Impaired Fasting Glucose In Men Research Articles

Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability

Differences between sexes contribute to variation in the levels of fasting glucose and insulin. Epidemiological studies established a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in men and impaired glucose tolerance in women, however, the genetic component underlying this phenomenon is not established. We assess sex-dimorphic (73,089/50,404 women and 67,506/47,806 men) and sex-combined (151,188/105,056 individuals) fasting glucose/fasting insulin genetic effects via genome-wide association study meta-analyses in individuals of European descent without diabetes. Here we report sex dimorphism in allelic effects on fasting insulin at IRS1 and ZNF12 loci, the latter showing higher RNA expression in whole blood in women compared to men. We also observe sex-homogeneous effects on fasting glucose at seven novel loci. Fasting insulin in women shows stronger genetic correlations than in men with waist-to-hip ratio and anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio is causally related to insulin resistance in women, but not in men. These results position dissection of metabolic and glycemic health sex dimorphism as a steppingstone for understanding differences in genetic effects between women and men in related phenotypes.

Association of Alcohol Drinking Patterns With Presence of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus Among South Korean Adults.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the association between alcohol drinking patterns and the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsWe used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010–2014. The participants were aged ≥30 years and had no previous diagnosis of DM. High-risk drinking was defined as alcohol consumption of ≥7 glasses at a sitting for men, and ≥5 glasses for women. After adjusting for confounding factors, a polychotomous logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of drinking patterns with IFG and DM.ResultsFor men, high-risk drinking was associated with higher odds ratios (ORs) of IFG (2–4/month, OR 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–2.04; 2–3/week, OR 1.79; 95% CI, 1.38–2.33; and ≥4/week, OR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.65–3.03) and of DM (2–4/month, OR 2.12; 95% CI, 1.20–3.77; 2–3/week, OR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05–3.03; and ≥4/week, OR 2.98; 95% CI, 1.72–5.17). For women, high-risk drinking was associated with higher risk of IFG (2–4/month, OR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.04–2.21; 2–3/week, OR 3.19; 95% CI, 2.20–4.64; and ≥4/week, OR 2.23; 95% CI, 1.23–4.06), but not of DM, compared with non-high-risk drinkers who consumed alcohol ≤1 day/month. Non-high-risk drinkers who consumed alcohol ≥4 days/week had higher ORs of DM in men, but lower ORs of DM in women compared with non-high risk drinkers who consumed alcohol ≤1 day/month.ConclusionsCompared with non-high-risk alcohol drinking, even occasional high-risk alcohol drinking was associated with a higher risk of IFG in men and women, and DM in men. Nearly daily non-high-risk alcohol drinking was associated with a higher risk of DM in men and lower risk of DM in women.

High serum selenium levels are associated with impaired fasting glucose and elevated fasting serum glucose in Linyi, China

BackgroundThe relationship between selenium level and impaired fasting glucose or elevated fasting serum glucose remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate these associations in China. MethodsThis observational population study adopted a cluster sampling approach to enroll participants. Baseline information on selenium categories was tested using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis equality-of-populations rank tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association between serum selenium level and impaired fasting glucose or elevated fasting serum glucose. ResultsThe mean serum selenium concentration was 121.5μg/L which in a relatively high baseline Se status. Differences were observed among individuals with normal, impaired fasting glucose and elevated fasting serum glucose levels in their basic information, physical examination results and laboratory findings. After adjusting for their basic information, physical examination results and laboratory findings, compared with the low-selenium group, the high-selenium groups (124.9–143.9 and above 143.9μg/L) had ORs for elevated fasting serum glucose of 2.31 (1.37–3.90) and 2.67 (1.59–4.48), respectively (both P<0.05). A sex-difference was observed, and a significant association between selenium levels and impaired fasting glucose was observed for males but not for females. ConclusionsThe findings of this observational study suggest that relatively high selenium levels might be positively associated with elevated fasting serum glucose and relatively high selenium levels might be positively associated with impaired fasting glucose in men.

