Growth Impairment In Children Research Articles

Parenting Style and Stimulation of Psychosocial Development on the Psychosocial Development of Pre-School Children with Stunting

Stunting is a condition of impaired growth in children under five caused by chronic malnutrition, particularly within the first 1,000 days of life, resulting in children being too short for their age. This issue is crucial because stunting also impacts children's motor skills and psychosocial development. The problem of malnutrition predominantly occurs in developing countries, where approximately 80% of stunted children are found in 24 countries across Asia and Africa. Indonesia has the highest prevalence, followed by India, China, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This study analyzes the influence of parenting styles and psychosocial stimulation on preschool-aged children experiencing stunting development. The research design uses an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consists of stunted children aged 3-6 years and their parents in Nganjuk Regency, totaling 150 respondents. Sampling was conducted purposively, and data were collected through the PSDQ questionnaire for parenting style, the EC HOME for psychosocial stimulation, and the KMME for psychosocial development. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed, with a significance level of (α=0.05). The analysis results indicate a significant effect of psychosocial stimulation on the psychosocial development of stunted children, with a p-value of 0.001≤α=0.05. Responsive parenting and active parent-child interaction are crucial in supporting children's development. Therefore, it is essential to improve children's nutritional status through proper caregiving approaches to ensure they grow with normal nutritional status and achieve optimal development in the future.

Aflatoxin Exposure in Children Aged 4 Months to 5 Years from sub-Saharan Africa and its Effect on Stunted Child Growth – a Topical Review

The mould species fungi encompass among others the family of Aspergillus which produce and secrete a number of compounds toxic to human health, namely the aflatoxins. These mycotoxins are converted to secondary metabolites that exert the often detrimental biological effect, and they are commonly found in various foods such as fruits, nuts, seeds, and grains. Members of the Aspergillus family thrive in wet and humid conditions, so they are particularly prevalent in regions with a tropical climate, for example in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxins considered to be among the most known potent mutagenic and carcinogenic substances. For example, it can cause liver cancer. Importantly, aflatoxins often contaminate weaning foods consumed by small children. This topical review outlines the evidence on the associations between aflatoxin exposure and impaired linear growth (stunting, that is low height/length for age) in small children (aged 4 months to 5 years) from sub-Saharan Africa. Ten studies were retrieved from the database PubMed after considering predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six out of the ten studies found a significant inverse association between increased aflatoxin exposure and stunted child growth. Although aflatoxin exposure and stunting prevalence were high and widespread in most of the included studies, in general, studies conducted in Western Africa had the highest aflatoxin exposure and stunting prevalence. The only included randomized controlled trial found that a diet aimed at reducing aflatoxin exposure significantly improved linear growth in children at 13, but not at 22, months of age. The evidence suggests that aflatoxins have an impact on linear growth among children aged 4 months to five years. Possibly there is a threshold value for aflatoxin exposure before a significant impact on growth can be identified. Raised awareness and management strategies for the high aflatoxin exposure rates in sub-Saharan Africa and its negative health effects, in particular stunted child growth, are warranted. Key words: Aflatoxin, children, diet, linear growth, stunting, sub-Saharan Africa, topical review

Supplementary Feeding as A Remedy For Stunted Toddlers and Pregnant Women With Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) In Imbi Urban Village, Jayapura City, Papua

Stunting is a condition characterized by impaired growth in children, leading to insufficient height and weight compared to established standards, which also affects motor development. Children with stunting have lower immunity, increasing their vulnerability to non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity, stroke, and heart disease. In Jayapura, the stunting rate reaches 20%, which is considered high in Indonesia. In response, PT Pertamina Patra Niaga has partnered with the Posyandu Cadre of Imbi Village and the local Health Center to provide Supplementary Feeding (PMT) containing animal protein, vegetable protein, fruits, and vegetables. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the PMT program in reducing the rate of stunting and improving the nutritional status of toddlers and pregnant women in Jayapura. The feeding program lasted for two weeks and targeted stunted children and pregnant women with nutritional deficiencies. This descriptive qualitative study examines the processes and outcomes of this intervention. The results indicate that 39% of participants successfully improved their nutritional status, moving out of the stunting and SEZ categories. This program is set to continue for four years to ensure sustainable support for toddlers and pregnant women in meeting their nutritional needs.

