interpretation of the idea that our ethical decision-making should be impartial (e.g. p. 5). MacAskill argues for a position that he calls ‘longtermism’, which involves a commitment to at least two propositions. First, that we have a moral responsibility to act in such a way as to improve the lives of future generations. Secondly, that doing so should be a priority for us now.

The impartiality of conformity assessment bodies is an integral component of the food safety management system

The article aims to consider in detail the principles and requirements for impartiality, its components, and the status of implementation of these requirements in the current state of conformity assessment in Ukraine for different types of conformity assessment bodies (CABs); involved in food safety management system; compliance with the requirements of impartiality in terms of managing the risks associated with impartiality. The article uses methods of theoretical, empirical-theoretical, and empirical research, including analysis of documentation. Expert assessments were used to determine the significance of individual elements. The importance of impartiality in the activities of CABs is substantiated and demonstrated. Received a list of mandatory and recommended impartiality requirements for the requirements of the received standards and identified factors that threaten impartiality. Practical recommendations for documenting the process of impartiality management developed. The article analyzed the completeness and sufficiency of possible documented evidence, identified the risks of impartiality, and developed a set of preventive measures to minimize the identified risks. The authors developed a methodology for managing impartiality, which combines the experience and experience of CABs in various fields. The research results allow the CAB to carry out and document lending sector activities following the standard's requirements.

Representative Bureaucracy and Organizational Justice in Mediation.

Studies of representative bureaucracy (RB) argue public organizations reflective of the public they serve exhibit better outcomes, especially when serving underrepresented groups. RB theory attributes improved outcomes either to the actions representative bureaucrats take (active representation), or a greater perception of trust and legitimacy toward them by service recipients (symbolic representation), largely treating active and symbolic representation as separate phenomena. We explore the intricate relationship between bureaucracies and the populations they serve by observing the cross-influence between active and symbolic representation, as revealed by self-reported outcomes in discrimination complaints (N = 1,372) referred for voluntary mediation in the United States Postal Service, the REDRESS© program, a context in which mediators are highly limited in representing a claimant's interests given the requirement of impartiality. In exit surveys measuring employee perceptions of organizational justice, we observed the impact of race and gender representation by gauging changes in reported satisfaction when a mediator's race or gender matched the nature of the complaint in cases of race or sex discrimination and sexual harassment, via multivariate regression estimation. These analyses support RB theory regarding sexual harassment complaints, where complainants rated outcomes significantly more favorably for female mediators. We found a negative correlation between female mediators and sex discrimination complaints, as well as African American mediators and race discrimination complainants. To explain this discrepancy, we argue that interactions between symbolic and active representation determine the expectations and perceptions placed on bureaucrats. When a bureaucrat does not meet those expectations, service recipients tend to have a more negative view of organizational justice outcomes.

The Quranic Rooting to Hadith Science An Inductive Analytical Study

أهداف البحث: يهدفُ البحث إلى ردّ أنواع علوم الحديث إلى دليلها الذي يقررها من كتاب الله U، وبيان التأصيل المنهجي عند المحدثين من القرآن الكريم، حيثُ دار موضوعه على جمع الأصول القرآنيّة الدّالّة على أنواع علوم الحديث في جانبيها: الروايةِ والدرايةِ، وتحليلها بالرّجوع إلى الكتب الحديثيّة المتخصصة. منهج الدراسة: اتّبع الباحث المنهج الاستقرائي، والمنهج التحليلي؛ لإنجاز أهداف الدراسة وغاياتها، فتتبع الباحث مواطن الآيات القرآنيّة الدالة على علوم الحديث من جانبي: الدراية والرواية، في كُتب علوم الحديث المؤلفةِ قديمًا وحديثًا، دون تكلّفٍ في جمعها وحرِصَ على ربطها مع النّوع الذي تتعلّق به من علوم الحديث وبيان دلالتها. النتائج: توصّل الباحث إلى نتائج علميّة من أبرزها: التأكّيد على متانة قواعد المحدثين وتأصيلها من رب العزّة، وتوضيح وجه من أوجه حفظ الله لدينه، وسنة نبيّه، وبيان تنوع دلالة القرآن الكريم على العلوم الحديثيّة إلى نوعين: دلالة صريحة، ودلالة استنباطيّة، والتأكيد على أنّ آية الحجرات هي العمدة في اشتراط العدالة في الرّواة. أصالة البحث: تكمن القيمة العلميّة في كونه أحد الموضوعات المهمة في العمل على تثبيت قواعد علوم الحديث ومصطلحه، ومن المؤمَّل أن تكون هذه الدراسة مرجعًا للمؤلفين، والمعلمين في مصطلح الحديث؛ لبيان التأصيل القرآني لأنواع علوم الحديث.