Low alcohol consumption increases the risk of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Fatty liver disease is associated with glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. However, there are distinct etiologies for alcoholic versus non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and it is unknown whether alcohol consumption influences the onset of glucose intolerance in fatty liver disease patients. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between fatty liver disease and the onset of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) with respect to alcohol consumption. The records of 6804 Japanese subjects were reviewed to identify those meeting the criteria for IFG. Male and female subjects were classified into five and four groups, respectively, based on average alcohol consumption (g/week). IFG onset was defined as fasting plasma glucose levels ≥110mg/dl. In the non-drinker, >0-70g/week, >70-140g/week, >140-210g/week (men only), and >210g/week (men only) or >140g/week (women only) groups, 7.3, 6.7, 6.4, 9, and 6.4% of men and 2, 1.7, 3.1, and 3.2% of women, respectively, developed IFG. Fatty liver was positively associated with the onset of IFG in men of the >0-70g/week group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.808; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.605-5.049, p<0.001) and women of the >70-140g/week group (aHR, 4.193; 95% CI, 1.036-14.584, p=0.045) after adjusting for previously reported IFG risk factors. No associations were observed in the other groups. A small amount of alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for the onset of IFG in NAFLD patients; onset risk differs according to the amount of alcohol consumption.

Diastolic Dysfunction and Left Ventricle Remodeling in Men with Impaired Fasting Glucose

Background: Early disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism are an independent risk factor of development of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The diastolic dysfunction and left ventricle remodeling depending on presence of impaired fasting glucose were examined. Methods: The characteristics of heart remodeling and fasting glucose of capillary blood were studied in 85 men aged 30 to 63 years without coronary heart disease. Results: In male patients with impaired fasting glucose in comparison of persons with level of glucose less than 5.6 mM/l, more pronounced diastolic dysfunction and left ventricle remodeling associated with more often presence III degree of peripheral obesity. Conclusion: Impaired fasting glucose in men increases probability of development of heart remodeling.

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for the onset of impaired fasting glucose in men with a high plasma glucose level: a community-based study.

BackgroundIt is not clear whether elevated uric acid is a risk factor for the onset of impaired fasting glucose after stratifying by baseline fasting plasma glucose levels. We conducted a community-based retrospective longitudinal cohort study to clarify the relationship between uric acid levels and the onset of impaired fasting glucose, according to baseline fasting plasma glucose levels.MethodsWe enrolled 6,403 persons (3,194 men and 3,209 women), each of whom was 18–80 years old and had >2 annual check-ups during 2003–2010. After excluding persons who had fasting plasma glucose levels ≥6.11 mM and/or were currently taking anti-diabetic agents, the remaining 5,924 subjects were classified into quartiles according to baseline fasting plasma glucose levels. The onset of impaired fasting glucose was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥6.11 mM during the observation period.ResultsIn the quartile groups, 0.9%, 2.1%, 3.4%, and 20.2% of the men developed impaired fasting glucose, respectively, and 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 5.6% of the women developed impaired fasting glucose, respectively (P trend <0.001). After adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triacylglycerols, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, creatinine, fatty liver, family history of diabetes, alcohol consumption, and current smoking, uric acid levels were positively associated with onset of impaired fasting glucose in men with highest-quartile fasting plasma glucose levels (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.003; 95% confidence interval, 1.0001–1.005, P = 0.041).ConclusionsAmong men with high fasting plasma glucose, hyperuricemia may be independently associated with an elevated risk of developing impaired fasting glucose.