Description of Parenting Patterns and Sanitation Hygiene in Families with Stunted Infants in Selemadeg Barat, Selemadeg, and Selemadeg Timur

Stunting is the impaired growth and development of children due to chronic malnutrition and repeated infections, characterized by below-standard length or height. The prevalence rate of stunting in Tabanan Regency in 2022 is 8.2%. The purpose of the study in general was to determine the description of parenting patterns and sanitation hygiene in families with stunted children in West Selemadeg, Selemadeg, and East Selemadeg sub-districts. This study is a descriptive study, the sampling technique was carried out by the total sampling method with a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis used in this study was univariate analysis. The results showed that the category of good parenting was 31% and poor parenting was 69%. Hygiene sanitation of stunted baduta is entirely in the good category. The conclusion of this research is that parenting patterns are in the poor category and sanitation hygiene is in the good categori. The suggestion from this research is to examine further the factors related to parenting pattern for toddlers and as a study for an initial survey before providing PMT subsidies. The care provided by baduta mothers should be paid attention and increase the need for food for infants that contains adequate consumption of nutrients with a composition that is in accordance with the Nutrition Adequacy Rate (AKG). Monitor growth and development since the baby is in the womb regularly so that it grows optimally.

ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES TO STUNTING PREVENTION AND CHILD PROTECTION

Stunting, characterized by impaired growth and development in children under five years old, represents a significant global nutritional issue, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to explore stunting prevention and child protection from the perspective of Islamic education. Employing a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach, the research seeks to understand and interpret specific events and social situations related to stunting and child protection within the Indonesian context. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and documentation, specifically involving lecturers at UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh. The findings reveal that the incidence of stunting in Indonesia remains alarmingly high compared to other middle-income countries, leading to decreased cognitive abilities, heightened health risks, and diminished future productivity. The research concludes that stunting prevention and child protection are critical national programs that require synergistic implementation to secure a better future for children and ensure their right to quality education. From the perspective of Islamic education, these efforts are intrinsically linked, as Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of proper care, provision of halal and nutritious food, which positively influence both the physical and mental well-being of children. The study highlights the need for integrating Islamic educational principles in national stunting prevention strategies to foster holistic child development.

TRANSFORMASI GIZI BALITA STUNTING: PENGARUH BISKUIT TINGGI PROTEIN BERBASIS WHEY PROTEIN TERHADAP KADAR SCFA

Stunting, characterized by impaired growth and development in children under five, is a major health issue caused by chronic malnutrition and recurrent infections during the first 1000 days of life. Protein intake is crucial for the provision of essential amino acids necessary for optimal growth and immune function. This study aimed to analyze the effect of whey protein-based high-protein biscuits on short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels in stunted children. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test group was used. Thirty-six stunted children were divided into two groups: the intervention group received whey protein-based high-protein biscuits, while the control group received an equivalent protein source from eggs and tempeh. SCFA levels were measured before and after the intervention. Paired T-tests and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis. The study found that high-protein biscuits significantly increased SCFA levels (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in the intervention group (p-value < 0.001). These findings suggest that high-protein biscuits can positively influence gut microbiota and overall health in stunted children. High-protein biscuits can effectively increase SCFA levels in stunted children, contributing to improved gut health. Future studies should explore the long-term effects and potential risks associated with this intervention

Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products: The state of the evidence for child growth impairment

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a metabolite of the more toxic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus; which contaminates maize, peanuts, tree nuts, and oilseeds, among other crops in warm regions of the world. When mammals consume AFB1 in these foods, they secrete AFM1 in milk. A recent analysis indicated negligible cancer risk associated with AFM1 exposure, but whether AFM1 impairs children's growth is important to understand because children consume relatively more milk than adults worldwide. Our paper reviews the evidence on the link between AFM1 exposure and child growth impairment. We find that the existing studies are contradictory and necessitates further studies on this question; in particular, those that control for potentially confounding factors such as household socioeconomic status, children's overall diets, hygienic factors, and agroecological zone. Though many nations have policies for maximum AFM1 limits in dairy foods, they are not based on an explicit health risk analysis of AFM1 but on conversion rates of AFB1 levels to AFM1 in dairy products. Future studies on AFM1's potential harmful effects on child growth will help to better inform policies on maximum allowable AFM1 in milk and other dairy products.