О месте беспристрастности в системе морального долга

В статье рассматривается вопрос о том, какое место в системе морального долга занимает требование «Будь беспристрастным». В этической теории присутствуют два ответа на него: первый предполагает, что беспристраст­ность сопровождает исполнение любых моральных обязанностей, второй – что это не общеморальное свойство, а локальное явление в мире нравствен­ных ценностей и норм. Второй ответ был концептуально оформлен Бернар­дом Гертом. По мнению Герта, беспристрастность уместна лишь в области исполнения фундаментальных норм-запретов и поиска случаев, в которых моральный деятель вынужденно, но при этом оправданно их нарушает. В сфере воплощения позитивных ценностных ориентиров, или идеалов, главный среди которых – «Помогай тем, кто в нужде», беспристрастность бессмысленна и невозможна. Выбор реципиентов помощи осуществляется на основе индивидуальных связей и привязанностей деятеля. Автор статьи оспаривает гипотезу Герта. Во-первых, он демонстрирует, что требование быть беспристрастным имеет силу при выполнении совершенных обязан­ностей спасения. Совершенная обязанность спасения возникает там, где структура ситуации делает человека единственным, кто может избавить другого от гибели ценой незначительных усилий и потерь. Эта обязанность аннулирует значение индивидуальных симпатий, привязанностей, связей деятеля при выборе получателей помощи. Деятель не может отложить спа­сение и спасти позднее кого-нибудь из «своих» или «близких» людей. Кро­ме того, в тех ситуациях, когда необходимо спасать не индивидов, а группы людей, требуется беспристрастное исполнение принципа «спасай большин­ство». Во-вторых, автор показывает, что выбор для поддержки именно нуж­дающихся людей сам по себе содержит элемент беспристрастности.

IMPARCIALIDADE E OBRIGAÇÃO NA FILOSOFIA MORAL DE PETER SINGER

O artigo discute a ideia de imparcialidade na filosofia moral de Peter Singer. (1) primeiro, apresenta, em linhas gerais, a ideia de imparcialidade na filosofia moral de singer. (2) discute-se as implicações da imparcialidade na tese sobre as obrigações dos ricos em ajudar os pobres. (3) em seguida, discute-se a distinção entre obrigatório e super-rogatório e, a partir dessa distinção, constrói uma crítica à exigência de imparcialidade por parte do agente. (4) discute-se a crítica de que a imparcialidade desconsideraria o altruísmo autorreferente como um aspecto central e irrenunciável da vida das pessoas. (5) por fim, apresentam-se os argumentos utilizados por singer para responder às críticas à imparcialidade: (5.1) o apelo à ideia cristã do dizimo; (5.2) a ideia de nível intuitivo do pensamento moral; (5.3) a justificativa imparcial da parcialidade.

THE PEDAGOGICAL IMPARTIALITY REQUIREMENT IN QUEBEC’S ETHICS AND RELIGIOUS CULTURE CURRICULUM: IS IT CONSISTENT WITH TEACHER AUTONOMY AND CHARTER RIGHTS?

Quebec’s Ethics and Religious Culture program (ERC) requires teachers to adopt a professional stance of pedagogical impartiality. This article examines the complex regulatory framework surrounding the impartiality requirement from the perspectives of teachers’ legally recognized right to professional autonomy, their constitutional rights to religious freedom and freedom of expression, and the related issue of impartiality as a pedagogical device when teaching about controversial issues. The paper’s brief review of the jurisprudence does not support a decisive answer to the question of whether the legal basis of the impartiality ERC’s impartiality requirement is sound. However, it does reveal that the impartiality requirement is more legally fragile than it might appear at first glance.

Equality, Recognition and Social Justice: A Hegelian Perspective Announcing Amartya Sen

The principle of formal equality refers to the basic idea that institutions shall have equal concern for all citizens and currently constitutes a requirement of justice. Amartya Sen (1992; 2009), for instance, suggests that equality is a necessary component of social justice theories if the requirement of impartiality is to be fulfilled. Analyzing the implications of such an idea, the paper argues that the concept of recognition is necessary to outline clearly why the process of implementation of equality requires institutional mediation. We call this “objective recognition,” which brings us to the limits of formal equality as applied to social justice, the aim of which is assumed to be actual freedom. The paper thus asserts that formal equality is a necessary but not sufficient condition of freedom. Relying on G.W.F. Hegel’s social theory and the post-Hegelian discussion of recognition theory, we argue that subjectivity also needs a space for its emancipation in the social sphere, exploring the dialectic between the universal and the particular that shows how the acknowledgement of identity and difference are separate processes, which must nevertheless stand together to provide the conditions of freedom. Hegel and Sen’s analyses converge on the subject of actual freedom and what makes it possible since both either assert or suggest that formal equality is necessary and raise the issue of acknowledging particularity through this dialectical approach: the paper thus aims to further our understanding of this dialectics and show how it applies to Sen’s conception of justice.