Frequency of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and glucose intolerance in high-risk groups identified by a FINDRISC survey in Puebla City, Mexico

BackgroundAs a first step in the prevention of diabetes, the International Diabetes Federation recommends identification of persons at risk using the Finnish type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment (FINDRISC) survey. The frequency of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and glucose intolerance in high-risk groups identified by FINDRISC is unknown in our country. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and glucose intolerance in higher-risk groups using a FINDRISC survey in an urban population.MethodsWe used a television program to invite interested adults to fill out a survey at a television station. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in all persons with a FINDRISC score ≥ 15 points (high-risk and very high-risk groups). Patients were classified as normal (fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL and 2-hour glucose < 140 mg/dL), or having impaired fasting glucose (fasting glucose 100–125 mg/dL and 2-hour glucose < 140 mg/dL), glucose intolerance (fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL and 2-hour glucose 140–199 mg/dL), and diabetes mellitus (fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or 2-hour glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL). We describe the frequency of each diagnostic category in this selected population according to gender and age.ResultsA total of 186 patients had a score ≥ 15. The frequencies of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, glucose intolerance, and normal glucose levels were 28.6%, 25.9%, 29.2%, and 16.2%, respectively. We found a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in men than in women (33% versus 27% and 40% versus 21%, respectively) and more glucose intolerance in women than in men (34% versus 16%, P < 0.05). Patients with diabetes mellitus (52.55 ± 9.2 years) were older than those with impaired fasting glucose (46.19 ± 8.89 years), glucose intolerance (46.15 ± 10.9 years), and normal levels (41.9 ± 10.45 years, P < 0.05). We found a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus in those aged over 50 years than in younger subjects (46.15% versus 15.88%, respectively).ConclusionThe FINDRISC survey is a very useful tool for identifying individuals at high risk of developing diabetes and prediabetic states, especially in those older than 50 years.

El cociente perímetro abdominal/estatura como índice antropométrico de riesgo cardiovascular y de diabetes

To identify the anthropometric index that best detects cardiovascular risk (CVR) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) in the adult Spanish population and to determine its cut-off point. Cross-sectional study in the general population (n=6279). Sensitivity and specificity were estimated for the anthropometric indexes: abdominal waist, body mass index, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio (WtHR). The areas of these indexes under ROC curve (AUC) were obtained for the following CVR factors: high coronary risk computed with Framingham model, Hypertension, Hyperlipemia, DM2, Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG). The odds ratio, with 95% confidence interval (CI(95%)), was calculated. WtHR was the index showing the highest AUC for DM2 and the remaining CVR factors, varying between 0.65 (CI(95%)=0.63-0.68) for IFG in men and 0.87 (CI(95%)=0.86-0.89) for MS in women. RA/E reached the maximum sensitivity (0.91) and specificity (0.70) in SM and its optimal cut-off point was 0.55, which displayed the highest risks amongst indexes, varying from 2.30 (1.96-2.70) in IFG to 16'20 (13.68-19.20) in MS. RA/E is the index presenting the best ability to detect DM2 and CVR in this population, and it shows the stronger association with them. Its cut-off point, 0.55, confirms the convenience of keeping the abdominal waist to less than half the height.

Associations of inflammatory factors with glycaemic status among middle‐aged and older Chinese people

Low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with risk for type 2 diabetes. We investigated the associations between inflammatory factors and glycaemic status in a middle-aged and older Chinese population. A population-based cross-sectional study of 3289 residents aged 50-70 years from Beijing and Shanghai. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha-receptor two (sTNFR2) were assayed. Comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of CRP, the odds ratio (OR) of diabetes was significantly higher in women [3.66 (95% CI 2.23-6.03)] than in men [1.51 (0.95-2.41)] (P for interaction = 0.004), while the increased OR for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was only observed in women [OR 2.03 (1.44-2.84)] (P for interaction = 0.022), after adjustment for age, geographic location, education, lifestyle factors, family history of diabetes, and use of antibiotics, aspirin and lipid-lowering drugs. The multiple-adjusted OR of IL-6 for diabetes was also higher in women [2.95 (1.78-4.90)] than in men [2.23 (1.39-3.59)] (P for interaction = 0.045). sTNFR2 was not associated with diabetes but inversely associated with IFG in men [OR 0.59 (0.41-0.85)] and women [OR 0.78 (0.56-1.09)] (P for interaction = 0.13). In addition, CRP was significantly associated with increased HbA(1c) in both genders within euglycaemia after multiple adjustments. Inflammatory markers are closely associated with diabetes and IFG in Chinese people. These associations appear to be stronger in women than in men. Furthermore, plasma CRP is positively associated with HbA(1c) even in euglycaemic individuals.

Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: A Protective Fat Depot?

OBJECTIVEObesity is associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk. The ectopic fat hypothesis suggests that subcutaneous fat may be protective, but this theory has yet to be fully explored.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSParticipants from the Framingham Heart Study (n = 3,001, 48.5% women) were stratified by visceral adipose tissue (VAT) into sex-specific tertiles. Within these tertiles, age-adjusted abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) tertiles were examined in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors.RESULTSIn the lowest VAT tertile, risk factor prevalence was low, although systolic blood pressure in women and rates of high triglycerides, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome in men increased with increasing SAT tertile (all P < 0.04). In contrast, in the top VAT tertile, lower triglycerides were observed in men with increasing SAT (64.4% high triglycerides in SAT tertile 1 vs. 52.7% in SAT tertile 3, P = 0.03). Similar observations were made for women, although results were not statistically significant (50.6% high triglycerides in SAT tertile 1 vs. 41.0% in tertile 3, P = 0.10). Results in the highest VAT tertile were notable for a lack of increase in the prevalence of low HDL in men and women and in rates of impaired fasting glucose in men with increasing subcutaneous fat, despite sizable differences in BMI across SAT tertiles (27.1 to 36.3 kg/m2[women]; 28.1 to 35.7 kg/m2[men]).CONCLUSIONSAlthough adiposity increases the absolute risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, abdominal subcutaneous fat is not associated with a linear increase in the prevalence of all risk factors among the obese, most notably, high triglycerides.

Cross-sectional investigation of prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Shanghai

To investigate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation among the permanent urban and rural inhabitants in Shanghai. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory testing were conducted among 14401 urban and rural inhabitants aged 15 - 74 in Shanghai selected by multistage cluster random sampling. The data about the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation were collected and analyzed. The respondent rate of this investigation was 80.5% (11,589/14,401). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were 8.6% (1000/11,589), 6.9% (802/11,589), and 1.0% (120/11,589) respectively (the standardized rates were 6.2%, 5.1% and 0.8%). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG were significantly higher in those with overweight, obesity, central obesity, and hypertension. The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG in men were 8.9% (412/4621), 6.4% (296/4621), and 1.0% (47/4621) respectively, all not significantly different from those of the women, i.e. e., 8.4% (588/6968), 7.3% (506/6968), and 1.0% (73/6968) respectively (all P > 0.05). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes and IGT in the urban area were 11.2% (730/6500) and 6.4% (419/6500) respectively, both significantly higher than those in the rural area, i.e., 5.3% (270/5089) and 7.5% (383/5089) respectively (both P < 0.05). The prevalence rate of IFG in the urban area was 1.2% (77/6500), not significantly different from that in the rural area (0.8%, 43/5039, P > 0.05). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG increased apparently with age, body mass index, waist hip ratio, and waist circumference. The ratios of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in the urban area and rural area were 39.6% (289/730) and 69.3% (187/270) respectively (chi(2) = 74.07, P < 0.01). The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes in Shanghai is higher than the mean national level and shows an increasing tendency. Screening of type 2 diabetes in rich rural areas should be emphasized.

High incidence of type 2 diabetes and increasing conversion rates from impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Mauritius.