Health Education : Stunting Prevention in Nagari Api-Api, West Sumatra

Nagari Api-Api Pasar Baru, Bayang, Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra is one of the areas that still faces major challenges related to stunting. Stunting is characterized by impaired growth and development in children, caused by insufficient nutrition, frequent infections, and a lack of psychosocial stimulation. Globally, 149.2 million children under the age of five (22.0 percent) are affected by this condition. Based on the results of a national survey of stunting sufferers in Pesisir Selatan for the 2023 period, there were 2,314 cases, 29.8 percent of the total number of children in the area, or an increase of 4.6 percent compared to 2022 which was 25.2 percent. Of that number, only 470 cases were children from underprivileged families and the rest were from children from well-off families. In terms of age, 795 cases were children aged 0-24 months and 1,519 cases were aged 24-59 months.Preparation of Extension Materials and Media Preparation of Extension Preparation of extension materials that include information about stunting, characteristics, causes, impacts, and prevention methods. Schmidt stated that stunting is a condition of malnutrition that occurs over a long period of time, resulting in impaired height growth in children. This makes them shorter compared to the standard height for their age (Aryastami, 2017).The results of the counseling activity were that participants understood and understood the causes and how to prevent stunting in children.

Edukasi Gizi Seimbang Sebagai upaya Pencegahan Stunting oleh KKN Universitas Palangka Raya di Desa Batuah Kecamatan Basarang Kabupaten Kapuas

Stunting is a condition of impaired growth in children under five years of age due to chronic malnutrition, resulting in slower growth compared to their peers. Based on the Special Index Report on Stunting Management in Central Kalimantan Province for 2021-2022, it shows that almost every city and district has reached the index threshold but is indicated to be low or the index numbers are close to the lower limit. The IKPS (Special Stunting Management Index) for Kapuas Regency in 2021 reached 51.7 with a lower limit index of 47.0, categorized as poor, and in 2022 it only reached 49.2 with a lower limit index of 43.9, also categorized as poor. The KKN group designed several educational and nutritional intervention programs to increase community awareness and understanding of the importance of adequate and balanced nutritional intake. These programs include socialization about healthy eating patterns, counseling on the importance of nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and the provision of healthy corn pudding. The output of this activity is demonstrated by the increased knowledge of participants about the importance of adequate nutrition.

Classification of Big Data Stunting Using Support Vector Regression Method at Stella Maris Medan Maternity Hospital

This study aims to classify big data related to stunting using the Support Vector Regression (SVR) method at Stella Maris Maternity Hospital, Medan. Stunting, a condition of impaired growth in children due to chronic malnutrition and repeated infections, affects physical and cognitive development. With increasing health data, big data processing methods are essential for accurate information. SVR was chosen for handling high-dimensional and non-linear data, providing precise results. The study uses medical information, nutritional history, and socio-economic factors collected from hospital patients. The research process includes data collection, pre-processing to address missing values and outliers, normalization, and SVR application. Final results use SVR with Voting Classifier combining Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB), achieving an accuracy of 91.67%. This approach effectively identifies main stunting factors, aiding clinical decision-making and intervention programs. The study showcases big data and machine learning's potential in healthcare, serving as a model for improving health services and monitoring children's health conditions.

Hubungan Antara Pencegahan Stunting dan Pemahaman Fiqih Parenting

Stunting is the impaired growth and development of children due to long-term malnutrition. Stunting can be caused by malnutrition experienced by the mother during pregnancy, or the child during their growth period. Stunting is a condition when children experience physical and cognitive growth delays, which can have a negative impact on their health and future. In the Islamic view, the prevention of stunting is an important task that Muslim societies should take on, in line with Allah's command not to be a weak people. Islam teaches to take good care of children and pay special attention to their growth and development. The relationship between stunting prevention and parenting in Islamic fiqh is an important aspect in ensuring the health and well-being of children, especially in the early years of life. Stunting, defined as a condition of stunted growth and development due to malnutrition, is a globally significant public health problem. Parenting in fiqh based on Islamic principles emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition and care of children to prevent stunting. The type of research used in this journal is quantitative research where this research is based on the philosophy of positivism, which is a philosophical teaching that views reality, symptoms, phenomena as classifiable, relatively fixed, concrete, observable, measurable, and relationships. This research was conducted in Tanjung Seneng sub-district, Kec. South Kotabumi, North Lampung Regency, Lampung, with a population of 85% and a sample size of 70%. Data collection was carried out by filling out the Millennial Parenting Style questionnaire and the Early Detection questionnaire in preventing stunting in toddlers.

Prevalence of childhood stunting and determinants in low and lower-middle income African countries: Evidence from standard demographic and health survey.