Typology of Teachers’ Impartiality: Qualitative Analysis of ERC Teachers

To ensure the nondenominational nature of the Ethics and Religious Culture program (ERC), teachers are required to adopt a professional stance of impartiality rather than neutrality. The objective of this article is to analyze teachers’ reflections on their professional stance of impartiality. Taken from a doctoral research, this article summarizes the definitions of impartiality arising from the implementation of the ERC program in secondary schools. The following elements are presented—the impartiality requirement in the ERC program, the qualitative research methodology, the analysis of semistructured interviews of secondary teachers, and a typology of teachers’ impartiality professional stance.

THE RIGHT TO AN IMPARTIAL JUDGE

The author analyses the institute of impartiality of judge in criminal proceedings. First, the paper points to norms of Article 6 of European Convention on Human Rights and guarantees of the fundamental rights in criminal procedure in Hungarian Constitution. Afterwards, the author establishes material elements that constitute the requirement of impartiality, how it is possible to set aside partiality and what are the results of this requirement within the concrete regulations of the Hungarian Act on the Criminal Procedure.

رد طلب المحكم وأثره الإجرائي في فض خصومة التحكيم:, دراسة مقارنة

Must be requirement of impartiality and independence are available throughout the arbitrator in the arbitration proceeding and until the issuance of the terminator rule the entire dispute and the end of unseasoned legally defined and requested correct judgment or render the interpretation of, or additional request until chapter in demand . and so, whether that was the arbitrator individuals aotadd arbitrators and both for an arbitrator chosen by each party or the arbitrator is likely and whether the arbitration nationally or internationally or commercially . That the requirement of impartiality and independence is not about public order but the interests of the litigants as owner must adhere to the interest and backwardness, but fell right to stick with it. This is done by adhering to apply cold arbitrator serious doubts arise or independence, then the arbitrator may be disqualified. in the study, we show for this in terms of demand cases and procedures and how the chapter and it is impact procedural after highlighting what the arbitrator and distinguish it from that what like it and the nature of his work , highlighting to the address procedural laws respond that the arbitrator was wither the treatment had received in civil procedure rules or in the arbitration laws.

Independence, Impartiality, and Disclosure: Delimiting the Right to Challenge International Arbitrators

The question of arbitrator bias, and how the arbitrator’s disclosures [or lack thereof] can affect the perception over the arbitrators’ independence and impartiality is at the core of the parties’ right to have their case decided by fair-minded arbitrators. This paper reviews the concept of bias and the content of the double requirement of impartiality and independence. It then discusses how the arbitrator’s failure to disclose situations that may suggest bias could trigger the parties’ right to challenge and seek the disqualification, to finally propose some ways in which the right to challenge an arbitrator should be limited for the common good of users and practitioners in international arbitration.

Legitimizing Negative Aspects in GRI-Oriented Sustainability Reporting: A Qualitative Analysis of Corporate Disclosure Strategies

Corporate sustainability reports are supposed to provide a complete and balanced picture of corporate sustainability performance. They are, however, usually voluntary and thus prone to interpretation and even greenwashing tendencies. To overcome this problem, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provides standardized reporting guidelines challenging companies to report positive and negative aspects of an organization’s sustainability performance. However, the reporting of “negative aspects” in particular can endanger corporate legitimacy if perceived by the stakeholders as not being in line with societal norms and values. Starting from the theoretical lenses of economics-based disclosure theories and socio-political theories of disclosure, the focus of this study therefore was to analyze the communicative legitimation strategies companies use to report “negative aspects,” i.e., negative ecological and social impact caused by corporate activity. Using qualitative content analysis of GRI-oriented sustainability reports from companies listed on the US Dow Jones Industrial Average Index and on the German DAX Index, we identified six legitimation strategies. We discuss these strategies regarding to symbolic and substantial management of legitimacy. We show that symbolic legitimation strategies aiming at modifying the perception of legitimizing stakeholders dominate in the reports at hand. Such persuasion, however, does not meet the requirement of impartiality as postulated by the GRI guidelines. Building upon this conclusion we propose a concise characterization of “negative aspects” and develop a GRI-compliant schema of reporting about them. In doing so, we offer a way to improve the overall “balance” of sustainability reporting contributing to a true and fair view in sustainability disclosure.