To describe the incidence of different stages of glucose intolerance in a population from Mauritius followed over 11 years. RESEARCH DESIGN, METHODS AND SUBJECTS: Population-based surveys were undertaken in the multi-ethnic nation of Mauritius in 1987, 1992 and 1998 with 5083, 6616 and 6291 participants, respectively. Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were included. Three cohorts aged between 25 and 79 years with classifiable glucose tolerance data were identified; 3680 between 1987 and 1992, 4178 between 1992 and 1998, and 2631 between 1987 and 1998. Glucose tolerance was classified according to WHO 1999 criteria. The incidence rate of type 2 diabetes was higher between 1992 and 1998 than between 1987 and 1992. In men, the incidence was similar between cohorts (24.5 and 25.4 per 1000 person-years) whereas the incidence increased in women (23.3 and 16.4 per 1000 person-years). The incidence of diabetes peaked in the 45-54 year age group and then plateaued or fell. The incidences of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) decreased in both men and women. Of normoglycaemic subjects at baseline, more women than men developed IGT and more men than women developed IFG. Of those labelled as IFG in 1987, 38% developed diabetes after 11 years. The corresponding figure for IGT was 46%. In this study, we report changes in incidence rates of glucose intolerance over a 11-year period. In particular, differences between men and women were observed. The increased incidence of IGT in women compared with men, and increased incidence of IFG in men compared with women was consistent with, and explains the sex biases seen in the prevalences of these states.

Low birth weight, family history of diabetes, and glucose intolerance in Swedish middle-aged men.

To investigate the association between low birth weight and glucose intolerance in relation to family history of diabetes. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 2,237 men born in 1938-1957 in four municipalities in the outskirts of Stockholm, 50% of whom had a family history of diabetes (at least one first-degree or two second-degree relatives with diabetes). Oral glucose tolerance testing detected 35 cases of type 2 diabetes, 102 cases of impaired glucose tolerance, and 57 cases of impaired fasting glucose. In subjects without a family history of diabetes, low (< or = 3,000 g) birth weight was associated with an odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence intervals = 0.4-14.4) for diabetes, 1.8 (0.7-4.3) for impaired glucose tolerance, and 3.3 (1.0-10.4) for impaired fasting glucose. In subjects with a family history of diabetes, the corresponding figures were approximately similar, except for diabetes, for which the odds ratio was 5.4 (2.0-14.9). For men with low birth weight in combination with a family history of diabetes, the odds ratio was 10.9 (2.9-41.2) for diabetes, 2.4 (1.1-5.6) for impaired glucose tolerance, and 5.9 (2.1-16.3) for impaired fasting glucose. This study indicated that low birth weight is associated with type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose in men. This finding was most pronounced in subjects with diabetes in the family, but it was also indicated in those without a family history of diabetes. Men with the combination of low birth weight and family history of diabetes seem to be at particularly high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Impaired fasting glucose and the risk of hypertension in Japanese men between the 1980s and the 1990s. The Osaka Health Survey.

To determine whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) increased the risk for hypertension in two large Japanese cohorts during the different time periods. We prospectively investigated two Japanese cohorts: a 1980s population, comprising 4,130 normotensive and nondiabetic men aged 35-60 years entered between 1981 and 1983, and a 1990s population, comprising 4,319 normotensive and nondiabetic men aged 35-60 years entered between 1991 and 1992. Data on lifestyle factors were obtained from questionnaires. IFG was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level > or = 110 and < 126 mg/dl. During the 4-year observation period, 708 cases of hypertension were confirmed in the 1980s and 848 cases were confirmed in the 1990s. In both the 1980s and 1990s populations, IFG was associated with the risk of hypertension. The frequency of IFG in men in the 1990s group was twice as high as that in the 1980s group. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hypertension was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.01-2.34) for men with IFG in the 1980s population and 1.73 (1.31-2.29) in the 1990s population, compared with those without IFG in the two populations. In the 1990s population, among lean men with a BMI < or = 23 kg/m2, men with IFG had a multivariate-adjusted OR of hypertension of 2.31 (1.46-3.65) compared with those without IFG. This study demonstrated direct correlation between IFG and hypertension and greater incidence of this hypertension in the 1990s group than in the 1980s group.