Undernutrition poses a significant global public health challenge, adversely affecting childhood cognitive and physical development while increasing the risk of disease and mortality. Stunting, characterized by impaired growth and development in children due to insufficient psychological stimulation, frequent infections, and inadequate nutrition, remains a critical issue. Although economic growth alone cannot fully address the prevalence of stunting, there exists a robust correlation between a country's income level and childhood stunting rates. Countries with higher incomes tend to have lower rates of childhood stunting. Notably, while childhood stunting is declining worldwide, it remains persistent in Africa. Consequently, this study aims to assess the prevalence of childhood stunting and its determinants in low- and lower-middle-income African countries. This study conducted a secondary analysis of standard demographic and health surveys in low- and lower-middle-income African countries spanning the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis included a total sample of 204,214 weighted children under the age of five years. To identify the determinants of stunting, we employed a multilevel mixed-effect model, considering the three levels of variables. The measures of association (fixed effect) were determined using the adjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. Significance was declared when the association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variable had a p-value less than 0.05. In low and lower-middle-income African countries, 31.28% of children under five years old experience stunting, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 31.08% to 31.48%. The results from a multilevel mixed-effect analysis revealed that 24 months or more of age of child, male gender, low and high birth weight, low and high maternal BMI, no and low maternal education, low household wealth index, multiple (twin or triplet) births, rural residence, and low income of countries were significantly associated with childhood stunting. Stunting among children under five years of age in low- and lower-middle-income African countries was relatively high. Individual, community, and country-level factors were statistically associated with childhood stunting. Equally importantly, with child, maternal, and community factors of stunting, the income of countries needs to be considered in providing nutritional interventions to mitigate childhood stunting in Africa.

Growth impairment in children with atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis and pituitary hyperplasia.

Atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis (AAT) is a rare phenotype of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) in pediatric age. AAT occurs without thyroid enlargement leading to a delay in its diagnosis. Growth impairment is infrequent in autoimmune thyroiditis, if timely diagnosed. Prolonged severe hypothyroidism is a rare cause of pituitary hyperplasia (PH) in childhood. Loss of thyroxine negative feedback causes a TRH-dependent hyperplasia of pituitary thyrotroph cells resulting in adenohypophysis enlargement. A transdifferentiation of pituitary somatotroph cells into thyrotroph cells could explain growth failure in those patients. Twelve patients were retrospectively evaluated at five Italian and Polish Centres of Pediatric Endocrinology for height growth impairment. In all Centres, patients underwent routine clinical, biochemical and radiological evaluations. At the time of first assessment, the 75% of patients presented height growth arrest, while the remaining ones showed growth impairment. The study of thyroid function documented a condition of hypothyroidism, due to AT, in the entire cohort, although all patients had no thyroid enlargement. Thyroid ultrasound showed frankly atrophic or normal gland without goiter. Cerebral MRI documented symmetrical enlargement of the adenohypophysis in all patients and a homogeneous enhancement of the gland after the administration of Gadolinium-DPTA. Replacement therapy with levothyroxine was started and patients underwent close follow-up every 3 months. During the 12 months of follow-up, an improvement in terms of height growth has been observed in 88% of patients who continued the follow-up. Laboratory findings showed normalization of thyroid function and the control brain MRI documented complete regression of PH to a volume within the normal range for age and sex. This is the largest pediatric cohort with severe autoimmune primary hypothyroidism without goiter, but with pituitary hyperplasia in which significant growth impairment was the most evident presenting sign. AAT phenotype might be correlated with this specific clinical presentation. In youths with growth impairment, hypothyroidism should always be excluded even in the absence of clear clinical signs of dysthyroidism.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PENENTUAN STATUS GIZI BALITA PADA DINAS KESEHATAN KABUPATEN ALOR MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA C4.5