Legitimizing negative aspects in GRI-oriented sustainability reporting: A qualitative study

Corporate sustainability reports are supposed to provide a complete and balanced picture of corporate sustainability performance. They are, however, usually voluntary and thus prone to interpretation and even greenwashing tendencies. To overcome this problem, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provides standardized reporting guidelines challenging companies to report positive and negative aspects of an organization’s sustainability performance. However, the reporting of “negative aspects” in particular can endanger corporate legitimacy if perceived by the stakeholders as not being in line with societal norms and values. The focus of this study therefore was to analyze the communicative legitimation strategies companies use to report “negative aspects,” i.e., negative ecological and social impact caused by corporate activity. Using qualitative content analysis of GRI-oriented sustainability reports from companies listed on the US Dow Jones Industrial Average Index and on the German DAX Index, we identified six legitimation strategies. We discuss these strategies regarding to symbolic and substantial management of legitimacy. We show that symbolic legitimation strategies aiming at modifying the perception of legitimizing stakeholders dominate in the reports at hand. Such persuasion, however, does not meet the requirement of impartiality as postulated by the GRI guidelines. Building upon this conclusion we propose a concise characterization of “negative aspects” and develop a GRI- compliant schema of reporting about them. In doing so, we offer a way to improve the overall “balance” of sustainability reporting contributing to a true and fair view in sustainability disclosure.

Is Rule by Majorities Special?

One way of making decisions is for political associates or their representatives to vote on each issue separately in accordance with the majority principle and then take the cumulative outcomes of such majority decision making to define the collective choice for public policy. We call such a system one of majorities rule. Thought of in spatial terms, majorities rule is equivalent to the principle of making decisions according to the issue-by-issue median of voter preferences. If popular control and political equality are core democratic values, they can be rendered as requirements on a collective choice rule, involving resoluteness, anonymity, strategy-proofness and responsiveness. These requirements entail that the collective decision rule be a percentile method. If we then add a requirement of impartiality, as exhibited in a collective choice rule which would be chosen behind a veil of ignorance, then the issue-by-issue median is uniquely identified as a fair rule. Hence, majorities rule is special. Some objections to this line of reasoning are considered.

The Importance of Personal Relationships in Kantian Moral Theory: A Reply to Care Ethics

Care ethicists have long insisted that Kantian moral theory fails to capture the partiality that ought to be present in our personal relationships. In her most recent book, Virginia Held claims that, unlike impartial moral theories, care ethics guides us in how we should act toward friends and family. Because these actions are performed out of care, they have moral value for a care ethicist. The same actions, Held claims, would not have moral worth for a Kantian because of the requirement of impartiality. Although Kantian moral theory is an impartial theory, I argue that the categorical imperative in the Formulation of Humanity as an End and the duty of respect require that we give special treatment to friends and family because of their relationships with us. Therefore, this treatment does have moral value for a Kantian.

The ignorant observer

We propose an extension of Harsanyi’s Impartial Observer Theorem based on the representation of ignorance as the set of all possible probability distributions over individuals. We obtain a characterization of the observer’s preferences that, under our most restrictive conditions, is a convex combination of Harsanyi’s utilitarian and Rawls’ egalitarian criteria. This representation is ethically meaningful, in the sense that individuals’ utilities are cardinally measurable and fully comparable. This allows us to conclude that the impartiality requirement cannot be used to decide between Rawls’ and Harsanyi’s positions.

Normas éticas y estadísticas en la justificación de los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados

En este trabajo analizamos cómo se articula la justificación estadística de las conclusiones obtenidas en los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados con sus condiciones de aceptabilidad ética y política. Pretendemos mostrar cómo varía tal justificación dependiendo de nuestra concepción de la probabilidad y, correlativamente, qué argumentos éticos se pueden ofrecer sobre cada una de ellas. Veremos cómo los enfoques frecuentista y bayesiano resultan defendibles en el ámbito de los ensayos clínicos y defenderemos que, para su aceptación pública, se les debe exigir garantías de imparcialidad cuyo mejor ejemplo es la propia técnica de aleatorización.

Inequality aversion, impartiality and utilitarianism

Egalitarianism presents the problem of baseline-dependence: egalitarianism from where? No collective choice can be egalitarian for all choices of a baseline. So the question arises as to whether and how the egalitarian program can be weakened in order to be compatible with baseline-independence. I characterize the set of choices that satisfy a minimal degree of inequality-aversion, embodied in the generalized Lorenz criterion, independently of the choice of a baseline. It turns out that this set coincides with the Lorenz-Utilitarian set, the set of Utilitarian choices which are not Lorenz dominated for any choice of baseline. Either this set is empty or it coincides with the Utilitarian set (when this is a singleton). Moreover, I also characterize the full Utilitarian set by using a standard requirement of impartiality (the Suppes-Sen criterion).