Assessment of nutritional status plays a very important role in monitoring children's nutrition. If the assessment of nutritional status is carried out correctly and accurately, signs or symptoms of impaired growth and development in children can be identified early so that mitigation and prevention can be carried out in an effort to improve the nutritional status of children under five. And the occurrence of nutritional problems can be minimized. For this reason, determining the nutritional status of toddlers must be done quickly and accurately. Puskesmas as the technical implementer of the Health Service, has the main task of collecting data and assessing the nutritional status of toddlers and submitting the results of the assessment to the Health Service. The determination of nutritional status that has been carried out is by looking at and calculating the standard anthropometric table for assessing the nutritional status of toddlers according to the Decree. Minister of Health Number: 1995/Menkes/SK/XII/2010. However, Puskesmas are often slow in treating large numbers of patients and also have limited resources, especially in areas where there is a shortage of medical personnel. So this also influences the results of the assessment of determining the nutritional status of toddlers. For this reason, the Health Service needs to provide an optimal method for determining the nutritional status of toddlers to be used by Community Health Centers to determine the nutritional status of toddlers quickly, precisely and accurately. So researchers have conducted research and produced a decision support system for determining nutritional status in toddlers using the C4.5 algorithm. Test results to measure algorithm performance using the Confusion Matrix, Accuracy, Precision and Recall testing method, it is known that the C4.5 algorithm has an accuracy value of 72.13 %, Precision value 71.43% and Recall value 22.73% Keywords : Decision Support, Nutritional Status, Toddlers, C4.5 Algorithm

Penerapan Aplikasi Stunting Pada Posyandu Kenanga Sebagai Gerakan Masyarakat Sadar Stunting

Stunting, or impaired growth in children, represents a serious and complex global health phenomenon. This article provides a general overview of stunting, encompassing definitions, risk factors, impacts, and prevention efforts. Stunting is closely linked to nutritional aspects, particularly during the first one thousand days of life, including the prenatal period and the first two years of a child's life. Major risk factors involve inadequate nutrition, poor sanitation, and unsupportive socio-economic environments. A profound understanding of stunting, both from health and social perspectives, serves as a foundation for students to engage in prevention and intervention efforts. Students can contribute through community service activities, nutrition education campaigns, and innovative projects aimed at raising awareness about the importance of early nutritional intake. Student involvement at the local level can be pivotal in bridging the gap between science and society, improving access to information, and stimulating behavioral changes. Furthermore, this article highlights the potential of students in the research domain, exploring further knowledge about the underlying factors of stunting and evaluating the effectiveness of existing programs. By integrating students into the stunting prevention agenda, it is hoped that useful and effective programs and applications will be developed to enhance the health of children.

Edukasi Terhadap Ibu Bayi Dalam Upaya Preventif Stunting Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Moncongloe

Stunting is a major nutritional problem that will have an impact on social and economic life in society. There is clear evidence that stunted individuals have higher rates of death from various causes and increased incidence of disease. Stunting will affect physical work performance, mental and intellectual functions will be disrupted and is associated with impaired immune function and increases the risk of death. Stunting is a nutritional problem that arises due to a lack of nutritional intake, resulting in impaired growth in children. This community service activity is carried out with the aim of increasing mothers' knowledge about stunting and its prevention efforts. The educational method used is through counseling. Activities are carried out in pre-test stages, providing education through counseling about stunting and its prevention, and finally a post-test. Data analysis was carried out using the Paired Samples T-Test with the subjects namely mothers with toddlers aged 6-24 months. The results show that there is an increase in the average knowledge score of mothers after receiving education, namely 11.19 points, the average pre-test score = 70.27 and the average post-test score = 81.46. The results of statistical analysis show a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05), so it can be concluded that providing education through counseling has an effect on increasing mothers' knowledge regarding stunting and its prevention efforts.

Impact of indoor Air Pollution on the Linear growth of children in Jimma, Ethiopia

BackgroundStunting in children is the term for reduced linear growth and development, which is frequently brought on by a persistently inadequate diet, recurrent infections and chronic diseases or poor health conditions. Apart from the classic covariates of stunting, which include diet and illness, the relative contribution of household air pollution to chronic nutrition conditions is least studied. Hence, this study is conducted to investigate the impact of household air pollution on the linear growth of under-five children in Jimma town, Ethiopia.MethodsA prospective cohort study was employed to collect data from 280 under-five children who lived in households using solid fuel (exposed group, n = 140) and clean fuel (unexposed group, n = 140). Height-for-age Z scores were compared in both groups over a 12-month follow-up period. The difference in differences estimators were used for comparison of changes in the height-for-age Z scores from baseline to end line in exposed and non-exposed groups. The independent effect of the use of solid fuels on height-for-age Z scores was analyzed through a multivariable linear regression model. Statistical Significances were declared at P < 0.05 and 95% CI level.ResultsIn an unadjusted model (Model 1), compared with the clean fuel type, the mean difference in the height-for-age Z score of children in households using solid fuel was lower by 0.54 (-0.54, 95% CI -0.97, -0.12, P = 0.011). The beta coefficient remained negative after adjusting for age and sex (Model 2 -0.543, 95% CI -1.373, -0.563) and sociodemographic variables (Model 3: -0.543, 95% CI -1.362, -0.575). In the final model (Model 4), which adjusted for wealth quantile, dietary practice, water, sanitation and hygiene status and household food insecurity access scale, the beta coefficient held the same and significant (beta: -0.543, 95% CI -1.357, -0.579, P < 0.001). Higher HAZ scores were observed among female child (β: = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.69), Child with father attended higher education (β: = 0.304 95%CI: 0.304, 95% CI 0.19, 0.41) as compared to male gender and those who did not attend a formal education, respectively. In contrast, child living in households with poor hygiene practices had lower HAZ score (β: -0.226, 95% CI: -0.449, -0.003), P < 0.001.ConclusionsExposure to indoor air pollution was inversely related to linear growth. Furthermore, sex, educational status and hygiene were found relevant predictors of linear growth. In such a setting, there is a need to step up efforts to design and implement public education campaigns regarding the health risks associated with exposure to household air pollution. Promoting improvements to kitchen ventilation and the use of improved cooking stoves, which will help to mitigate the detrimental effects of indoor air pollution on child growth impairment and its long-term effects.

Stunting and Gut Microbiota: A Literature Review.

Stunting, a condition characterized by impaired growth and development in children, remains a major public health concern worldwide. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has shed light on the potential role of gut microbiota modulation in stunting. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to impaired nutrient absorption, chronic inflammation, altered short-chain fatty acid production, and perturbed hormonal and signaling pathways, all of which may hinder optimal growth in children. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing research exploring the bidirectional relationship between stunting and the gut microbiota. Although stunting can alter the gut microbial community, microbiota dysbiosis may exacerbate it, forming a vicious cycle that sustains the condition. The need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota to combat stunting is also discussed. Nutritional interventions, probiotics, and prebiotics are among the most promising approaches to modulate the gut microbiota and potentially ameliorate stunting outcomes. Ultimately, a better understanding of the gut microbiota-stunting nexus is vital for guiding evidence-based interventions that can improve the growth and development trajectory of children worldwide, making substantial strides toward reducing the burden of stunting in vulnerable populations.

Socioeconomic Level of Mrs. Baduta Stunting

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem due to lack of nutritional intake in the long term, resulting in impaired growth in children. Stunting is also one of the causes of stunted children's height, so it is lower than children their age. This study aims to determine the socioeconomic level of stunting mothers. The quantitative research design of this study sample was 27 stunting mothers and the sampling method used total sampling. This type of research uses a descriptive method by collecting information from respondents by asking several survey questions. The results in this study are that the majority of stunting mothers are aged 20-29 years as many as 19 people (70.4%), the majority of stunting baduta mothers' education is SMK (51.9%), the majority of stunting baduta mothers' jobs are IRT as many as 25 people (92.6%). It can be concluded that a mother's educational history affects children's growth and development, family income affects the incidence of stunting and mother's work affects the occurrence of stunting in children. It is expected that mothers need to increase knowledge about nutritional status in feeding children.

Women Farmers Awareness in Stunting Prevention Actions through the Community Development and Empowerment Program (Pro-Bebaya) in North Samarinda District, Indonesia

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that results in impaired child growth. To reduce the prevalence of stunting, preventive action is needed, in this case in the form of maternal behavior in efforts to prevent stunting in the family. The Samarinda City Government is committed to carrying out integrated actions to accelerate the reduction in the number of stunting cases through the community development and empowerment program (Pro Bebaya) especially in rural areas. Awareness of farming households, especially women farmers, in taking action to prevent stunting is very important. This research aims to provide an overview of the behavior of women farmers as a form of awareness in efforts to prevent stunting in farming families through their knowledge about stunting, providing exclusive breast milk, complementary food, and a clean and healthy lifestyle (PHBS), attitudes and actions taken to prevent it. stunting which then creates awareness for preventing stunting in farming families. The design of this research is cross-sectional. The total sample of 59 was selected purposively, namely female farmers, and farmer's wives who have children aged 0-2 years) who are active in posyandu activities. The data analysis method used descriptive associative analysis and bivariate Spearman Rank Correlation. The results of the research show that there wasis a very weak and unidirectional correlation (-) between age, working status, and the number of children in women farmers' awareness of preventive action against stunting, while the relationship was very weak in the same direction (+) only with the education factor. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and stunting prevention actions on women farmers' awareness of preventive actions showed a strong and significant correlation at 0.01.